Chicago City (part 18 of 57)

fest about 1850, was the first among that group of able men who gave to the Chicago Tribune its national reputation, to succumb a few years later to the arch enemy, death. He was born near Cape Girardeau, in Jackson county, Mo., Feb. 27, 1818. While in his youth his parents removed to Rushville, 111. He received a collegiate education, graduating with honor at McKendree College, Lebanon, 111., where he afterwards occupied a position as professor or tutor of mathematics for a short time. Having studied law, he came to Chicago in 1847 with the design of engaging in the practice of his profession, but in the following year was induced to purchase a third interest in the Chicago Tribune, which had been established during the preceding year. In the political campaign of 1848 the Tribune supported Martin Van Buren for president on the Free-Soil platform. Mr. Scripps was the principal writer and editorial manager of the paper, and devoted much attention to the discussion of the financial and commercial interests of the Northwest, thereby giving to the paper a wide popularity among business men. In connection with W. B. Ogden and John B. Turner he canvassed northern Illinois in the interest of the Chicago &. Galena railroad and aided ma- terially in securing the success of that enterprise. At this time the controlling interest of the Tribune was in the hands of members of the Whig party. Mr. Scripps being a Democrat with Free-soil proclivities, in June, 1852, disposed of his interest in the paper to parties in sympathy with the principles of the Whig party, and in September following, in conjunction with the late Gov. Bross, commenced the publication of the Daily Democratic Press.

In the early part of its career this paper gave an earnest support to Senator Douglas, but on the passage of his bill repealing the Missouri Compromise, it took ground in opposition to that measure and its advocates, and in the campaign of 1856 was a zealous supporter of the Republican candidates for State and National offices. The political position of the Tribune and the Democratic Press having thus become identical, the two papers were united in the latter part of the year 1856, Mr. Scripps retaining his proportionate interest in the consolidated concern. The services rendered by the paper and Mr. Scripps were recognized by his appointment, early in 1801, to the position of postmaster of the city of Chicago. During the war he gave a vigorous support to the president's war policy, with his own means organizing and equipping company C of the Seventysecond Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Scripps Guards." After retiring from the post-office in 1865, he disposed of his interest in the Tribune, and arranged to engage in the banking business, as the senior member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. Almost immediately after this he was seized with a sudden and dangerous attack of pneumonia, from which he had only partially recovered, when a new and overwhelming affliction befell him. His wife, Mrs. Mary E. Scripps, a woman of rare gifts and graces, to whom he was most devotedly attached, while dispensing hospitality among a circle of her friends, on New Year's Day of 1866, fell dead from disease of the heart. The blow caused a relapse, from which his recovery for a time seemed doubtful. He rallied sufficiently during the next few months to undertake a visit to Minneapolis, hoping to receive benefit from the invigorating climate of that latitude. His friends were shocked, a few days later, however, by receiving intelligence of his death, which occurred at Minneapolis, September 21, 1866. His father was a prominent and influential member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the son had been educated in the faith of that denomination, which he openly embraced in his last illness.

Dr. Charles H. Ray, the co-laborer and associate of Mr. Scripps in editorial service Charles ^or many years, was a native of H. Kay. j,few York, born at Norwich, Cheuango county, in that State, March 12, 182 L. At the age of twenty-two, (1843), he came West, and having studied medicine, commenced the practice of his profession at Muscatine, la., but he subsequently, removed to Tazewell county, 111., where he continued in practice for several years. It was probably before his removal to Tazewell county, that he seems to have been a citizen of Springfield for a short time, as his name appears in connection with that of T. S. Fairchild, a noted temperance lecturer, as editor of the Illinois Wasliingtonian, a temperance paper established in that city in March, 1845. During his residence in Tazewell county, he was married to Miss Jane Yates Per-Lee.a most estimable lady, who died in Chicago in the year 1862, leaving one daughter and three sons. In 1851, Dr. Ray removed to Galena, and soon after became associated in the publication of the Galena Jeffersonian, a leading Democratic paper of that portion of the State. On the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in Congress, he at once took strong ground against that measure, and his powerful articles on the subject attracted attention to their author beyond the boundaries of the State. A difference of opinion with his associates led^ to his retirement from the Jeffersonian and the next winter (1854-5), was spent at

Springfield as secretary of the State Senate. This was the session at which Lyman Trumbtill was elected to the United States Senate for the first time, and Dr. Ray being a Democrat, was naturally a friend of the successful candidate. During this session, he acted as the Springfield correspondent of the New York Tribune, and his able letters on current political questions served still further to extend his reputation. After the adjournment of the Legislature, he came to Chicago with the intention of establishing a penny Republican paper, but almost immediately found temporary employment as a writer upon the Tribune, then under the management of Henry Fowler & Co. A letter of introduction from Mr. Greeley was the means of making him acquainted with Mr. Medill, who was then contemplating removal from Cleveland with a view to identifying himself with the Chicago press, and an interview resulted in a determination to unite in the purchase of an interest in the Tribune. This plan was carried out on the part of Dr. Ray in September following, when he became part proprietor and editor of the paper. During his connection with the Tribune, the vigorous logic and trenchant style of his political articles won for him a wide reputation and greatly increased the popularity of the paper. In November, 1863, he sold out his interest in the Tribune and engaged for a time in prospecting for oil in Canada, which proved disastrous pecuniarily. Returning to Chicago in May, 1865, he again became associated with the Tribune as an editorial writer, but soon after engaged in other business. About the beginning of 1868, he accepted the position of managing editor of the Chicago Evening Post, which he continued to fill until his death, Sept. 23, 1870. Dr. Ray's characteristics as a writer have already been hinted at. He was earnest, able, direct and logical, and while he seldom failed to carry his unprejudiced readers with him, he covered his opponents with confusion by the vigor of his attack. During the period of his connection with the

Chicago press, no man did more to give to it the commanding position it has since maintained, nor did any one exert a more potential influence upon the public mind.

was borjMiTStark county, 0., November 10, 1841. Receiving such education as the public schools afforded, before he had attained his eleventh year he entered the office of his brother at Coshocton, 0., to learn the printing business. In May, 1852, he joined his brother at Cleveland, 0., where the latter had started the Daily forest City. Here and in the office of the Cleveland Leader, its successor, he remained until the sale of the latter in the spring of 1856. The next three years were spent with his mother at Canton, 0., where he attended the high school. Coming to Chicago in the spring of 1859, he at first entered the office of the Prairie Farmer, but a year or so later, was employed in the Tribune job office. Later he filled the position of stationer for the Illinois Central railroad. The war coming on, he attempted to enlist in the Chicago Board of Trade battery, but was rejected on account of his youth. In September, 1862, he succeeded in securing his acceptance as a member of the Eighth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, under Col. Farnsworth. Being of slender constitution, after seeing some service on the Potomac, he was discharged on account of sickness, in November of the same year. Returning to Chicago he spent a year in Beloit College and in 1864 became a reporter on the Tribune. In the summer of 1866 he accepted the position of assistant city editor, and afterwards that of city editor, on the Chicago Republican, retiring in the fall of 1867. A few months later he became the city editor of the Tribune, remainftig until 1873, when he was detailed as Washington correspondent of that paper. Returning to Chicago in June, 1874, lie spent some months as traveling correspondent in the West, and on his return from this mission, his brother, who had succeeded in obtaining control of the Tribune, assigned him to duty as managing editor. This position he continued to fill until his death. He was married January 14, 1880, to Miss Nellie M. Carson, daughter of the late John B. Carson, then of Quincy, 111. He was president of the Chicago Press Club for the year 1882. His death, resulting from consumption, occurred at Quincy, February 20, 1883.

James W. Sheahan, for nearly thirty years a leading editorial writer on the Chicago press, was born of Irish parents at Baltimore, Md., receiving his education at the Jesuit school at Frederick in that State. A considerable portion of his early life was spent as a congressional reporter in Washington, and in 1847, he came to Illinois to report the proceedings of the second Illinois State Constitutional Convention, held at Springfield that year. During this visit, or while acting as a reporter of the proceedings in Congress, of which Mr. Douglas was then a member, Mr. Sheahan made the acquaintance of that rising Illinois statesman, and it was chiefly through Mr. Douglas' influence that he was induced to accept the position of editor of his (Douglas') principal organ in Illinois. In the summer of 1854, he came to Chicago by invitation of Messrs. Cook, Cameron & Patterson, who had obtained control of the Chicago Courant, an independent daily paper established the preceding year, and which they had changed to the Young America, intending to make it a representative of Douglas' political interests. One of Mr. Sheahan's first acts was to induce the proprietors to discard the name " Young America," and on the 20th of August, 1854, the first issue of the Chicago Times made its appearance under his editorial management. He also soon became part owner of the paper. In 185fi, Cook, who had disagreed with his associates on some questions affecting the policy of the paper, retired, leaving Sheahan and Cameron in charge. The latter soon after retired, being succeeded by William Price. During the controversy between the Douglas and Buchanan wings of the Democratic party, which grew out of the breach concerning the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas, the Times, under Mr. Sheahan's management, was Senator Douglas' most vigorous champion. In the fall of I860, the Times was sold to Cyrus H. McCormick, and consolidated with the Herald, the Buchanan-Breckenridge organ. Mr. Sheahan, in conjunction with Francis A. Eastman and Andre Matteson, both of whom had been connected with the Times - the former as editorial writer, and the latter as city editor - immediately took steps for the establishment of the Morning Post, the first number making its appearance December 25, 1860. During the war, Mr. Sheahan gave to the government a conservative but judicious support in its measures for the suppression of the rebellion, and did much to keep the " War Democrats" in line. He was selected as a member of the committee on resolutions, by the first Union meeting held in the city of Chicago, after the pretended secession of South Carolina, for the purpose of denouncing the scheme of secession. The publication of a Democratic paper of the stamp of the Post was not profitable, and notwithstanding the acknowledged ability of its editorials, the maintenance of the paper required a constant struggle. In May, 18C5, the Post was sold to the projectors of the Chicago Republican, and after a few months spent in the service of the latter, Mr. Sheahan, in the early part of 1866, joined the staff of the Tribune, remaining until his death, which occurred June 17, 1883. Mr. Sheahan's ability as a writer was widely recognized, and during most of his connection with the Tribtme he was a leading political writer. He had an extensive and intimate knowledge of political and general history, and, when he chose, could display a keen and biting sarcasm in the use of his pen. For general editorial work, where a wide and accurate knowledge of political and historical facts was needed, he had few equals and no superiors, Mr.

Sheahan was a member of the Chicago Board of Education for five years, from 1859 to 1863, inclusive. Though an indomitable worker, he still found time for considerable literary labor in addition to his editorial duties. The most important of these were a " Life of Stephen A. Douglas," written for the campaign of 1860, and " Chicago ; Its Past, Present and Future," prepared in collaboration with Mr. George P. Upton after the fire of 1871, and in description of that event and its results.

Alfred Cowles, the successful business manager of the Chicago Tribune for a period of over thirty years, was born at Mantua, Portage county, 0., May 13, 1832, and died in Chicago, December 20, 1889. His early life was spent on a farm, and after receiving such a course of instruction as could be secured in the public schools, he spent some time as a student in Michigan University at Ann Arbor. Without completing his course, however, at the age of 19, he left the University to take a position as clerk in the office of the Cleveland Leader, then under the management of Joseph Medill, with whom he afterwards became associated upon the Tribune. The purchase of the latter paper having been effected in the summer of 1855, Mr. Cowles accepted a position as clerk in the office and soon acquired an interest, becoming business manager. On the organization of the Tribune Company, he was elected treasurer, holding the position, which included that of business manager, until his death. Whatever success the paper achieved as a business enterprise - and that was of the most conspicuous character - is acknowledged by his associates to have been largely due to Mr. Cowles' careful and sagacious business management. He was married in 1860 to Miss Sarah F. Hutchinson, daughter of Hon. Mosely Hntchiuson, of Cayuga, N. Y., who died in 1884, leaving two sons and a daughter. Her death was a severe blow to Mr. Cowles, from which he never recovered. His death was the result of a sudden attack sohdation of the/ two papers, was a native of Port Jervis, N/ Y., where he was born November 4, 1813. During his boyhood, his family moved to Milford, Pa. After receiving an academical education there, he entered WTilliarns College, Mass., in 1834, graduating four years later. He then spent several years teaching. In May, 1848, he came to Chicago, and soon after entered into partnership with S. C. Griggs in the book and stationery business, under the name of Griggs, Bross & Co. This lasted about a year, when he was associated with Rev. J. A. Wright in the publication of a religious paper, the Prairie Herald. Selling out this, in September, 1852, he joined the late John L. Scripps in founding the Democratic Press, which having been united with the Tribune in 1858, he became a stockholder and one of the editors of the latter. Originally a Democrat,Mr. Bross became azealousEepublican,on the coming up of those questions which led to the organization of that party. He was in full sympathy with the radical position of the Tribune in 1856 and 1860, and after the beginning of the war, was active in promoting the organization of the Twenty-ninth Regiment Colored Volunteers, of which his brother, John A. Bross - killed at Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864 - was the commander. He aided efficiently in the means taken to unearth and check the rebel conspiracy at Camp Douglas in November, 1864. He was elected lieutenant-governor on the Republican ticket with Gov. Oglesby, 1864, and as president of the senate, had the privilege of being the first to affix his name to the resolution of the Illinois legislature ratifying the amendment of the national constitution abolishing slavery throughout the United States. The Illinois " black-laws," were also repealed during his incumbency in office. In 1868, in company with Schuyler Colfax and Samuel

Bowles of the Springfield (Mass.) Republican, he made an overland trip to the Pacific coast, which he reported in letters to the Tribune. After the great fire of 1871, he made a visit to New York, and in an address before the chamber of commerce, gave to the business men of that city an intelligent statement of the great disaster, which assisted to secure aid for the stricken people of Chicago. He served as vice-president of the Chicago Academy of Sciences from 1876 to 1881, and as president in 1882. Besides acting as president of the Tribune Company, for several years up to his d«ath, he was identified at different times with other business corporations. Gov. Bross was married in 1839 to the only daughter of Dr. John T. Jansen, of Goshen, N. Y., and sister of E. L. Jansen, former senior member of the extensive book and stationery firm of Jansen, McClurg & Co. His later years were spent in looking after his property interests with frequent trips of travel and occasional journalistic labor. His death occurred at his home in the " Beaurivage Flats," in Chicago, on the evening of January 27, 1890 - the result of a stubborn attack of diabetes - in his 77th year.

new era in Chicago journalism, and prepared the way for that revolution in methods and principles which has shown such remarkable results within the past thirty- five years. He was born April 6, 1823, near St. Johns, N. B., where his parents had settled on coming to America from Ireland, in 1819. About 1832 his family removed to Stark county, 0., where he resided twenty-three years, his boyhood being spent chiefly on a farm near Massilon. Here he acquired an academic education, taught at times, and after he had reached his maturity engaged in the study of law, first with Hiram Griswold and afterwards with Seymour Belden. Having been admitted to the bar in November, 1846, he began practice at New Philadelphia as the partner of Geo. W. Mcllvaine, since Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of that State. The partnership having been dissolved in 1849, he soon afterwards established the Coshocton Republican, a Free-soil Whig paper. This was sold out in the winter of 1851-2, when he went to Cleveland and founded the Daily Forest City. In 1852 the latter paper was united with the Cleveland Free Democrat then under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, out of which grew the Cleveland Leader, now the leading paper of that city. During the winter of 1854-5 he sold his interest in the Leader, and coming to Chicago a few months later, purchased an interest in the Tribune, in which he was soon after joined by Vaughan and Dr. C. H. Ray. The growth of the paper under the new combination was rapid, and it soon developed into the most influential organ of public opinion in the Northwest. This result was accelerated by the consolidation of the Tribune and Democratic Press in 1858. In the early years of his connection with the paper,Mr. Medill acted as business manager, besides performing editorial service. Of course he gave a vigorous support to Mr.Lincoln for the senate in 1858 and again for the presidency in 1860. After the war began, he was individually active in inducing the governors of Minnesota and' Wisconsin to call the legislatures of those States together in special session, for the purpose of enacting laws authorizing the soldiers to cast their votes in the field for president, State officers and members of Congress. This step went far to secure the election of Mr.Lincoln and a Republican Congress in 1864. He was also active in the organization of the Union League of America, which proved so powerful an aid in upholding the hands of the government and advancing the measures required for the success of the Union arms. Owing to differences of opinion between himself and Horace White, who held a controlling interest in the Tribune between 1866 and

1874, Mr. Medill practically retired from all connection with the management of the paper during the most of this period. He was elected to the State Constitutional Convention in 1869, and was chiefly responsible for the section in the constitution of 1870, providing for " minority representation," and also exerted a strong influence in framing the provisions relating to municipal and business corporations. He wasappointed by President Grant, in 1871, a member of the first civil service commission, and at the municipal election in November of that year; a few weeks after the great fire, he was elected mayor of the city of Chicago on the "Union Fire-Proof ticket " by a majority of over 11,000 in a total of 24,000 votes. The condition of the city finances, consequent upon the fire, made the situation one of great difficulty, yet he succeeded in administering the duties of the office in such a manner as to command general approval. During his term of office, the free library, which has become the pride of Chicago, was established, and Mr. Medill, in his capacity as mayor, had the honor of delivering the address at its formal opening, January 1, 1873. In September, 1873, near the close of his term of office, he made an extended tour of Europe,wliich was protracted forabout a year. Almost simultaneously with his return, he secured a controlling interest in the Tribune and immediately resumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he has retained ever since. The growth of the Tribune, since his connection with it began, is indicated by the statement that the circulation of all editions of the paper on the first of July, 1855 - a few weeks after he took charge of it - amounted to less than 2,500, of which 1,440 was of the daily edition and about 1,000 of the weekly. On resuming editorial charge of the paper after his return from Europe in 1874, in the issne of Nov. 9th of that year, Mr. Medill said: "The Tribune hereafter will be, as it formerly was under my direction, an independent Republican journal. It will be the organ of no man however high ; no clique or ring however influential ; or faction however fanatical_or_ demonstrative. . . . Looking at tl;e individual composition of the two pafties .... and at their respective records/and underlying principles, I cannot hesitate to give the decided preference to the Republican party. Hence the Tribune will be conducted as a Republican journal." Mr. Medill has lived to see the paper which he reorganized and with which he has been identified for over thirty-five years, acquire an influence and a degree of business prosperity enjoyed by no paper on this continent at the time his journalistic career in Chicago began. By right of seniority in years and length of professional services on the same paper, he is conceded by common consent the title of " Nestor of the Illinois Press."

George P. Upton, editorial writer and for many years musical and dramatic critic of the Chicago Tribune, is a native of Roxbury, Mass., born October, 25, 1834. He was educated at Brown University, graduating in 1854 with the honors of " class poet," and almost immediately entered upon a literary career as contributor to several popular periodicals of the time. Coining to Chicago in 1855, he commenced journalistic work, first as reporter upon the Daily Native American, owned by Simon B. Buckner, afterwards the Confederate general of Kentucky who surrendered to Gen. Grant at Fort Donelson in 1862. The American having died in 1856, Mr. Upton became connected with the Evening Journal, and in 1861 took charge of the local columns of the Tribune. The next year he went to the field as war correspondent, in that capacity furnishing the accounts of the capture of Columbus, Ky., New Madrid, Island No. 10 and Fort Pillow, but being compelled by ill health to return home, he became night editor of the Tribune. He enjoys the reputation of being one of the best posted writers on musical and dramatic topics connected with the Chicago press. In addition to his work upon the daily press, he has been an industrious writer in other fields. His published works comprise the Letters of " Peregrine Pickle " (originally contributed to the Tribune; "Chicago: Its Past, Present and Future," written after the fire in collaboration with Mr. Sheahan; translations of the lives of several eminent composers, and other works on musical and dramatic topics. He was married in 1863 to Miss Sarah E. Bliss, of Chicago, (who died in 1876), and again, in 1881, to Miss Genevieve S. Ward. He is at present vice-president of the Tribune Company, and ranks as one of the veterans of the Chicago newspaper press.

Elias Colbert, for many years city and afterwards commercial editor, now editorial writer on the Tribune, was born in Birmingham, Eng., and immigrated to the United States in 1857. Coming to Chicago, he commenced work as a reporter on the Daily News, a family paper started by "Father" Dutch, which soon suspended. Then, in partnership with George Buckley, with whom he had studied phonography in England, he assisted in the establishment of the Northwestern Phonographic Institute, which was discontinued in 1862. His next service was as a reporter on the Times, but in 1863 he accepted a similar position on the Tribune, which, in 1866, was exchanged for that of commercial editor. The annual reviews of the trade and commerce of Chicago, which have been so prominent a feature of that paper, were for many years prepared under Mr. Colbert's direction. An accomplished and reliable statistician, thorough ness and accuracy have been prominent features of his work. He has been an enthusiastic student of astronomy, and for many years had charge of the observatory connected with the old Chicago University, while continuing his labors upon the Tribune. He published a brief history of Chicago, and wrote the greater part of "Chicago and the

Great Conflagration," in co-operation with Everett Chamberlin, besides several works on astronomical subjects; furnished several papers for the New American Cyclopaedia, including the article on Chicago (edition of 1873), has been a writer for the magazines, etc. Mr. Colbert's life has been a laborious one, and a pains-taking care and conscientious devotion to duty have been among his prominent characteristics. A stockholder in the Tribune Company, he enjoys in part the profits of the paper for which he has labored so assiduously.

Patterson, jr. born NOV- 30, 1850. He is the son of Eev. R. W. Patterson, D. D., for so many years pastor of the Second Presbyterian church, and one of the best known of the early Chicago ministers - now of Evanston. Mr. Patterson was educated at Williams College, Mass., graduating in the class of 1871 ; spent some time in the study of law, and between March, 1872, and September, 1873, was connected with the Interior, the organ of the Presbyterian church. Retiring from the Interior, he accepted a position upon the Tribune, first as telegraph editor, but has filled successively those of night editor, news editor, literary editor, dramatic critic, general editorial writer, Washington correspondent, and managing editor, until now, as secretary and treasurer of the Tribune Company, he fills the post of business manager, with general supervision of the paper and its business affairs. Mr. Patterson is son-in-law of Mr. Medill, from whose shoulders he is gradually receiving the increasing burden of responsibility in the management of a great newspaper.

Lorenz Brentano, successor of Mr. George Schneider in the editorship of the Chicago Ktaats Zeitung, on the appointment of the latter to the United States consulship at Elsinore, Denmark, in 1861, was born in

Manhcim, Germany, November 4, 1813; studied law at Heidelberg; engaged in practice in his native town ; was twice elected its mayor, the government on each occasion refusing to allow him to serve. In 1848 he was elected to the Parliament at Frankfort; became a liberal leader, and in the goverinental crisis which followed, was chosen president of the Provisional Government of Baden, and later on, dictator. On the return of the monarchists to power he fled to Switzerland, and was sentenced to death in his absence. In 1849 he came to America, and the following year was engaged in the publication of the Democratic Zeitung, at Pottsville, Pa., which proved unsuccessful. lie then went to Kalamazoo, Mich., where he remained until 1860, when he became managing editor of the Illinois Staats Zeitung, under Mr. George Schneider. The following year he secured an interest in the paper, which was increased a year later by the purchase of Mr. Schneider's interest, and he then became editor-in-chief of the paper. In 1862 he was elected a representative in the Illinois Legislature, serving in the session of 1863 ; he was also a member of the Board of Education of the city of Chicago and its president for several years. Having sold his interest in the Staats Zeitung to Mr. Hesing, his partner, in 1867, he established the Volks Zeitung, but abandoned it a year later. Having been granted amnesty by the German Government, he visited Europe in 1869, remaining until 1872, when on his return he was appointed Consul at Dresden by President Grant. Returning to Chicago in 1876, he was elected to the Forty-fifth Congress, but failed of a renomination two years later. His latter years were spent in retirement, much of the time in feeble health, though he continued to write for some of the leading German magazines. His death occurred in Chicago, September 17, 1891. Besides a widow, he left two daughters and a son - the latter being Judge Theodore Brentano, of the Superior Court.

H., August 10, 1834-/ His father, who was a prominent physician, made the journey in a one-horse sleigh, ii^ the winter of 1836-7, to Wisconsin Territory, where, having selected the site of the present city of Beloit as the location for a New England colony, he removed thither in the following summer. In 1849 (his father having died in 1843 and his mother re-married three years later), Horace entered Beloit College as a student graduating in 1853 with honors. The same year he commenced newspaper work as city editor of the Chicago Evening Journal, but in 1855, having been appointed agent of the Associated Press, lie retired. In 1856 he acted as assistant secretary of the Kansas National Committee, which had its headquarters in Chicago, retaining this position until 1857, when he became associated with the Tribune as an editorial writer. Between 1860 and 1864 he served as secretary of the Republican State Central Committee, and also acted, during a part of this time, as special correspondent of the Tribune in Washington, and as secretary of the House Committee on Ways and Means. In 1864 he purchased an interest in the Tribune, and a year or so later, assumed the position of editor-in-chief, remaining until October, 1874, when he gave place to Hon. Jos. Medill. The influence which he, in conjunction with Whitelaw Reid of the New York Tribune and Murat Halstead of the Cincinnati Commercial, exerted in current politics during the campaign of 1872, secured for them the title of "the triumvirate." In the interval between his editorial labors, he translated Bastiat's "Sophismes Economiques," and one or two other works on political economy, thus laying the foundation for the free-trade doctrines which he has so zealously inculcated. After retiring from the Tribune, he made a protracted tour in Europe, and on his return united with Carl Schurz and Mr. Godkin of the Nation in

Herman Raster, for nearly a quarter of a century editor-in-chief of the Illinois Slants Zeitung, and universally recognized as one of the strongest writers on the German press in the West, was a native of Dessau, Germany, born about sixty-seven years ago. After receiving a technical education followed by a course in languages and journalism at Berlin and Leipsic, he became a reporter in the "Rump Parliament" at Ehrfurt, in 1848. Coming to America in 1851, one report says he found his first employment as a journalist on the Buffalo (N. Y.) Democrat, while another states that he earned his first money as a laborer in chopping wood near Buffalo. At all events, he seems to have enlisted early in the cause of free -labor, as in 1852, we find him editor of the New Yorker Abend Zeitung which, under his management, became one of the most influential Republican organs in the East. He appears to have remained there until 1867, when Mr. Hesing having secured control of the Staats Zeitung, he was invited to take the place of editor-in-chief just vacated by Mr. Brentano, and this position he continued to fill until June, 1890, when he went abroad for the benefit of his health. During the war, in addition to his editorial labors, he was the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and one or two other cities in Central Europe. He was also the writer of several articles for Appleton's Cyclopedia. He was a zealous supporter of Republican principles for many years, serving in both State and national conventions of that party, besides receiving the appointment of collector of internal revenue from President Grant, in 18G9. He was also appointed a member of the first Public Library Board of the city of Chicago during the administration of Mayor Medill. While the Staats Zeitung has more fre- quently co-operated with the Democratic party than the Republican, of late years, especially on questions connected with " sumptuary " legislation and " personal rights" (so-called), Mr. Raster's editorials have generally been characterized by a degree of independence which absolved him from the charge of blind partisanship. His death occurred at Dresden, Germany, July 24, 1891, his remains arriving in Chicago for burial two weeks later. As a writer Mr. Raster was direct, vigorous and aggressive, and he was thoroughly devoted to what he believed to be the rights of his German fellow-citizens.

Antone C. Hesing, for nearly thirty years identified with the Illinois Staats Zeitung, and for a considerable portion of that time sole proprietor, was born at Vechta, in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, Prussia, in 1823. At the age of fifteen he had lost both parents, and was compelled to fight the battle of life alone. He was apprenticed to the trade of a baker and brewer, but at the age of seventeen he obtained from a harsh guardian enough of a patrimony of 1,000 thalers, to which he was entitled, to pay his passage to America, arriving at Baltimore with $5.00 in his pocket. On reaching Cincinnati he was $5.00 in debt, but soon obtained employment in a grocery store, where he remained two years. He then (1842) opened an establishment of his own, in which he continued until 1848, when he sold out and erected a hotel at the corner of Rose and Court streets. In the meantime (1847), he visited his native country, and while there was married to Miss Louisa Lamping. Having sold his hotel in 1854, he came to Chicago and embarked in the brick manufacturing business with Mr. Charles P. Dole, but failed during the crash of 1857. Jn 1860 he was elected sheriff of Cook county on the Republican ticket, serving two years. In 1862 he purchased Mr. Hoeffgen's interest in the Staats Zeitung, assuming the business man- iigement, and in 1807 became sole proprietor by the purchase of the interest of Lorenz Brentano. Ketaining control until after the fire of 1871, his son, Washington Hesing, was admitted to joint proprietorship and general management of the affairs of the paper.

Washington Hesing, present managing editor of the Staats Zeitung, is the son of A. C. and Louisa (Lam- 'sinf? ping) Hesing, born in the city of Cincinnati, May 14, 1849. His early boyhood was spent in the schools of that city and Chicago until 1861, when he made a visit to Europe. Returning he entered the University of St. Mary's of the Lako, remaining till July, 18C3. Then, having spent a year in the Chicago University, he fitted for Yale College, was admitted in 1866, graduating, with the degree of A. B., in the class of 1870. He then went to Europe, and spent a year in the study of international law, political economy, German literature, etc., and attended lectures at Berlin and Heidelberg. The Chicago fire of 1871 having destroyed his father's office, he promptly returned home, and on the 21st of November commenced work upon the paper. Soon after his return from Europe he was appointed a member of the Board of Education for the city of Chicago, but declined a re-appointment at the close of his term. While a member of the Board he advocated grading the system of German instruction, which was adopted. In 1872, at the age of twenty-three, he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant for the presidency. He is a member of the Catholic church, and in 1873 was elected president of the United Catholic Library Association, and in 1880 was chosen a member of the Cook County Board of Education. He was married, a few years since, to Miss Henrietta C. Weir, of Boston, Mass. In December, 1893, Mr. Hesing was appointed, by President Cleveland, Postmaster of the city of Chicago.

Wilhelm Rapp, present editor-in-chief of the Illinois Staats Zeitung, was born at Lindau, Bavaria, July 14, 1828-. The son of a clergy man,/ he studied theology at Tubingen, but at the age of 20 took part in the revolutionary movement of 1848-9. After the downfall of the insurrection in Baden, having been captured while attempting to escape into Switzerland, he suffered one year's imprisonment at Coberg, when he went to Switzerland and engaged in teaching for a time. In 1851, he came to America and soon after entered the profession of journalism. From 1853 to 1856 he was editor of the Turn-Zeitung, and in 1857 he assumed the editorship of the Baltimore Wfcker, a zealous Republican paper. His office having been destroyed by a proslavery mob at the beginning of the war of the rebelion, he was compelled to flee for his life. Coining to Chicago, he served for five years as editor of the Illinois Staats Zeitung, but in 1868 returned to the Wecker. In 1872, he resumed his place upon the staff of the Staats Zeitung, which he has since retained, after the death of Mr. Raster, becoming editor-in-chief. During the early part of his connection with the Staats Zeitung he took a prominent part in the building up of the Republican party among his German fellow-citizens. He has also been zealously devoted to upholding the German idea as to morals, personal liberty and government, and his vigorous editorials undoubtedly exercised a strong influence upon the Germans of Illinois and Wisconsin in determining their course upon the school question in 1890.

Government, born in Vienna, Dec. 25, 1839 ; studied jurisprudence, history, the liberal arts, aesthetics and literature at the Vienna University, and was custodian of the Imperial Library at Vienna for several years. In 1861 he went to Venice ; in 1867 visited France, England,

Belgium and Holland and, again in 1870, Paris, London and Berlin, with a view to the the study of art collections in those countries. He then resided five years in Italy, finally adopting literature and correspondence for the press. In 1880 he went to Paris as the correspondent of the Berliner Tageblatt, but in 1882 came to the United States, remaining until 1889, when he returned to Berlin filling the position for a time of art critic upon the TageUatt. Keturning to America in 1891 as correspondent of the Cologne Gazette, in the fall of the same year he accepted the position of editorial writer upon the Stoats Zietung. Aside from his editorial labors he has produced the following works : " My Diary in the Trial Sonzogna ; " " Promenades in Naples ; " " May- Days in Ober-Ammergau " (1880); "New Studies in Ober-Ammergau," etc.

Mannhardt. of Dantzic, Germany, born Feb. 22, 1841, son of Kev. Jacob Mannhardt, a Lutheran clergyman. Having received a liberal education, he came to America in 1865, and entered upon newspaper work as a reporter upon the Philadelphia Demokrat in 1869. The latter year he became city editor of the Baltimore Wecker, remaining until 1872, when he became connected with the Staats Zeitung, serving as city editor from 1876 to 1881. He then became editor of Des Westens and after Mr. Easter's departure for Europe, has been associated with the staff of the daily edition also.

principal proprietor and controlling spirit of the Chicago Times. Storey was a native of Vermont, born at Salisbury in that State, December 19, 1819. His boyhood was spent on a farm until he had reached the age of twelve years, when he entered the office of the Middlebury (Vt.) Press to learn the printer's trade. At the age of seventeen he went to New York, spending a year and a half working chiefly in the office of the old Journal of Commerce. He then migrated to La Porte, Ind., where, in conjunction with Edward Hannegan,afterwards a United States Senator from Indiana, he started a Democratic paper called the Herald. This proved a financial failure, and in the course of a year or so the partnership was dissolved. His next venture was the Tocsin, a Democratic paper at Mishawaka, Ind., with which he remained eighteen months, when he went to Jackson, Mich., where he had a brother-in-law, a Mr. Farrand, living. Aided by the latter he started the Jackson Patriot, which proved a success. Here he was married in 1847 to Miss Maria P. Isham, who is described as " a lady of fine character and attainments." While editor of the Patriot, he was also appointed postmaster by President Polk. Having been removed by Taylor, in 1849, he sold out his interest in the paper, and for a time carried on the business of a druggist and stationer. During his residence at Jackson he became a member of the Congregational church, but subsequently withdrew. In 1853, he removed to Detroit, and became half-owner of the Free Press, then a Democratic paper of small influence and circulation. He soon after became sole proprietor, and succeeded in giving to the paper an influence which enabled him, in the course of eight years, to pay for the paper and accumulate a considerable capital. Selling the Free Press for $30,000, he came to Chicago and purchased the Chicago Times of Cyrus H. McCormick, who had united the two Democratic organs, the Times and the Herald, a few months previous, and had been running the consolidated paper at a loss. The sum paid for the paper is said to have been about $23,000. Storey's first issue was June 1, 1861. Ananias Worden, a brother of Com. Worden, of the " Merrimac," was associated with him in the purchase of the Times, or secured a small interest soon after, filling the position of business manager until 1865, when he retired.

It is claimed by Storey's friends that he was disposed at the outset, to support the government in its efforts to suppress the rebellion, until the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, when he became its pronounced opponent. Indefatigable, uncompromising and unscrupulous to the last degree, he left no stone unturned to arouse opposition to the war policy of the government. As a consequence his paper came to be regarded as the champion of the anti-war Democracy in the Northwest, which secured for it a very active sympathy and a large financial support from the "border States," and possibly within the rebel lines. At all events, it was much sought after and enthusiastically quoted among enemies of the government, while it became correspondingly unpopular with the supporters of the government at home and the Union soldiers in the field. The violence of its utterances led to the order of Gen. Burnside for its suppression in June, 1863, referred to in the history of the Chicago Times, and which was revoked by President Lincoln. This act probably aided Storey more than it injured him; it singled him out as the leader of the anti-war party and secured for his paper an increased support from that faction. The Times was dominated in every department by the spirit of its proprietor, so that the history of the paper became more that of its editor, during the period of his greatest activity, than can be said of any other paper that has ever existed in Chicago, not excepting " Long John" Wentworth's Democrat. This was true no less after the war, when the paper came to be as much feared for its assaults upon private character, as it had been during the stormy war period for its assaults upon the government. A former employe and writer upon the Times, referring to this later period, (Mr. Franc B. Wilkie, in his "Thirtyfive Years of Journalism " ), says:

" Insolent, audacious, defiant a8 he was in war matters, his paper became almost equally noted for another quality in its a'nte-flreexistence. Thisfeature was its glaring indecency in its selection of topicg and the manner of their handling. * * * Scandals in private life, revolting details from the evidence taken in police court trials, imaginary liaisons of a filthy character, Peeked, seethed like a hell's-broth in The Times' cauldrons and made a stench in the nostrils of decent people. All this was done with a purpose; it was to attract attention to the paper, to secure notoriety, advertising and circulation. * * * He was a Bacchus, a Satyr, a Minotaur, all in one."

No wonder, when one of the brightest writers the Times ever had makes this charge against his former employer, that the paper should have been, as he declares, "rigidly tabooed from decent families," or that society should have "shut and doubly locked its doors" against its editor; nay, even that it should have been suspected that a considerable part of the paper's profit was due to blackmail. The fire of 1871 left Mr. Storey much discouraged and disposed to abandon the publication of the paper, as he was at a still later period when his health began to decline, but through the urgent solicitation of friends and the offer of some of his employes to waive a portion of their salaries, he was induced to revive its publication. About this time he made the paper independent in politics, and in 1872 advocated the nomination of David Davis for president, but refused to support Horace Greeley. After 1876 his health began rapidly to decline. lie spent some time at Hot Springs, Ark., in 1878, but returning without benefit, sailed for Europe, and while travering in Switzerland, suffered a paralytic stroke . Returning to Paris, he was for a time under the care of Dr. Brown-Sequard, the celebrated specialist. He finally reached home somewhat improved in health, but in August, 1884, he was declared of unsound mind and his estate placed in the hands of a conservator. October 27 following he died. The paper which he had built up until it became a power to be feared, if not respected, soon fell into serious embarrassment, and, for a time, seemed destined to go down with him, as he is said to have been willing to have it do, Mr, Storey was divorced from his first wife in 1867, and the next year married Mrs. Harriet Dodge, who died in 1873. In 1874 he was married to Mrs. Eureka C. Pearson, who survives.

Franc B. Wilkie, a leading editorial writer on the Chicago Times during the most pros- Franc B perous period of its history, was wukie. ' born jn Saratoga county, N. Y., July 2, 1830. The early portion of his life was spent upon a farm, but before he reached his majority, he devoted a year and a half to learning the trade of a black-smith. If he had been successful, the world might have gained a good mechanic, but it would have lost one of the keenest writers that has ever been connected with the press of Chicago. Returning to the farm, with the aid of a village clergyman, he fitted himself for college, entering Union College as a sophomore in the spring of 1855. The following year he was invited to take charge of the Scheuectady Star, which he did, furnishing copy and setting type, but soon after went to Davenport, la, where he started the Daily News, a Democratic paper. This he sold out in about a year. While in Davenport he was married to Miss Ellen Morse, a daughter of John Morse, of Elgin, 111.; he also wrote his first book : "Davenport, Past, and Present." Removing to Elgin in 1858, he published a campaign paper there in the interest of Senator Douglas, after which he became associated with theDubuque^/eraWfor atime. After the beginning of the war he went to Missouri as the war correspondent of the last named paper. During his stay in Missouri, he was invited to become the correspondent of the New York Times, which he did, corresponding with that paper over the signatu re of " Gal way." Happening to be in St. Louis at the time of the siege of Lexington, he hastened to the besieged city and securing admission into the besieging army, was permitted to write a report of the battle from a rebel point of view. This feat secured for him the appointment of chief correspondent of the Times for the West. He continued to report the campaigns in the West until the surrender of Vicksburg, in July, 1863, when he was offered a position as editorial writer upon the Chicago Times. His connection with the latter as editorial writer continued until 1881, and was renewed in 1883, the year before Mr. Storey's death, continuing until 1888. In his capacity as correspondent, he visited a large portion of the United States and Europe. In addition to his labors as an editorial writer, he has been a somewhat prolific writer of stories and sketches. A series of this character, first published in the Times over the nom de plume of " Poliuto," has since been printed in book form. He also published in the latter part of 1891, an entertaining volume of reminiscences under the title," Thirty-five Years of Journalism," which is a valuable contribution to the history of the Chicago newspaper press. Mr. Wilkie died in 1892.

Andre Matteson, one of the veteran newspaper men of Chicago, is of New England ancestry, born in Chautauqua county, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1827. After learning the printer's trade, he spent some time as a pupil in Westfield Academy, when, at the age of nineteen, he went to Buffalo, where he was employed as a compositor and writer upon the papers of that city. He then went to Milwaukee to take charge of the job office of the Wisconsin, remaining two or three years. About 1850 he removed to Chicago, and was employed for a time as a commercial reporter on the Evening Journal. Still later he was with Zebina Eastman upon his Western Citizen. In 1853 he visited Iowa and Minnesota, but having returned to Chicago, in 1854 became associated witli Cook, Cameron and Sheahan in the recently established Chicago Times, taking the position of city editor, remaining until the sale of the paper in the fall of 1860 to McCorrnick, He then joined J. W. Sheahan and Col. F. A. Eastman in establishing the Morning Post, with which he remained until the sale of that paper to the founders of 'the Republican in May, 1865. The next two years were spent as an editorial writer on the Evening Post, when in 1867, he accepted a position on the editorial staff of the Times, in which he continued for eighteen years. While employed upon the Post he studied law and was admitted to the -bar. Mr. Matteson has been married three times, his present wife being the daughter of the late E. M. Haines, of Waukegan, 111. He is the present publisher and editor of the Legal Adviser, of which Mr. Haines was the founder.

born near Lexington in that State, February 15, 1825. His father dying when he was about eight years of age, he was early left to the care of his mother, a daughter of Col. Wm. Russell of the United States army, who saw considerable service among the Indians in the Northwest. Mr. Harrison's great-great-grandfather on his father's side was the ancestor of President Wm. Henry Harrison and the late Chief Magistrate, while his grandfather bore a similar relationship to another president - Thomas Jefferson - and he was himself a cousin of the late John C. Breckenridge, vice-president during the administration of James Buchanan and candidate for president on the ticket of the Southern Democracy in 1860. Mr. Harrison's early years were spent in a log cabin, and it is said his "first cradle was a sugar trough." He was educated for college by Dr. Marshall, a brother of Chief Justice John Marshall and father of the celebrated Tom Marshall of Kentucky. Entering the sophomore class in Yale college, he graduated from that institution in 1845. He then entered upon the study of law, but instead of engaging in the practice of that profession, in 1851 he went abroad, visiting Europe, Asia and Egypt. In 1855 he came to Chicago on a prospecting 'tour of the North west, and having decided to locate there) invested his means in real estate, thereby laying the foundation of his present ample fortune. In 1870 he was elected a member of the Board of county commissioners of Cook county, and in 1874, was elected for the first time member of Congress on the Democratic ticket from the second district of Illinois, and re-elected two years later. In 1879 he was he elected mayor of the city of Chicago, being re-elected in 1881, 1883 and 1885, respectively, serving a longer period than any other man who has ever held that office. In 1884 he was the Democratic candidate for governor, and made an active personal canvass, but was defeated by Shelby M. Cullom by a plurality of about 13,500 votes. In 1855, Mr. Harrison was married to Miss Sophie Preston, of a Sou them family, who died during a visit to Europe in 1876. In 1882, he was married a second time to Miss Marguerite E. Stearns, of Chicago, who also died a few years ago. After retiring from the office of mayor in the summer of

1887, accompanied by two young men (one of them his son), he started on a tour around the world, visiting in the course of his journey, British Columbia and the' Pacific coast States, Japan. China, Siam, Ceylon, British India, Egypt, the Caspian Sea and the countries of Southeastern and Northern Europe, returning in the autumn of

1888. During his tour he furnished a very full description of the places and countries visited in a series of graphic and vivacious letters to the Chicago press, which were afterwards issued in a volume of over 550 pages under the title, "A Race With the Sun." A second edition of the letters has recently been published. In assuming the duties of an editor, Mr. Harrison entered upon a new field, for which his wide political experience and his extensive information, gathered by travel and otherwise, have assisted to equip him in a most liberal manner.

[Since the preceding pages were written, Mr. Harrison, at the city election of April, 1893, was for the fifth time elected mayor of the city of Chicago, by an overwhelming majority, serving during the period of the AVorld's Columbian Exposition, which was opened a few weeks later. On the evening of Saturday, October 28. after having spent the day at Jackson Park, in company with the mayors of a large number of other cities, in celebration of the approaching successful termination of the World's Fair, he was assassinated by a man named Prendergast, who had obtained access to the mayor's private room, where he had retired for a brief repose. The event produced the most intense excitement and was deeply deplored by all classes - no less by political foes than by his most intimate friends. Like the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, no more dramatic period could have been chosen for his taking off. His remains lay in state in the City Hall on the 31st of October and November 1, and the funeral, which occurred on the latter date, was probably the most impressive incident of its character ever witnessed in the city of Chicago.]

Martin J. Russell, the principal editorial writer of the Chicago Times, is a native of Chicago, born December 20, 1845. His father, Captain Martin Russell, lost his life in a storm on the lake before the subject of this sketch was born. At the breaking out of the war, young Martin, having attained the age of sixteen, accompanied his maternal uncle (the late Colonel James A. Mulligan) with his regiment to Missouri, and was present at the surrender of Lexington. Being a noncombatant, he was released and, on returning to Chicago, on the reorganization of the regiment (the Twenty-third Illinois) during the winter of 1861-2, he enlisted and was elected second-lieutenant of Company A. The regiment having been sent to Virginia, in December, 1862, Colonel Mulligan was assigned to the command of a brigade, when Russell assumed the duty of adjutant-general on his staff. Colonel Mulligan was killed in the battle of Winchester, July 26, 1864, and his regiment having been heavily depleted, it was consolidated into five companies and Lieutenant Russell was mustered oat of the service. In 1870 he became a city reporter on the Evening Post, where he remained until December, 1873, serving a part of the time as city editor. He then joined the city department of the Times, and was shortly advanced to a place on the editorial staff. During a part of of 1876 he served as editor of the Evening Telegram, issued from the Times office, but on the decease of that paper, returned to his position on the Times. In 1883 he became editor of the Morning Herald, remaining some five years, when he returned to 'the Times. Mr. Russell has been member of the Board of Education of Hyde Park, and is one of the park commissioners for the south park system. He is an able and conservative writer, and now occupies the position of leading writer on the Times staff.

Jonathan Young Scammon, though not a professional journalist, was probably more intimately identified with Chicago newspaper history than any other man who had not devoted his life exclusively to newspaper work. He was born at Whitfield, Lincoln county, Me., July27, 1812. His father, the Hon. Eliakim Scammon, was an early settler of Pittston, Kennebec county, in that State, while his grandfather on his mother's side represented Pittston in the Massachusetts* General Court before the separation of Maine from that State. Bred on a farm, an accident in youth, which deprived him of the use of one hand, led to his adoption of a profession. After acquiring an academic education, he entered Waterville (now Colby) University, where he graduated in the class of 1831, receiving the degree of LL. D. from the same institution in 1865. He then studied law with the Hon. John Otis, of Hallowell, and was admitted to the bar of Kennebec county, when he soon after started west, arriving in Chicago in September, 1835. Within a few weeks after his arrival he was appointed deputy circuit clerk by Col. R. J. Hamilton, in place of Henry Moore (to whom he had brought letters of introduction), and opened a law office in the clerk's room, having been admitted to the bar Dec.

7, 1835. A year later he entered into a law partnership with Buckner S. Morris, which lasted about eighteen months ; then, after practicing alone for a few months, in 1839 he formed a partnership with the late N. B. Judd, which continued until 1847. His next partner was E. B. McCagg, with whom he remained associated from 1849 to 1856, when the partnership was dissolved by the departure of the latter for Europe. The late Samuel W. Fuller was his last law partner, this connection continuing until the fire of 1871. No man who resided in Chicago was more prominently identified witli public interests. In 1«37 he was appointed Attorney of the State Bank of Illinois at Chicago ; in 1839 became Reporter of the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until 1845, and issuing the first reports of Supreme Court decisions ever published. He was also a member of the school Board from 1839 to 1845, and during a part of the same time alderman of the First Ward. In 1851 he became president of the Chicago Marine and Fire Insurance Company, which under its franchise established the first bank (the " Marine Bank ") under the State banking law, afterwards re -organized as the Marine Company in 1863- He was also one of the most active project' ors of the Galena & Chicago Union railroad, the first railroad built in northern Illinois, and materially aided in securing its construction. In 1857, Mr. Scammon having retired temporarily from business, took his departure for Europe, where lie spent three years. Returning from Europe in 18CO, he found the affairs of his bank in great confusion, but resuming its management and re-organizing its affairs, it regained a large share of its former prestige. A large real estate owner, his losses by the fire of 1871 were very heavy, being estimated at not less than a half a million. Politically, Mr. Scammon was first a Whig and then a Republican, running as the Whig candidate for Congress from the Chicago District in 1848. In 1860 he was elected as a Republican to the State Legislature. He was a liberal supporter of his church (the Swcdenborgian) and other public enterprises, having contributed $30,000 to the erection of the Chicago Observatory, and being the first president of the "Chicago Astronomical Society." He was one of the founders of the Chicago Evening Journal, and also one of the incorporators of the Chicago Republican^ established in May, 1865. The latter having been burnt out in 1871, he purchased its subscription list a few months later, upon the basis of which he founded the Inter Ocean, remaining with it until its re-organization in 1874. Mr. Scammon was married in 1837 to Miss Mary Ann Haven Dearborn, at Bath, Me., who died in Germany in 1858. December 5, 1867, he married Mrs. Maria Sheldon Wright. Mr. Scammon was a devoted friend of Abraham Lincoln, and the son of the latter (Robert T. Lincoln), late minister to the Court of St. James, studied law in the office of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller. Mr. Scammon's death took place March 17, 1890.

William Penn Nixon, present editor-inchief of the Chicago Inter Ocean, is a native wuiiau. penn of Indiana, born in 183*. His Nixon. father (who was a Quaker) resided in North Carolina, but having emancipated his slaves, removed to Indiana, settling near Richmond, a prosperous and thrifty Quaker settlement, about 1830. He continued to care for and support his former slaves to the close of his life. William Penn graduated at Farmer's College (Belmont) near Cincinnati in 1853; afterwards entered the law department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, graduating in 1859. Entering upon the practice of the law at Cincinnati, he remained there until 1868, in. the meanwhile being elected three times to the State Legislature (1865-'66-'67). In 1868 he became associated with his brother in founding the Cincinnati Chronicle - afterwards the Times-Chronicle. In 1872 he came to Chicago and assumed charge of the business department of the Inter Ocean, which had been established in March of that year by the late J. Y. Scammon. In this connection he performed a laborious service, as the paper, in its earlier years, labored under many financial difficulties. In 1875 the paper passed into the hands of a new company, when Mr. Nixon assumed entire charge of its business affairs. Its financial success (now assured) is largely due to his careful and judicious management. By the accession of Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat to the Inter- Ocean Company, Mr.Nixon has gained a desired relief from the business affairs of the company and now devotes his attention to the duties of editor-in-chief. Mr. Nixon was married at Cincinnati in 1861 to Miss Mary Stites, who died the following year. In 1869 he contracted a second marriage with Miss Duffield, daughter of Mr. Charles Dtiffield, who still survives.

Dr. Oliver W. Nixon, brother of the preceding, now president of the Inter Ocean Company, was born in North Carolina, October 25, 1825, removing with his father in childhood to the vicinity of Richmond, Ind. After taking a course at Farmer's College, near Cincinnati, he entered the Jefferson Medical School, at Philadelphia, graduating with the degree of M. D. in 1853. He subsequently removed to Cincinnati, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. In the early stages of the War of the Rebellion, he entered the army as Surgeon of the Thirty-Ninth Ohio Volunteers, accompanying his regiment to Missouri, where he became medical director on the staff of General John Pope. After the battle of Shiloh he resigned his position in the army, aud returning to Cincinnati, resumed practice. He also served for a time as medical examiner at Camp Chase, and in 1864 was elected county treasurer of Hamilton county, on the Republican ticket, serving two years. Still later, his successor having died in office, he was re-elected to the vacancy. Having served out his term, in conjunction with his brother (\V. P.), he founded the Cincinnati Evening Chronicle. Two years later they purchased the Times, when the paper was issued under the name of the Times-Chronicle. In 1875, having sold out his interest in Cincinnati, Dr. Nixon came to Chicago, and united with his brother in the organization of the Inter Ocean Company, having by the purchase of mortgages and other indebtedness, secured control of the paper. In addition to his duties as president of the Inter Ocean Company, he has for a number of years filled the position of literary editor and paragrapher of the paper. Dr. Nixon was married at Mt. Carmel, 0., in 1854, to Miss Louisa Elstun. His son, Charles E. Nixon, occupies the position of musical and art critic upon the columns of the Inter Ocean.

Frank W. Palmer, for some years editorin-chief of the Inter Ocean, was born Octo- Frank w ^er H> 1827, at Manchester, Dearborn Palmer, county, Ind. His father having removed the next year to Chautauqua county, N. Y., his boyhood was spent in the latter State. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to the printer's trade, in the office of the Jamestown Journal. Three years after he went to New York city, where he remained three or four years as a journeyman printer. Then returning to Jamestown he became joint editor and proprietor of the Journal ; was elected to the legislature in 1853, and again in 1854, but in 1858 removed to Dubuque, la., where he became editor and part proprietor of the Times of that city. In 1860, he was elected to Congress, and the following year purchased the Des Moines Register, with which he remained as proprietor until 1866, and editor for some time longer. Soon after his identification with the Register he was elected State Printer, serving until 1868. The latter year he was elected to Congress, and reelected in 1870. After the completion of his last term in Congress he removed to Chicago, and in 1873, he became editor-inchief of the Infer Ocean, remaining until the re-organization of that paper in 1875. Mr. Palmer was postmaster of the city of after the accession of President Harrison in 1889, was appointed Public Printer at the city of Washington, a position which he still holds. During his term as postmaster, he acted for a time in 1881 and 1882, as editorin-chief of the Morning Herald, then a Eepublicau paper.

Col. Gilbert Ashville Pierce, born at East Otto, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., emigrated to Indiana in 1854 ; attended Chicago University, spending two years in .the law department ; enlisted in the Ninth Indiana Volunteers (first call), and was elected second lieutenant ; at the expiration of three months' service, was appointed captain and assistant quartermaster. During the first year he was on duty at Paducah, Ft. Donelsouand Shiloh, and still later at Grand Gulf and Vicksburg ; was promoted lieutenant-colonel in November, 1863, and still later colonel and inspector and assigned to duty as special commissioner by the war department, serving in South Carolina and the Gulf department until October, 1865. After the war he was connected with a Republican paper at Valparaiso, Ind., and in 1868 was elected a member of the Indiana legislature ; served as financial clerk of the United States Senate from 1869 to 1871, when he resigned to accept an editorial position on the Inter Ocean, of which he was assistant or managing editor for a period of twelve years. In 1883 he became associated with the Chicago Daily News, and the following year was appointed by President Arthur territorial governor of Dakota, serving until 1886, when he resigned. In 1889 he was elected by the Republicans United States Senator from North Dakota, serving until March 4, 1891. Col. Pierce is a thoroughgoing journalist, and is now identified with the Minneapolis Tribune.

William H. Busbey, present managing editor of the Chicago Inter Ocean, is a na. live of Ohio, born at Vienna, Clarke county, Feb. 24, 1830. Having received a common school education he spent some time after attaining his majority as a teacher. The war coming on, he enlisted as a private' in the First Kentucky Volunteers, serving three years and three months. While in the army he acted as war correspondent of two or three Ohio papers. After the war he became associate editor of the Ohio State Journal at Columbus, and still later (1870), accepted a similar position on the Toledo Blade. In 1873, he came to Chicago as Western manager of the American Agriculturist and Hearth and Home, and two years later, became editor of the weekly edition of the Chicago Tribune. In April, 1876, he joined the editorial staff of the Inter Ocean, first as exchange editor and editor of the weekly edition, afterwards as editorial writer, and finally, in 1884, assumed the position of managing editor which he continues to fill.

MacMiiian. Stranraer, October 4, 1850, but at seven years of age came with his parents to America, settling in Chicago. His early education was received in the Chicago public schools, and he spent some time as an apprentice to the business of a machinist. Having been prevented by a slender constitution from prosecuting this trade, he graduated from the high school and afterwards spent some time as a student at the Chicago University. In 1873 he became a reporter upon the litter Ocean, and in 1875 went as the correspondent of that paper on an exploring expedition to the Black Hills. A considerable portion of the next year was spent in the same capacity with General Crook's forces operating against Sitting Bull. In 1878 he made a somewhat extended tour to Europe, and in 1880 succeeded Robt. P. Porter (commissioner of the last census) as editor of the " Curiosity Shop " department of the litter Ocean. Two years later he was transferred to the chair of city editor, but after a service of two years, returned to his old place in the "Curiosity Shop," which he continues to fill, besides contributing liberally to the political columns of the paper. Mr. MacMillan has been a member of the Cook County Board of Education, a director of the Chicago public library, secretary and director of the free kindergarten, has served two terms as member of the house of representatives at Springfield, and one term as a member of the State Senate, to which he was elected in 1888. He is a trustee of Illinois College at Jacksonville.

Prank Gilbert, political writer upon the editorial staff of the Chicago Inter Ocean, is the son of a farmer, having been born at Pittsford,Vt., September 28, 1839. He is the youngest of seven sons, all of them professional men, and educated at the University of Vermont. He began his journalistic experience at Peoria, 111., in 1865, and afterward edited the Dubuque Daily Times, but having sold out that paper in the fall of I860, came to Chicago to take the position of associate editor of the Chicago Evening Journal, succeeding Paul Selby. He remained with the Journal until 1877, when he was appointed assistant treasurer of the United States, in charge of the Chicago sub-treasury. At the expiration of his term he became an editorial writer upon the Inter-Ocean, where (with the exception of some time spent in a similar capacity on the Tribune) he has since remained. Mr. Gilbert served as supervisor of the census for Chicago in 1890.

Melville E. Stone, founder of the Chicago Daily News, was born at Hudson, 111., Aug. 18, 1848. His father, who was a Methodist minister, having come to Chicago in 1860, the son entered the public schools, graduating from the High School in 1867. In 1869 he purchased an interest in a foundry and machine shop, of which a year later he became sole proprietor. The fire of 1871 swept this out of existence, leaving him embarrassed with debt, when he turned his attention to journalism, becoming a reporter on the Republican, soon after merged into the Inter-Ocean.

Within the next few years he occupied the positions of city editor of the Inter Ocean assistant editor of the Evening Mail and managing editor of the consolidated Post and Mail, when he went to Washington as the correspondent in that city of several Western papers; he also had charge for a time of the Washington Bureau of the New York Herald. Eeturning to Chicago in 1875, he resumed his place on the Post and Mail, but soon resigned, and on December 25, 1875, issued the first number of the Daily News, in conjunction with Percy E. Meggy and Win. E. Dougherty. The two latter having retired a few months later, Mr. Stone continued the publication alone until in August, 1876, Victor F. Lawson became associated with the enterprise as business manager. Mr. Stone continued his connection with the News until 1888, having the satisfaction of seeing the paper over whose infancy he had watched with so much solicitude, one of the most prosperous and profitable newspaper enterprises in Chicago. He then sold his interest to his partner, Mr. Lawson, and after a year or more spent with his family in Europe, he returned finally to invest his well earned capital in banking and is now the vice-president of the Globe National Bank, and general manager of the Western Associated Press.

Victor F. Lawson, present proprietor of the Chicago Daily News, is a native of the victor F c^v °^ Chicago, born September 9> Lawson. 1850. His father was a native of Norway, who, coming to Chicago prior to 1840, acquired considerable real estate, which has proved valuable. Having graduated in the Chicago High School in 1869, he spent some time at Phillip's Academy and Harvard University. Keturniug to Chicago, he gave his attention to the care of his father's estate, and the publication of the Skandinaven. In August, 1876, he purchased an interest in the Daily News, and in 1888 became sole proprietor by the purchase of the interest of his partner, Mr. Stone. He immediately took steps to reduce the price of the paper to one cent, the result of which has beeu an immense increase in its circulation and profits, thus vindicating Mr. Lawson's business judgment. He is now the sole proprietor of what is probably the most profitable penny paper on the Western continent.

No name is more widely known among the younger journalists of Chicago than that of Eugene Field. He was born in the city of St. Louis, Mo., September 2, 1850. Having lost his mother at an early age, he was reared by a relative at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Manson and Williamstown in the latter State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. Reaching his majority, he came into possession of a considerable fortune, which his friends are accustomed to say " he spent like a gentleman." After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-3, he began his newspaper career as a reporter on the St. Louis Evening Journal. Later in the same year, he became city editor of the same paper, and in May, 1875, took the position of city editor of the St. Joseph, (Mo.,) Gazette. He remained there about a year and a half, when he returned to St. Louis, and resumed his connection with the Journal, which was continued after its consolidation with the Times, under the name of the Times-Journal. From 1880 to 1882, he was city editor of the Kansas City Times. He next became managing editor of the Denver Tribune, where he established a reputation as an exceedingly bright, but rather eccentric journalist. In August, 1883, he became attached as a special writer to the Chicago Neivs, his special department for some years being the pungent and witty column under the head of "Sharps and Flats." Hehasalso written much poetry and consiJerable prose fiction, his translation of some of Horace's Odes being among the most successful under the first class. Mr. Field was married October 16, 1873, to Miss Julia S. Comstock, of St. Joseph, Mo.

Berkshire, -tranklm county, Vt., in 1834. At the age of thirteen lie became an apprentice in a printing office, and having served out his apprenticeship, entered the University, of Vermont, graduating in 1857. He was a member of a musical family, which, under the name of " The Blakely Family," made a number of successful concert tours throughout the West in the '50s. Emigrating to Minnesota, he engaged in journalism, at Rochester, in that State, was elected secretary of State and ex-officio superintendent of Public Schools in 1862, which position he resigned in 1865. Coming to Chicago, in conjunction with his brother C. H. Blakely, he purchased the Chicago Evening Post, which had been established a few months previous, continuing his connection with it until some time after the fire, when, having sold out, he returned to Minnesota. He was for some time one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial staff of the St. Paul Pioneer Press. Mr. Blakely is now president of the Blakely Printing Company of Chicago, but a resident of the city of New York.

Oliver A. Willard, for some time editor of the Chicago Evening Mail, and subsequently of the Post and Mail, was born at Churchville, N. Y., in 1835, took a literary course at Beloit, Wis., graduating from the Garrett Biblical Institute in connection with the Northwestern University at Evanston in 1861 ; was married the same year to Miss Mary H. Bannister, daughter of Dr. Henry Bannister, of that city, and entered the ministry. He spent some time in his profession at Denver, Col., but returning to Chicago in 1872 became connected with the editorial department of the Evening Mail. On consolidation of this paper with the Evening Post, he became managing editor of the Post and Mail and president of the Post Stock Company. He died at the Palmer House, Chicago, March

17, 1878, after an illness of a few days by which he had been suddenly attacked. Mr. Willard was a brother of the well-known Miss Frances E. Willard, the famous lecturer and champion of temperance.

James W. Scott, business manager of the Chicago Daily Herald, was born in Wisconsin in 1849. His father, who was a journalist, was associated for a time with Dr. Charles H. Kay, afterward of the Chicago Tribune and the Evening Post, in the publication of the Galena Jeffersonian. Young Scott was educated at Galena, and made his first newspaper venture on his own account at Huntington, Wis., but a year or two later started the Industrial Press at Galena. In 1874 he came to Chicago and became connected with F. W. Rice in the purchase and publication of the Daily Hotel Reporter. In 1881, on the establishment of the Chicago Morning Herald, he assumed the business management of that paper, a position which he has retained uninterruptedly ever since. He is also treasurer of the Herald Company, and occupies the same relation to the Evening Post, which was established by the proprietors of the Herald in 1890. The almost unprecedented success which has attended both of these papers demonstrates Mr. Scott's capacity as a newspaper manager.

Frank Hatton, for some time editor-inchief of the Chicago Evening Mail, was born at Cambridge, 0., April 28, 1846. His father, who was publisher of the Guernsey Times, removed to Cadiz, 0., where he purchased the Republican, of that place. At the age of eleven Frank entered the office as an apprentice, and before he was fourteen, was foreman and local editor. In 1862, at the age of sixteen, he enlisted as a private in Company C Ninetyeighth Ohio Volunteers, but in 1864, was transferred to the One Hundred and Eightyfourth Ohio and commissioned as second lieutenant, serving in the army of the Cumberland and participating in Sherman's march to the sea. His father having re- moved to Mt. Pleasant, la., and purchased the Journal of that place during the war, Frank joined him on his discharge from the army, and the publication was continued in partnership until 1869, when the father died. Frank then continued the publication of the Journal alone until 1874, when he purchased a controlling interest in the Burlington (la.) Hawkeye and, in connection with Robert J. Burdette, the well-known humorist, gave to that paper a national reputation. He was postmaster of Burlington for several years by appointment of Gen. Grant, and in the latter part of 1881, was appointed by President Arthur first assistant postmastergeneral, succeeding Judge Gresham as postmaster-general in October, 1884, and serving to the close of Arthur's administration. In 1882, Mr. Hatton purchased a controlling interest in the National Republican at Washington, but withdrew in 1884. On his retirement from the postmaster-generalship he came to Chicago, and in conjunction with Clifford Snowden, who had been associated with him on the National Republican, purchased the Evening Mail, changing it from a Democratic to an independent Republican paper. In 1887 he sold out his interest in the Mail and returned to Washington, purchased the plant of the National Republican, which had become a weekly paper, and on its ruins founded the Washington Post, now one of the most successful papers that has ever been published at the national capital.

Joseph It. Dunlop, late editor and principal proprietor of the Chicago Evening Mail, now of the Chicago Evening Dispatch, is the son of a chaplain of the British army, born in Jamaica, W. I., July 24, 1847. His family having removed to Canada when he was 11 years of age, he was educated in the schools of that country and at the age of 18 began work on the Toronto Globe. Coming to Chicago a few months later, he entered the printing establishment of J. W. M. Jones, serving for a time as foreman; in 1871, he became proof reader in the Times office, and a year later joined the Times' loca\ staff. Two years afterwards he resumed work in Jones' job printing establishment, but in September, 1870, returned to reportorial work on the Times. While in the service of the Times, he did some very effective work in exposing the mismanagement in connection with the erection of the custom house, and also the abuses in the " Court House King" in the Board of county commissioners. He made a tour of New Mexico, in 1882, as special correspondent of the Times, and ,n his return became city editor of that paper. In 1883, he took a similar position upon the Inter Ocean, and on the re-organization of the Times, in 1888, he became managing editor, and, finally, editor-in-chief of the latter, remaining until the purchase of the Times by Carter H. Harrison on the 1st of November, 1891. He then devoted his attention solely to the management of the Mail until September, 1892. when he retired, and a few weeks later started the Evening Dispatch, of which he is editor and chief proprietor, and which has attained a large circulation and a high degree of prosperity.

Elisha H. Talbott, founder and business manager of the Railway Age, was born at Eiisha H. McConnellsville, 0., August 9, 1839. Taibott. He completed his education at the Iowa University, and began his newspaper career as legislative reporter for the Davenport Gazette and other papers during the last session held at Iowa City. Two years later he became editor of the Madisonian at Winterset, la., and in 1860, was appointed to a clerkship in the United States Senate. He was afterwards Examiner of Pensions, but resigned in 1865, and coming to Illinois established the Belvidere Northivestcrn. He was elected to the house of representatives in 1868, and soon after, having disposed of his paper at Belvidere, joined H. K. Hobart and others in establishing the Chicago Evening Mail, assuming the position of business manager,which he retained until the consolidation of that paper with the Post in 1873. In 1870, in conjunction with Mr. Talbott, he established the Railway Age, which has proved one of the most successful railway journals in the country. Mr. Talbott originated the National Exposition of Railway Appliances, held in Chicago, in 1883, which resulted most successfully. He also conducted a Mexican editorial excursion through this country, on the establishment of railroad connection with Mexico, in 1885-6. In 1884, he published a biographical directory of railway officials in America, which has proved a valuable repository of information. In September, 1891, he transferred his interest in the Railway Age to Harry P. Robinson of the JVorfhwestern Railroader, St. Paul.

1860 ; entered upon newspaper work immediately, but in 1861 enlisted in the First Wisconsin Cavalry, and was assigned to duty as battalion quartermaster, until wounded at Helena, Ark., when he was forced to resign. He afterwards served as deputy Provost Marshal for the Second Wisconsin Congressional District. In 1866 he came to Chicago and entered upon duty as a reporter for the Tribune. Between 1867 and 1870, he was city editor of the Evening Post, but the latter year joined with others in establishing the Evening Mail, the first cheap (two-cent) daily to maintain an existence in Chicago. In 1873 he sold his interest in the Mail and became city editor of the Evening Post. The following year he became half owner and editor of the Daily Journal, at Jacksonville, but selling his interest in that paper in 1875, assumed the editorship of the Chicago Morning Courier, remaining only a few months. In 1876 the Railway Age was established, when Mr. Hobart became its editor, a position which he has retained ever since. He was Western manager of the American Press Association for several years from 1869. Mr. Hobart was a trustee of Hyde Park for three years, serving for two years as president of thu Board. In 1872 he was married to Miss Emma M. Hastings, daughter of Hon. Samuel D. Hastings, for many years State Treasurer of Wisconsin.

amptonshire, England, born May 10, 1830. He was educated as a druggist, and in his youth attended the church of which the distinguished Robert Hall was formerly pastor. He came to America in 1852, arriving in Chicago, July 11 of that year. In August, 1853, he accepted the agency of the Christian Times (now the Standard) visiting churches in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. January 15, 1857, he became one of the proprietors of the paper in connection with Rev. LeRoy Church, and has been identified with it as business manager ever since. He became a member of the First Baptist church of Chicago in 1854, and was elected a deacon in 186b. He served as treasurer of the Baptist Theological Seminary from 1865.

Rev. Justin A. Smith, D. D., editor of the Standard, was born December 29, 1819; Rev. justm at Ticonderoga, N. Y. After a A. smith. period of study at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and North Granville Academy, he entered Union College at Schenectady, N. J., graduating in 1843, under the presidency of Dr. Alanson Potter, successor to Dr. Nott. Having spent a year as principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., he assumed pastoral charge of the Baptist church of that place, remaining five years. His next charge was the First Baptist church of Rochester, N.Y., where, after laboring five years more, in 1853 he resigned and removed to Chicago to take the position of editor of the Christian Times (now Standard) where he has ever ; since remained - a period of some forty years. Dr. Smith has assisted in the organization of three Baptist churches in Chicago, viz.: The North Baptist church

(1857), Indiana avenue church (1863), of which he was pastor five years, and the University Place church, which he served as pastor a few months. In 1819 he made an extended European tour, attending the Vatican Council held at Rome that year. He has devoted much attention to church educational matters, having been a trustee of the University of Chicago and the Baptist Theological Seminary since their foundation, giving lectures in -the latter. He is author of the following works: "Memoir of Nathaniel Colver," the "Shetland Apostle," the " Spirit in the Word," and "Patmos, or the Kingdom and Patience."

Dr. William C. Gray, editor of the Interior (Presbyterian) was born in Butler county, 0., in 1830 ; grew up on a farm, entered Farmers' College (now Belmont) in 1846, graduating in 1850 ; read law with Hon. Josiah Scott, and began editorial work in 1852. In 1853 he established the Tiffin (0.) Tribune, in 1861, was connected with the Cleveland Herald, and from 1862 to 1865 on the New- - ark American. He then spent several years in the general publishing business at Cincinnati, coming to Chicago in November, 1871, immediately after the fire, to take the management of the Interior. He has had charge of its editorial and publication departments ever since. Dr. Gray is not a minister, but a printer and journalist who has successfully imported into the religious press the style acquired in secular journalism. AVhile this has been deemed something of an innovation, the result has vindicated his judgment, as shown by the tendency of other religious papers to abandon the sermonic style and follow his example. The Interior, under his management, has been no straight-laced expounder of sectarian dogmas, but has exercised its right of free discussion in a way which, while it has been a little startling to some of the doctors of divinity, has commanded respect and prompted imitation. Dr. Gray is half owner of the paper over which he has presided with success for the past twenty years. He is it good rifle-shot and mi enthusiastic sportsman, and has been accustomed for the past ten years to spend his summers in the northern woods. He received the honorary degree of Ph. D. in 1881 from \Vooster University. In spite of the freedom of his pen, he enjoys the cordial friendship of his brethren of the religious press in other denominations.

Rev. Arthur Edwards, D. I)., editor of the Northwestern Christian Advorati', was born at Norwalk, 0., November '23, 1834. At the age of seven he became an inmate of the family of an uncle in Michigan whose namesake lie was and by whom he was educated. After a year of preparation in an academy at Albion, Mich., in 1851, he entered the Wesleyan University of Ohio, graduating from the classical department in 1858. He united witli the Methodist church while in the University, and entered the Detroit conference the year of his graduation. In 1860 he was ordained and, in the following year, was appointed chaplain of the First Michigan Infantry. After the battle of Gettysburg he resigned this position to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864 he was elected assistant editor of the Northwestern Christian Advocate, and on the retirement of Dr. Eddy, in 1872, was elected to the editorship of the paper, being re-elected every four years to the present time - a period of over twenty years. He has been a member of each General Conference since 1872, and on two occasions, first delegate; was secretary of the Detroit Conference for ten years and a member of the Ecumenical Conference at London, in 1881, before which he read a paper that attracted wide attention. He was also a member of the Baltimore Central Conference in 1884. Dr. Edwards' abilities as a writer have been widely recognized, as shown by his repeated election to the position which he holds, and his influence is by no means confined to the pale of his own church. He received the degree of D. I), from the Northwestern University in 1873. x