Minneapolis City (part 2 of 80)

Among those who emigrated at this jjeriod was 3'OungVander Horck, who did not relish the prospect of compulsor\' service in the army. He reached New York in the 3-ear 1852, and, pushing Westward, found emplo3'mentin Chicago as clerk in a hardware store. After a 3-ear and a half of clerkship he went to Galena, Ills., where he opened a hard¬ ware store on his own account, which he conducted until 1855. He then came to St. Paul where he was emplo3-ed for three or four months in a store. Bu3-ing some propert3' in West St. Paul he opened a grocer3^ store there, which he continued until his engagement in the militar3' service made it necessar3'- to close it. Aleanwhile in the 3-ears 1858-9 he was elected to the office of treasurer of the cit3- of West St. Paul. At the be¬ ginning of the war of the Rebellion he was commissioned as a recruiting officer by Governor Ramse3^, and in Februar3-, 1862, was commissioned First Lieuten¬ ant of Compan3- D, Fifth Regiment, which he had raised, and in the follow¬ ing March was promoted to the eaptainc3-. On the 15th of March, 1862, Captain Yander Horck was detached with his company to garrison Fort Ambercrombie on the Red river of the North in Dakota Territor3-. Learning of the Indian outbreak in the following August, he commenced fortif3-ing the fort, which in truth was but an open fort, and placed it in the best position for defense b3- earth works and parapets of logs. Three twelve - pound howitzers were mounted upon the works. On the 30th of August the stock of the post and that belonging to citizens, grazing upon the adjacent prairie, was partl3- taken off 153- Indians. Other signs of iiroximit3- of the savage foe caused additional pre¬ caution to be taken. On the morning of the third of September, between four and five o'clock, as Captain Yander Horck with an orderl3- was inspecting the out¬ posts, a guard, mistaking them for In¬ dians, fired his piece, shattering the arm of his captain. Before the wound was fully dressed the fort was attacked In- a force of over four hundred Indians. The battle lasted about six hours, when the Indians were repulsed with a heav3- loss. The casualties of the garrison were two wounded and one killed. Three da3-s later the Indians returned with double their former number and again attacked the little garrison. After a stubborn fight lasting through the da3-, the3- were again repulsed with a loss of fort3- killed and one hundred wounded as reported b3- the Indians. The loss of the garrison was one killed and one wounded. Reinforcements reached the fort on the 23d of September. In the latter part of October Compan3- D was relieved and ordered to join its regiment which it overtook at German¬ town, Tenn., February 14, 1863. The disabled arm rendered Captain Yander Horck incapable of service in the field, and he resigned in April, 1863, on certifi¬ cate of disability. He was in the folio wing June appointed Iw the president captain in theU. S. Invalid Corps, after¬ wards called the Yeteran Reserve Corps. He was ordered to report at Ft. Leaven¬ worth, Kansas, where he took charge of the general rendezvous for three 3-ears ; for one 3-ear Inspector General of the Dis¬ tricts of Kansas, and for six months Commissar3- of the Department of Kan¬ sas. When his service was no longer re¬ quired 113- the govex'nment 133- reason of the close of the war, he came to Minne¬ apolis, and, taking up the business which he had Isarned in his 3-onth, opened a hardware store on First street, near Hennepin avenue. The business was continued for nine 3-cars, during the last three in connection with a partner. During this time he was twice elected to the office of Comptroller of the city of Minneapolis, being four years, and held the position of alderman, representing the Third ward for five consecutive years. During this time occurred the consolidation of the two municipalities of St. Anthony and Minneapolis in the present city of Afinneapolis. The occa¬ sion called for the exercise of unusual wisdom in city legislation which the long familiarity of Captain Vander Horck in city affairs, with his wide experience in life had amply qualified him.

In 1877 he was appointed Post Tra¬ der at Ft. Sisseton, in Dakota Territor3^ Retaining his residence in Minneapolis, he took his famiU" to the Fort, where he remained for nine ^^ears in that some¬ what novel and peculiar mercantile ven¬ ture. It was an isolated life, but brought a fair pecuniaiw result which was some compensation for its monot¬ ony' and hardship. On the first of Jul_v, 1885, he resigned the position and re¬ turned to Alinneapolis where he has ever since resided, giving attention to his pri¬ vate interests and engaged in a variety of manufaeturingand otherinvestments. Among other trusts he was for two 3'ears a director of the Flour City Na¬ tional Bank.

Captain Vander Horck was instru¬ mental in maintaining the Minnesota Hospital College in this city by' heading the subscription list with a libei'al sum. He was elected president of this college at its reorganization and held this posi¬ tion until the college was absorbed into the medical department of the University' of the State of Alinnesota.

He has been through all its long his¬ tory a member of the Harmonia Society^ and at one time its president. He be¬ longs to the Alasonic order, hawing mem¬ bership in Alinneapolis Lodge No. 19, in St. John's Chapter No. 9, and Zion Com¬ manding K. T. No. 2.

On the sixth of May, 1853, he mar¬ ried Miss Eliza Zenzius, daughter of Peter Zenzius, who was a noted teacher. The family was endowed with artistic faculty in a high degree, especially' in music, in which Mrs. Vander Horck was proficient. Nine children were born to them, of whom five died in infancy' and childhood, one a brilliantly endowed son, at the age of twenty'-eight, while three sons survive. The eldest, Alexander Humbolt, born in 1854, has an interesting and somewhat unique history. Edueated in the schools of AlinneaiDolis, he re¬ paired to the continent for professional study', attending the medical lectures at the University of Berlin. After gradua¬ tion, developing scientific taste, he was attached to a government expedition for polar exploration, afterward he was for four years superintendent for the English government of the general civil hospitals at Hong Kong, China. He married Baroness Von Brecker, of Germany, who owned in her own right large estates in Sumatra. Living at Deli, Baron A'ander Horck manages the Sumatra estates, which produce coffee and tobacco.

Another son. Max P., born Aug. 5, 1862, after graduating in medicine at Philadelphia, studied in Berlin, Afienna and Prague, and is now settled in Min¬ neapolis, holding the chair of Dermatol¬ ogy' in the medical department of the University' of Minnesota.

The youngest son, Connard Z., born December 6, 1873, having spent three years in study at Berlin, is now a stu¬ dent at the Universiry of Minnesota.

Captain Vander Horck, at the age of sixty-two years, is yet a hale and vigor¬ ous man. His life has been one of unus¬ ual activity ; whatevef he has under¬ taken has been pushed with energy and suceess. He is tall, erect and alert; ani- mated in conversation, courtious in manner and quite engaging in his inter¬ course. Not only is he influential with our citizens of German descent, but also unusuall3" popular with those of native birth.

George Albert Camp. Major Camp was but twenty-one years old when he took up his residence here. His maternal uncle, that sturdy pioneer, Anson Northrup, had alreadj" taken up his abode in St. Anthony, whei'e he was proprietor of the St. Charles Hotel, and his influence no doubt drew the young man from his New York home, to commence a career on the frontiers of civilization. He came equipped with a vigorous constitution, willingness to labor in whatever line of honest industry he should find open to him, and a good share of sound practical good sense.

He found a field where these endow¬ ments had ample scope for their enqoloj'- nient, and where they were exercised with invariable assiduity. Major Camp was a native of Charlotte, Chautauqua County, New York. He was born Aug. 6th, 1830. His father was Mills Camp, a small farmer of that town, and his mother, Sarah Northrup. He had in his 3'ounger 3'ears some instruction in the rudiments of knowledge at the Academ3^ of Fredonia, New York, but his restless nature, and the urgenc3" of self suiDport, impelled him at eleven or twelve years of age to leave his home and commence an independent life.

When he arrived here in the spring of 1851, he became an inmate of the family of his uncle, remaining with him until his marriage two 3"ears later. Aleanwhile he found emplo3'ment about the saw mills of St. Anthon3', and engaged in such work as presented itself. As the lumber business increased, he was em¬ ployed by a St. Louis firm of lumber dealers to survey lumber, and superin¬ tend the making up of rafts and shipping to the St. Louis market. April 11th, 1853, he returned to his native count3', and was married to Miss Luc3', daughter of Noah Draper, one of the first settlers of Fredonia.

Having been an original member of Cataract Lodge A. F'. & A. M. in 1851, he was on the occasion of this visit ex¬ alted in Forest Chapter R. A. M. at Fre¬ donia. Returning to St. Anthony he took a small house and founded a home.

It is remarkable that while the choic¬ est lands on the site of Minneapolis were then unoccupied, and he could have had a choice among the most desirable of them, he made no effort to obtain a claim, probably content to follow the vocation for which he was fitted by natural taste, and present occupation, in connection with the lumber industr3G

In 1857 Major Camp was elected by the legislature of the territory of Minne¬ sota surve3'or general of logs and lumber for the second lumber district, embracing St. Anthon3q and the countr3' north throughout the timbered section. This office he resigned in 1862, when he went into the army, but was again elected to the same office in 1867, continuing to hold it for most of the time until 1876.

The perseverance and adroitness of his character are illustrated by his reelection in 1861. The lumbermen had decided upon another candidate for the office, and made their choice known to the members of the legislatitre represent¬ ing the district, who acquiesced in it. When the election occurred what was their surprise to find their candidate in a decided minorit3% and Major Camp re¬ elected .

To follow Major Camp's connection with the lumber interest, which has oc¬ cupied his business life, he became treas¬ urer of the Mississippi and Rum River

Boom Company in 1871, which office he held until 1875. Both the offices of sur¬ veyor general and manager of the Boom Company, were important and responsi¬ ble, the former regulated the title and measurements of all the logs on the up¬ per waters, and the latter controlled the custody of the logs while in the river, and their delivery to the respective own¬ ers, thus bringing the officer into inti¬ mate relation with the lumbermen and affecting their interests.

In 1875 Alajor Camp was elected to a seat in the Seventeenth State Legisla¬ ture, representing the city of Alinneapolis, and being of especial service in the enactment of laws affecting the lumber industry. In the year 1871, a eo-partnership was formed between T. B. Walker and Alajor Camp for the locating and purchasing of pine lands. For this busi¬ ness both had exceptional qualifications. Air. Walker had been a government sur¬ veyor, and his partner had visited, in the course of his official duties, every lumber eamp of consequence in the upper coun¬ try. They were familiar with the loca¬ tion and value of all the timber lands of the Upper Alississippi.

In 1877 they purchased and re-mod¬ eled the Pacific saw mill, which had been run by the firm of Joseph Dean & Co. After a few years the mill was burned in the fall, but by sawing time in the fol¬ lowing spring it was rebuilt on a larger scale, and operated until the firm retired from the manufaeture.

The activities of this busy life have been by no means confined to the lumber business. They have extended to social and charitable relations. As early as 1854, Alajor Camp was a delegate fi'om Hennepin eount}^ in the formation of a State Agrieultural Society. In 1858 he became a member and officer of a Good Templar Lodge, a practieal temperance organization.

On aceount of ill health and the with¬ drawal of the Alajor from active business life, Alajor and Airs. Camp built a beau¬ tiful home on the north shore of Lake Alinnetonka, where for several yeai'sthey have spent the summer months, passing the winters on the Pacific coast. During the last winter of his life, Alajor Camp visited California, extending his trip to the City of Alexico, from which he reretuimed in impaired health, and did not long survive.

His death oecurred at Lake Alinne¬ tonka in Alay, 1892, his wife having died a few months previous. Thej" have not been exempt from their share of the afflictions which beset our mortal lives. They have lost three bright children in infaney. Their only surviving ehild is Lucy Alay, wife of Henry E. A^on Wedlestaedt, of St. Paul. A few 3'ears since, Alajor and Airs. Camp built , a neat chapel near their Alinnetonka cottage, in memory of their deceased children, which took the name of Camp Alemorial Chapel, the title to whieh they vested in the Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church, in trust, for public use. Alajor Camp had attained high eminence in the Alasonic Order, of which he was an early and devoted member. He was a Knight Templar, and at times held im¬ portant offices in the grand bodies of the Order in the State.

It is the lot of most men to pass their lives in the routine of business, some¬ times varied by a part in the adminis¬ tration of eivil affairs. To the genera¬ tion now passing off the stage of life it befell to serve their eountry in the field of strife. Eaculties of mind and quali¬ ties of soul were called into exercise by the exigencies of war, which lie dormant in the experienee of the majority of man¬ kind. It was Alajor Camp's fortune to bear a part in the stirring events of the Indian and Civil wars. The simple

Ninth regiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. Captain Geo. A. Camp; mus¬ tered in August 14th, 1862; promoted Major Eighth Minnesota regiment, Nov¬ ember 20th, 1863.

But this formal statement is but the skeleton of a passage of life fraught with stirring scenes of discipline, march¬ ings, garrisons, battles, defeats and vic¬ tories, which clothed with the vital flesh and blood of action, brings out upon the canvas the living patriot and hero. The details and incidents of the military career of Major Camp are woven into the histoiw of the savage warfare of the frontier and the campaigns of the south¬ west. Space is lacking to re produce them here. Suffice it to say that Major Camp showed a willingness to serve his country in any position to which duty shoidd call him, while he exhibited a genius for command and a coolness and cour.age in time of danger which marked him as a hero.

Major Camp was of a powerful phys¬ ical frame, weighing about two hundred and fift\' pounds; not corpulent, but tall, well proportioned and muscular. His complexion was dark, almost swarth}', but his temperament was cheerful, and his disposition humorous. He was an engaging companion, not polished in speech, but full of information, open, frank and approachable. His most in¬ timate associates bear testimony to the rectitude of his character and the entire integrity of all his transactions. He enjoyed the warmest friendship, esteem and good will of many of the older resi¬

He doubtless shared in the frailties and foibles incident to our humanity. He did not aspire to the role of an intel¬ lectual or spiritual model, but he was, as the world goes, a man among men, vig¬ orous, manly, brave and generous.

The movement which led to the estab¬ lishment of a State Soldiers' Home had its rise at the Grand Army encampment of the Department of Minnesota, held at Faribault in February, 1886. At that time a committee was appointed to draft a bill providing for the establishment of such an institution and to see that it re¬ ceived the consideration of the State Legislature. The committee performed its work faithfully. During the legisla¬ tive session of thefollowing winter a law was enacted establishing a Soldiers' Home, appropriating $50,000 for the purchase of a site and the erection of buildings and entrusting the entire man¬ agement to a board of trustees. The first board consisted of Henry A. Castle, St. Paul; R. R. Henderson, Minneapolis ; L. A. Hancock, Red Wing; Wm. P. Dunnington. Redwood Falls; A. E. Christie, of Mower county ; A. A. Brown, of Doug¬ las, and T. F. Cowing, of Ottertail. Or¬ ganization was effected on April 12, 1887, with Mr. Castle as president. Air. Henderson as vice-president and 0. AI. Sawyer, of Alinneapolis, as secretaiw. There at once arose a spirited contest among half a dozen towns which were anxious to securetheinstitution for their several localities. As an inducement Alinneapolis offered to donate to the state for a site, fift3' acres of land at the mouth of Alinnehaha creek ; this, and the advantage of a central location adjacent to the commercial center of the state, brought the home to this cit\\

The site is a high wooded point be¬ tween Minnehaha creek and the Missis¬ sippi river. It is exceedingly picturesque. With Minnehaha park adjoining it forms a tract of nearly two hundred acres of land which is in effect one continuous park. The buildings of the Home are within a few hundred yards of the fa¬ mous Minnehaha Falls. A more charm¬ ing spot could hardly have been selected.

Before erecting any buildings the trustees, with the approval of the Gov¬ ernor, and after visiting and investiga¬ ting several state and national homes, decided on the so-called "cottage plan " of construction. Under this plan the Home can be built as it were in sections, as the necessities of the institution de¬ velop being, however, practically com¬ plete in itself at all successive stages of construction. This plan has been syste¬ matically followed from the beginning.

In 1888 there were erected two cot¬ tages and one section of the boiler house or heating plant. These cottages are in¬ tended simply as the living rooms of the veterans and are arranged to accommo¬ date about fifty men each, lodging from six to ten in a room.

In 1890, the central portion and one wing of the hospital were completed. Expert visitors, physicians and student of sanitary architecture have pronounced it, in design and construction, admirably adapted for its intended use. The legis¬ lature of 1891 appropriated $125,000 for the home and the extension of the sj^stem of buildings was much facilitated. All the buildings thus far erected or lilanned have retained a general uniform¬ ity of architecture style, and have aimed at a uniform standard of excellence in construction.

The home was opened in temporar}" buildings on November 21st, 1887, and in less than three months had forty-seven inmates. This number rapidly received accessions, and the membership of the home has averaged between one and two hundred. In 1889, Messrs. Christie and Brown retired from the board of trus¬ tees, and T. H. Pressnell, of Duluth, and J. R. Parshall, of Faribault, were ap¬ pointed. The followingyear Mr. Cowing withdrew, L. L. Baxter, of Fergus Falls, succeeding him. J. H. Upham, of Duluth, succeeded Mr. Pressnell, in 1891. From the beginning. Captain Thomas McMill¬ an has served as commandant to the entire satisfaction of all concerned. The members of the board of trustees have devoted a great deal of time to the affairs of the home and have been untir¬ ing in their enthusiasm and devotion to the institution. Their efforts have been rewarded with the knowledge that Min¬ nesota possesses a model soldier's home.

The National Guard

The young men of Minneapolis have been foremost in the organization and maintenance of the National Guard. The well equipped and soldierly regiments of the state as they now exist owe their origin largely to the enthusiasm and ex¬ ample of the Minneapolis guardsmen of ten or twelve j^ears ago. For two de¬ cades after the war of the Rebellion at¬ tempts to establish a militia organiza¬ tion in the city wei'e not permanently successful. There was no encouragement from the state and private individuals were engrossed with the many duties of citizens of a young and rapidly develop¬ ing community.

In 1879 a movement led by S. A. Sims, Perry Harrison, Frank S. Barnard, E. A. Goddard.Jos. Rogers and others led to tlie formation on May 12th of that year, of the Minneapolis Light Infantry, the first militia company in the state to maintain a permanent organization. On October 6, 1879, the company was mus¬ tered into the service of the state with

Lieut. S. A. Sims in command. During the following winter the Minneapolis Zouaves were organized by Capt. A. A. Ames, and about the same time compa¬ nies were foi'ined in St. Paul and other parts of the state. Up to this time there had been no state recognition of the Guard, but in the legislative session of 1881, $5,000 was appropriated for the maintenance of the militia, exemption from any dut}" was awarded to men hon¬ orably discharged after five years service, and the governor was authorized to make battalion formations. Under this law the First Battalion was organized in February, 1882, with the Minneapolis Light Infantr}' as Company A, and the Minneapolis Zouaves as Company B. From this time the old names were no longer known. After a short time the Zouave organization dropped out and a new Company B, the one now in service, was formed by Capt. Naylor. Company I was organized on March 21, 1883, with C. McC. Reeve as captain. These companies. A, B and I, have continued with varying fortunes to the present time.

Company A, as the oldest organiza¬ tion, has been rather the most conspic¬ uous. Its first captain was John P. Rea, elected Feb. 9, 1880. After his resignation in 1882, Perry Harrison, F. S. Barnard, John L.Amory and Fred W. Ames were successively chosen to the of¬ fice, the latter being now in command. Under Capt. Harrison, the company first took especial prominence through its ex¬ cellence in drill. In ten years it has par¬ ticipated in many competitions, and al¬ ways with credit. At the grand prize drill in Washington in May, 1887, the company took part with honor, but through some blunders in the manage¬ ment received much lower marking than it deserved. In common with the other Mmnesota companies it assisted in guarding the convicts at the time of the

After Captain Naylor, V. J. Welch, L. G. Fisher, F. A. Goss, J. L. King and A. AI. Diggles succeeded to the command of Company B. The last named was elected in the spring of 1891, and is still in office. His lieutenants are J. H. Moi'gan first, and A. L. Johnson second. Company B has not been a show company but it has put in a great deal of hard work and proved very efficient in drill. At the last annual inspection it was the largest company in service, numbering 74 men. During the summer of 1892 thecompany took a ten days march for the actual ex¬ perience of military service, carrying with it camp equipments and maintain¬ ing military discipline. This is an experi¬ ment rarely tried by militia companies. It gave the company practical experience in marching, camping and real soldier life, such as it could gainin no other way.

John D. Osgood, Frank B. Kidder, James H. Waters and David W. Knowlton followed Capt. Reeve in the com¬ mand of Company I. The present cap¬ tain, Wm. B. Tomlinson, was elected Alarch 2, 1892. The first lieutenant is F. L. Davies, and the second lieutenant is G. M. Gage. The company has reached a high degree of proficiency in drill, and is in a very flourishing condition. With the other local companies it has partici¬ pated in the various calls to arms, and in the annual encampments and social en tertainments .

Soon after the organization of Com¬ pany I the need of a drill hall became im¬ perative. After consultation the Armory Association was organized by nine mem¬ bers of the militia - tlii'ee from each conipan3^ These men were Perry Harrison, Ray W. Hatch and E. W. Goddard, Co. A; C. McC. Reeve, Chas. Heffelfinger and C. AI. Palmer, Co. I; and V. J. Welch, Geo. AI. Naylor and C. W. Johnson, Co.

B. The site on Eighth street near First avenue south, was leased and the ai'morj erected with money loaned by the Hon. R. B. Langdon. The maintenance of the armory and this debt were a burden to the militiamen. Reliefcamein 1891 with the passage of the law authorizing cities to provide armories and drill halls for the military companies.

In ten 3^ears the Minneapolis compa¬ nies have contributed numerous officers to the state regimental organization. Lieut. Sims was made adjutant of the First Battalion in 1882 ; Capt. Harrison was made lieutenant colonel of the hdrst Regiment in 1885; and Capt. Reeve be¬ came colonel of the First Regiment in 1890. Many other officers of the local companies have been similarly honored.

* The story which here follows is a brief recital of an exigency which called out a Minneapolis company of mounted men to the relief of Fort Ridgley at a critical time; and of the chief incidents attending an exciting and wearisome march thither, ending in a full accom¬ plishment of its object.

It was the second summer of the great Civil War. The people of Minnesota were anxiously watching the movements of contending ai'mies in the South, when a danger, alarming to all, well nigh ap¬ palling to some, suddenly confronted them at their very thresholds. Upon the western frontier of the State the adven¬ turous pioneer settler was pushing back and rapidly supplanting the roving In¬ dian and buffalo. Here a series of most startling events, following one another in quick succession, had reached a crisis, spreading consternation and terror throughout the numerous isolated set¬ tlements. Suffice it to state that a vio-

* A narrative of Capt. Anson Northrup's company of mounted volunteers who marched to the relief of Fort Ridgley during the Indian War of 1862.

lent outbreak had occurred among the powerful bands of Sioux on their reser¬ vations of the upper Mississippi river, accompanied by an indiscriminate mas¬ sacre of the whites in the vicinity.

Fort Ridgle\', a fort in name onl3q was the nearest military post. It stood on a spur of high table prairie, near to and overlooking the valle3^ of the river named, a few miles below the govern¬ ment agency where the outbreak com¬ menced. A two-stor3' stone structure, L-shaped, served for the soldiers' bar¬ racks. This and a dozen or so of frame buildings standing apart, were ranged along the sides of and partialh' inclosed an open square ninety yards across. There was no stockade, and access to the central square between the buildings was easy at any point. A deep, wooded ravine on two sides and part of a third afforded a complete cover for the near approach of an assailing part3'. As a military play-ground and a cozy station for Uncle Sam's troops in times of peace it was admirable ; as a fort, it seemed to have been planned to invite rather than to repel attack.

Instinctively the terror-stricken set¬ tlers, scattered over a wide extent of the surrounding prairie region, sought the shelter of this military post. Three hun¬ dred, mostly women and children, were soon crowded into the stone barracks. The defensive strength of the garrison was made up of Companies B and C of the Fifth Minnesota Regiment, now numbering only one hundred men ; Com¬ pany B having just lost its commander, John S. Marsh, and twenty-eight priv¬ ates, who were lured into an ambush by the savages near Redwood Agency on the day of the outbreak. Also fifty Ren¬ ville Rangers and twenty-five citizens poorly armed. These forces 'were sup¬ plemented by three field guns in charge of Sergeants Jones, Whipple and Me-

Grew, the two former being veterans and experts in the handling of artillery. The total of men available for defense was one hundred and eighty; the com¬ mand thereof, by the death of Captain Marsh, devolving upon Lieut. T. J. Shee¬ han, of Company C.

The dela3'ed Sioux annuities, $72,000 in gold, had just arrived from Washing¬ ton en route for the agency to be there distributed among the Indians. This money which they had now forfeited, with the rich stores of the garrison and the coveted lives of nearly five hundred inmates, constituted for the savage mind a prize worth striving for. More¬ over, to the crafty leader. Little Crow, another consideration made the capture of this, place of multifold importance. Eastward, in the valleys of the lower Minnesota and Mississippi, were far richer prizes awaiting him and his cut¬ throat horde. Eight hundred of the hated whites had been slain.* Ten thousand at least were then fleeing in that direction, spreading terror and alarm. Alost of their j-otmg men were in the far South fighting their own kin¬ dred. What was to hinder sweeping them all from the old hunting grounds along the Great river and taking posses- .sion of their wealth ? Fort Ridgley and the little German town of New Ulm, a few miles below, seemed to intei'pose the only obstacles. In the contemplated raid eastward it would not do to leave these garrisoned posts in the rear as a menace. So, on the 19th day of August, 1862, an attack was made on New Ulm by one hundred of his band, followed on the 20th by a vigorous assault on the fort in which five hundred participated. At both these places the Indians were repulsed, but with constantly increasing numbers they were enabled to maintain an effective beleaguering which promised.

with one or two more resolute assaults, to give them the coveted prizes. On the side of the heroic defenders of the lort was the gravest anxiet3" and apprehen¬ sion for the safet3' of those committed to their charge. Hope had not yet forsaken them ; but with mimbers so dispropor¬ tionate to their exultant, savage foes, this hope was deeplv shadowed 1)3^ the fear that they could not hold out until friends should come to their relief.

Meanwhile a large portion of the prairie region west of the " big woods," from the Iowa line on the south to the Ottertail river on the north, had been devastated 1)3^ fire, gun and scalping knife in the hands of merciless raiders, unsurpassed in the celerity of their move¬ ments. In short, a cyclone of savage fury had swept over one of the fairest portions of Minnesota, leaving in its track onl3' smouldering ruins.

The outlook at St. Paul and the two communities (St. Anthon3' and Minne¬ apolis) at the Falls, was gloomy and forboding. Fugitives were coming in with exaggerated accounts of the im¬ pending danger and the more timid of the citizens were hastily departing for safer regions. All of the available sol¬ diers enlisted for service at the South had been dispatched to St. Peter to await there suitable arms and ammunition be¬ fore moving against the Indians. Such, so far as covdd then be aseertained, was the condition on Friday morning, the 22d of August, when Governor Ramse3' issued his call for mounted volunteers to hasten to the relief of Fort Ridgley. It was about 10 a. m. when the call was announced in Minneapolis and St. Anth¬ ony. In response thereto, Iw 4 p. m. sevent3'-five horsemen, armed with shot¬ guns, pistols, swords and a few squirrel rifles might have been seen in squads of four to ten cantering along the road to Shakopee, that place being the appointed

It could hardly have been otherwise than a motley company. Variety and contrast in its make-up, both of riders and horses, had of necessity taken the place of military uniformity. The larger number were leading business men, who had hastily closed their offices and shops in response to this appeal in behalf of women and children in peril. In utter lack of discipline, there was one thing alone which gave promise of efficiency on their part, if put to the test of a hostile encounter, as they expected to be. That was the inspiration of a common and noble purpose which they all must feel. There was assurance in the fact that it is hard for the average man to show him¬ self a coward under circumstances such as they - or rather we - were then placed in.

At Shakopee, on Saturday morning, "Ans." Northup,* recently from the Army of the Potomac, and well known to all the pioneers of the Northwest for his fearlessness in thepi'esence of danger, was chosed commander; S. P. Snyder and Edward Patch were chosen lieuten¬ ants. Subsequently, near Belle Plain, R. H. Chittenden, a captain in the First Wisconsin Cavalry, on furlough, joined us, and was made our drill sergeant and second in command. Here were fugitives from the desolated territorjq and as we proceeded on our way we met team after team, laden with all sorts of household goods, packed helter-skelter, while the dazed and weary looking faces of women and children peered at us from amid

* During t)ie Seven Days' Battles in June, 1862, Northup had charge of the entire wagon train of the Second Army Corps. At the Four Corners' roads, in the vicinity of White Oak swamp, his train became huddled, and thereby so much endangered by an impending Rebel attack that a superior otacer ordered him to abandon a considerable portion of it. Refusing to obey the order he brought off safely every wagon. All of the difficulties and dan_ gers into which his duty as train master led him while making this famous march to Harrison's landing, his efficiency and a courage that could not be intimidated, carried him successfully through.

boxes and huge bundles of bedding. They were fleeing, they hardly knew whither, impelled by a fear which refused to listen to the voice of reason.

Saturday evening we were at Hender¬ son, a little village nestled in the timber by the riverside. The stables and the outhouses here were crowded with a portion of the fugitive throng. A lad of twelve years was brought in, shot through the hand while escaping from the Indians at a place not far distant. A full line of pickets was put out, as we were then on the border of the country in complete possession of the savages. Sunday morning, while a part of our company proceeded directly to Saint Peter, the other portion, guided by a Mr. Nelson, made a detour to Norwegian Grove, flfteen miles southwest. Here Nelson had aday or two before witnessed the killing of his wife near the doorwa}^ of his house. Two children had been hidden by him in a cornfield near by. We found the house, the only one of six at this place which had escaped the torch of the savages, still standing, but the children and the lifeless body of the wife were gone. Far out on the prairie we descried an object having the semblance of a human form. A few of us dashed off in pursuit, and, after a hot chase, we overtook two men who had mistaken us for Indians and had run at our approach. They were settlers near New Ulm who had been driven back upon the prairie by the attack of the Indians upon that town on the preceeding Tuesday. Tak¬ ing them with us, we proceeded to Saint Peter, arriving Sunday evening and re¬ porting to Gen. Sibley, in command. We found here several companies of the Sixth regiment, together with volunteers from many places, and hundreds of fugitives, who, findingno room in the houses, were sheltered in tents. By couriers from New Ulm came news of the desperate fight at

Tuesday, the 26th, mounted men were ealled for to march under cover of night to the fort, forty miles distant. Our com¬ pany, now numbering one hundred men, promptly responded. Smaller companies from St. Paul, Hastings, Red Wing and other places, gave us a force of one hun¬ dred and seventj^-fivemen, all in nominal command of Col. Sam McPhail,who had acquired a reputation as an Indian fighter. At 5 p. m. the cavalcade, two abreast, was put in motion, our com¬ pany, headed b3^ Northrup and a halfbreed guide named Antoine Frenier, tak¬ ing the lead. Just here an incident oc¬ curred which the participants in this march will remember with interest. We had been in the saddle from earl\" morn¬ ing without food or drink. A few miles ahead was a lake of good water, and our horses instinctively, or perhaps from a little slj" spurring by their riders, started off at a brisk pace in quest of it. Thereupon McPhail came riding from the rear, and in his unique, feminine voice, ke^'ed up to a high pitch of excite¬ ment, demanded to be informed "who in h - 1 gave that order? " meaning thesupposed command to speed the movement of the column. He rode to the front where a brief altercation with Northrup took place, when the latter was seen to suddenl}" wheel right-about, his men in turn following, most of them unconseious of any trouble between these offi¬ cers, and all the company went marching to the rear. As we were passing the St. Paul squad Willianl R. Marshall, subse¬ quently the gallant commander of the Seventh Regiment and an honored gov¬ ernor of the state, with mingled emo¬ tions of indignant surprise, eontempt and disgust, aroused by this spectacle of apparent retreat on our part, could not

Nothing could have been more rash and ill-timed. The sharp sting of these words was made sharper by the faet that the spirit of rivalry between the people of the capital city and the dual town at the falls was, at that period, in its noontide fervor. Instantly a dozen guns were raised and a dozen furious voices broke upon the air with a pro¬ fanity too profuse for ftdl expression here:

But almost as quicklv the tempest of passion had begun to subside. A dawn¬ ing suspicion in the minds of both parties that thei'e might be a misappre¬ hension of matters had interposed to avert the not improbable, tragic conse¬ quences. While the rear half of the column moved on our companj^ gathered into a close circle fon consultation. It took but a moment to determine our action in thisemergencj". With so great responsibilities resting upon us an indis¬ creet attempt of our colonel to subject us to the discipline of veteran soldiers must not be permitted to swerve us from the rule of duty. So wheeling into line, with faces again towards the fort, and spurring our horses into a rapid gallop, we were soon in our places at the head of the battalion.

At sunset we had entered upon a fine prairie country with here and there a small timber-fringed lake, near one of which, in the midst of partiall v harvested crops of grain and garden vegetables, stood the recently" abandoned log house and out-buildings of a well-to-do settler. Had he with the wife - and children, too, perha])S - escaped the gun and knife or a captivitv' far worse? The chances seem to have been in favor of their escape, but with a shadow of uncertainty' resting upon their fate, the scene, for us, was in- vested with a tender interest. The wel¬ come water was here, and oats in the bundle for the horses. A few vegetables from the garden served to appease the hunger of the men.

Resuming our march, we found that a thick darkness had meantime shut from our eyes the wide prairie landscape, ren¬ dering objects a dozen feet distant vague and spectral. But our ears, as if to make up for the loss in vision, seemed to have doubled their capacity and range of hearing. The confused tread of our horses, before un-noticed ; the rustle of startled cattle in some cornfield we were passing; the tinkle of a cowbell a mile or more distant, were wonderfully dis¬ tinct. We were now traversing a country from which every white human occvipant not killed or captured had fled. In ex¬ pectation of momentary attack by the Indians, we were instructed, if fired upon, to put spurs to our horses and pass the point of danger as quickly as possible.

The prolonged excitement b^- this night's ride, with the loss of sleep and fasting, had begun to manifest its effect upon the brain of many of us. Objects at the roadside - a charred stump, a bush or a prairie weed - were easily transformed into the historic Indian, all of the lacking features, even to the gun pointed at you, being supplied by an im¬ agination abnormally active and fertile. At several {Dlaces along the road, where special danger was apprehended, Mc- Phail had come back from the front and in his high falsetto, suppressed to a tone scarcely above a whisper, had startled us with, "Look out, boys, the Indians are just ahead." It soon, however, came to be a jocular remark among the " boys " that the gallant Colonel had more In-, dians on the brain than any of the rest. At one point on the road a bright flame stiddenly shot upward, just in our rear.

disclosing for a moment the long line of our battalion. It was only the embers of a recently burned house fanned into life by a passing breeze. At another, the smell of a decaying human body at the roadside, hardly discernible in the dark¬ ness, at which our horses shied, told a story of a fiendish butchery. Once, in the latter part of the night, we entered a deep, thickly wooded hollow. What a place for an ambuscade! The ideal In¬ dian was there in force ; nothing more serious.

Early in the morning of the 27th, the fort, a mile distant, became visible beyond and over the tops of trees bordering a deep, wooded ravine. The national flag - the glorious stars and stripes - could be seen flying from the top of a tall staff. " Were our friends in the fort safe ? " was the audible voice from every heart. A halt was ordered and a hurried counsel ensvied. Antoine, the half-breed, sug¬ gested that the Indians might have cap¬ tured the fort and were now using the flag as a decoy to lead us into an ambush in the ravine which it was necessary for us to cross. While the signals from the Fort that reached our eyes left painful doubts in the minds of some of the com¬ pany, thej" also inspired hope and confi¬ dence in others. To relieve all suspense, Capt. Northrup, Antoine, J. H. Thomp¬ son, Ed. Nash, and one or two others dashed down the winding road into the gorge, and after a few moments we saw them emerge safely upon the high priarie by the fort, on the other side. As we fol¬ lowed, near the entrance to the ravine the bloated corpse of a man, dressed like a soldier, attracted our notice ; and at the bottom, by a brook, was another similar in appearance.

Our coming was hailed by the inmates of the fort with the liveliest manifesta¬ tions of joy and gratitude. For nearly nine days they had been closely impris- onecl, the men constanth- upon the alert, repelling meantime four attacks. The last of these was a furious assault by not less than one thousand of the savages on the 22cl, being the da}' we began our march. Some of the wooden buildings were riddled by the showers of bullets from these foes, yet the loss of the garri¬ son in killed and wounded was very small.

Exhausted with the long ride our men lay down upon the ground in the central square, and found a needed rest in sleep. As night came on the firing of the pickets and the cry of "Indians are coming," called every armed person to a place behind a barricade of cord wood, or in some of the buildings, to meet the expected encounter. It was probably a false alarm, but a wise precaution kept us on guard through the night. General Sibley arrived with infantry and mount¬ ed volunteers on the 28th. Captain Northrup and a few of his men went up the river in the direction of Redwood Agency. They found and brought into the fort a German woman and seven children who were the only survivors of several large families. For eight days this party had subsisted upon roots and berries gathered undercover of darkness,- while they lay in hiding during the hours of sunlight. Having now accomplished the object for which we set out, and see¬ ing no prospect of a speed}' move against the Indians, the pressure of home inter¬ ests turned (Saturday the 30th) the faces of most of our party toward the Falls, where they arrived in due time.

In this connection I desire to mention J. W. DeCamp, whose wife and two chil¬ dren had been taken captives at the Red¬ wood agency while he was absent. He was at the fort during the attacks upon it, and in some Wciy had managed to elude the vigilance of the besiegers, and joined our company at Belle Plain. As

I rode by his side in the darkness he told me his hopes and also his overshadow¬ ing anxiety concerning his family. His imagination at the time was busy, I thought, with a picture of their forms falling lifeless under the tomahawk of the savage, made desperate by the too eager pursuit of their white delivei'ers. Half choked with his feelings, he said to me, in substance: "If General Sibley moves hastily and rashly against the Indians and the lives of the captives are thereby sacrificed, his life, so far as it will, shall atone for it." Six days from that time DeCamp was killed at the Birch Coulie fight. His wife and children soon after escaped from the Indians and came to the fort.

One of several imique characters of the company was "Bill" Blaisdell. He was notable not less for an exhaustless flow of quaint, rough humor, which served as an antidote for the weariness of the ride, than for his novel equipment for Indian warfare. This consisted solely of a rusty sword dangling at his side, the blade of which was about three feet long; a veritable long knife, whereof, on account of some traditional event asso¬ ciated with it, the red man is supposed to inherit a peculiar dread.

On our arrival at the post, with an indiscreet desire to know more of his surroundings he started off alone on an exploring expedition down the steep, wooded declivity between the fort and the river. Suddenly, from a covert scarcely ten feet ahead, jumped a stal¬ wart Sioux in all his glory of feathers, paint, beads and gun, and bounded like a freightened deer into the thicket of the gorge near by. This is William's report of the affair, and it ought, I think, to be accepted as true. But there have always been doubters of the best attested facts, and so it is that some still living mem¬ bers of the company insist that at the time of William's expedition in question, he had not fully dislodged a large-sized native warrior who had got possession of his brain on the night of the memor¬ able march from St. Peter.

Hon. Charles E. Flandrau was born in New York City, July 15, 1828. His paternal ancestors were Huguenots, who, after the noted revocation of the edict of Nantes, left LaRochelle, France, and joined a colony of their brethern who came to America, settled in West¬ chester county, N. Y., and founded the town of New Rochelle. His father, Thomas Hunt Flandrau, was born at New Rochelle, and his mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Macomb, was a half sister of General Alexander Macomb, who was Commander-in-chief of the United States Ai'my from 1828 to 1841, being succeeded by General Scott.

Thomas H. Flandrau was a graduate of Hamilton College, N. Y., and a gentle¬ man of culture, natural talent and many acquirements. When a young man he left New Rochelle and located at Utica, N. Y., where he studied law in the office of Judge Nathan Williams, an eminent and well-known practioner. After his admission to the bar he formed a part¬ nership with that gifted and accom¬ plished, but somewhat erratic, American statesman, Aaron Burr, formerly vicepresident, etc., and removed to New York City, where he practieed with Col¬ onel Burr for many years. In 1824 or 1825 he married Elizabeth Macomb, and shortly afterwards returned to Oneida county, N. Y., where he contin¬ ued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred January 2, 1855.

The youthful education of Charles E. Flandrau was received at Georgetown, D. C.; but at the tender age of thirteen he decided to enter the United States Navy, and, backed by some friends, ap¬ plied to Hon. George E. Badger, of North Carolina, then Secretary of the Navy, for a warrant as mid-shipman. He was one year too young, however, and the ap¬ pointment could not be made. Still bent on a seafaring life he immediately shipped "before the mast" in the United States revenue cutter "Forward," on which vessel he served for one year, and then shipped in the revenue cutter "Yan- Buren," where he served for another year. He then made several coasting voyages in merchantmen, continuing in this occupation for about three years. Abandoning his intention of becoming a sailor, he, at the age of sixteen, left the sea and returned to Georgetown, and again entered school. Some months later, however, he left school and went to New York City to "seek his fortune." He found employment in the metropolis in the large mahogony saw mill of Mahlon Bunnell, corner of Pike and Cherry streets, and here he remained for three years, becoming very proficient in every branch of the business. He then went to Whitesboro, N.Y., entered his father's office, and commenced the study of law.

After two years' of continuous close application to study he was admitted to the bar in Oneida county, January 7, 1851. He entered into partnership with his father at Whitesboro, and so contin¬ ued until the fall of 1853, when he deter¬ mined upon removing to and permanent¬ ly locating in the then young territory of Minnesota.

In the early part of November, 1853, Judge Flandrau, in company with Hor¬ ace R. Bigelow, Esq., landed in St. Paul. They were admitted to the bar, and im¬ mediately opened an otfice for the prac¬ tice of law, under the firm name of Bige¬ low & Flandrau. At that date Ylinnesota lawyers had a goodly portion of spare time on their hands from the demands of their profession. The former law partner and intimate associate of Judge Flandrau, Hon. Isaac Atwater, in a well-written sketch of the subject here¬ of, which has heretofore been published (Magazine of Western History for April,

The practice of law in Minnesota in early daA S was neither arduous nor especially remunerative. Some bnsiness was furnished by the United States land offices, but commerce was m its infancy, and the immense and profitable business furnished bj^ the railroads to the profession was then unknown. It so happened that during the winter of 18b3-4 certain capitalists in St. Paul engaged the ser¬ vices of Mr. Flandrau to make explorations in the Minnesota Valley and to negotiate for the pur¬ chase of property connected therewith, and espec¬ ially of the "Captain Dodd Claim," at what was then called Rock Bend, now St. Peter. His report was favorable to the purchase, and he was so im¬ pressed with these prospective advantages of the country that he decided to locate in the valley himself. St. Peter was then unknown. Traverse des Sioux was the only settlement in the vicinity, and consisted of a few Indian traders and their attaches and a number of missionaries. Here he met Stuart B. Garvie, a Scotchman, who had just been appointed Clerk of the District Court of Nicollet county by Judge Chatfield, and occupied an office with him. Of course, their law business was very limited . The young men were frequently at their wit's end for devices to "keep the wolf from the door." Indeed, they did not wish to keep him from the door, in a literal sense. Instead of an enemy the wolf became their friend. They placed the carcass of a dead pony within easy rifle shot of the back window of their office, and this proved a fatal attraction to the prairierovers. Every night many of them fell victims to the rifles of the young lawyers, who skinned the carcasses and sold the hides for seventy -five cents apiece.

But, happily, this state of affairs did not last long. According to Judge At¬ water, immigration began to pour into the Minnesota Valley with the opening of the season of 1854. In June of that year the first house was built in St. Peter, and for the next few years the set¬ tlement of the country progressed rap¬ idly. Judge Flandrau continued to re¬ side at Traverse des Sioux until 1864. In 1854 he held the offices of Notary Public, Deputy Clerk of the Courts, and later was Disrict Attorney for Nicollet county. In 1856 he was elected a mem- her of the Territorial Council for a term of two years, but served through but one session and resigned the following year. In 1857 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention, and served in the " Democrat branch ''presided over by General Sibley.

August 16, 1856, Judge Flandrau was appointed by President Pierce the United States agent for the Sioux Indians of the Mississippi. The agencies of the Indians were on the Minnesota river, at Red¬ wood, and on the Yellow Medicine river, a few miles from its mouth. The follow¬ ing March he took an active part in the pursuit of Ink-pa-du-ta and his band of Sioux Indians (the perpetrators of the Spirit lake and Springfield massacres), and was chiefly instrumental in restor¬ ing to freedom and friends the unfortu¬ nate captives, Mrs. Margaret A. Marble and Miss Abbie Gardner. The news of the massacre of Springfield was received Iw Flandrau at the agency on the 18th of Mcirch, and the next day he started with a company of regular soldiers from Fort Ridgely, sent out by Colonel Alex¬ ander, and commanded by Capt. Barnare E. Bee, in pursuit. (Capt. Bee was a South Carolinian, and on the outbreak of the Civil war entered the Confederate service. He was made a brigadier-gen¬ eral, and was killed at the head of his brigade in the first battle of Bull Run. It was he who gave "Stonewall" Jackson his sobricpiet.)

The snow was verj' deep ; the distance to be traveled one hundred and twentyfive miles; several days had elapsed since the perpetration of the outrages, and so the march was arduous, harassing and ineffective. The two captive women were recovered by friendl}" Indians sent out for the purpose by Mr. Flandrau, and it was he, in conjuction with Rev. Briggs, who issued the celebrated "Territorial Bond" to obtain money wherewith to reward those who brought back Mrs. Marble. He received Mrs. Marble in person and brought her to St. Paul, and equipped, sent out and rewarded the Indians who recovered Miss Gardner. Subsequently he headed an expedition of soldiers and volunteers that killed "Roaring Cloud," a son of Ink-pa-du-ta, and made his squaw a prisoner.

Later in theyearl857, he resigned his position as Indian agent, aiuUJuly 17th was appointed by President Buchanan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory' of Minnesota. He held several terms of the District Court in various counties in his district, but owing to the brief pei'iod intervening between his appointment and the admis¬ sion of the State, only one general term of the Supreme Court was held - Janu¬ ary, 1858 - at which he occupied a seat on the bench. He frequently held night sessions of his court, and did all in his power for the accommodation of the attorneys and litigants and the expedi¬ tion of business, never allowing his per¬ sonal convenience to interfere with the public interest, and he became very pop¬ ular with the bar and the communities with which he came in contact.

At the convention of the Democrats in 1857 for the nomination of State officers, under the constitution which had been framed the same year. Judge Flandrau was nominated for Associate Justice ofthe Supreme Court for the term of seven years. The entire Democratic ticket was elected, and on theratification of the constitution Iw congress and the admission of the State earlv in 1858, he qualified and entered on the discharge of the duties of his office. His record as a jurist is chiefly to be found in the first nine volumes of the Minnesota Reports. His opinions speak for themselves. At almost every term he wrote more than his ecpial share of opinions. The first

Supreme Court of Minnesota had much important work to do. At that time the State was very new and pleadings and practice were in a transitional con¬ dition. The code had but recently been adopted. Each of the older states had its own precedents and line of decisions, and as these were often conflicting, Min¬ nesota had as yet uniformly followed none of them. The court had not even the benefit of a systematic line of decis¬ ions of the Territorial bench. In many instances the court was forced to select from former decisions of other courts certain principles which should govern it in its rulings, but in many other cases it was of more importance that the law should be definitely settled than the principles adopted in its settlement. The construction of a large number of stat¬ utes was also to be determined for the first time, and from these causes more than ordinary labor was imposed on the court compared with the number of cases on the calendar.

Judge Flandrau must ever be I'emembered and commended as one of the founders of the system of jurisprudence of the State, both in the constitu¬ tional convention and on the Supreme bench. While in the latter position he was the author of some notable decisions and opinions. In Novem¬ ber, 1858, he delivered a dissenting opinion from the decision of a majority of the court in the case of the Minnesota & Pacific railroad vs. Governor H. H. Sibley, which attracted general attention, and has often been the subject of comment. The railroad company had mandamused the governor to compel him to issue and deliver certain bonds to its agents, and the case had come before the Supreme Court. Judge Flandrau sustained the position of the governor, that the State had a right to an exclusive lien upon the roads, lands and franchises of the railroad company to the amount of the State bonds issued to them, and that trust deeds should be filed accordingly. (M. & P. R. R. Co. vs. Sibley, 2 Minn. Rep., p. 13 et seq.) The adverse decision to Judge Flandrau's opinion, with other causes, led to the well-hnown repudiation action of the State, with its conse¬ quent stigma and the long controversy which resulted, which was finally terminated by the assumption by the State of the greater part of the indebtedness. In July, 1860, however, the court, by the unanimous opinion of its members, refused a peremptory writ of mandamus compelling the governor of the State to the performance of any duty devolving on him as chief executive and properlj' pertaining to such office. "In all such matters," said the court, "the executive is of necessity independent of the judiciary." (Cham¬ berlain vs. Sibley, 4 Minn. Rep., p. 309 )

The decisions themselves are models of perspicuity and judicial soundness. It ought to be borne in mind that all of these decisions were rendered before the author had reached the age of thirty-six years, and many of them while he was yet under thirty.

October 25, 1858, Judge Flandrau was appointed by Governor Sibley judgeadvocate general of the state, a position he held during the governor's adminis¬ tration. But distinguished and valuable as was Judge Flandrau's service in the civic department of the State of Minne¬ sota, it is in her military history that his name will always be, perhaps, most conspicuously placed, and his military services will doubtless be best remem¬ bered, and these in connection with the rising of the Sioux Indians, in August, 1862.

The outbreak of the savages on the 18th of August was as sudden as the leap of a panther and far more deadly and cruel. The news reached Judge Flandrau at his residence at Traverse des Sioux at four o'clock the following morning, brought by a courier from New Ulm, thirty-two miles away. Flandrau knew the Indian character thoroughly, and knew these Indians particularly well. Appreciating the situation instantly he put all his women and children into a wagon and sent them to Alinneapolis, ninety miles distant. He then proceeded to St. Peter, a mile away, where a com¬ pany of one hundred and fifteen volun¬ teers, some of whom were mounted, was at once raised, armed, and equipped as well as possible. On the organization of the company Judge Flandrau was chosen captain, and by noon he was in the sad¬ dle, at the head of his company, and on the way to the rescue of the town of New Ulm.

History tells the story. The distance, thirty-two miles, was compassed just in time. Already one hundred savages had attacked the place and a considerable portion of it was on fire. The advance guard of Flandrau's men galloped in, charged upon and drove off the Indians, extinguished the fires and calmed the ter¬ ror stricken people. The citizens hailed Flandrau as the savior and deliverer, and he was unanimously chosen commander-in-chief of all the forces engaged in the defense of the town. With con¬ summate skill and judgment heprepared to receive the enemy, who he knew would soon be upon him, and with rare bravery he decided to stand and fight, no matter about the odds, and "let hap what may hap." He put the hastily organized men under his command under the best disci¬ pline possible, and prepared and strengthened his defenses. In the heart of the town a circularbarricade was con¬ structed within which was placed the women and children.

Three days of preparation, then came the attack. On the morning of the 23d about seven hundred well armed Indians, a majority of whom had been beseiging Fort Ridgeley, attacked New Ulm and Flandrau with his three hundred men mostly armed with hunting rifles and fowling pieces. After two daj's of con¬ tinuous fighting, hard and hot, during which the greater part of the town was burned, and the whites had ten men killed and fifty wounded, the Indians, whose loss was presumably greater, re¬ tired. The following morning, his am munition and provisions nearly exhaust¬ ed, and still menaced by a largely super¬ ior force of savages, who, like wolves re¬ pulsed from a sheepfold, were lying in the prairies licking their wounds. Judge Flandrau broke up his zereba , and him¬ self evacuated the town, taking with him one hundred and fifty-three wagon loads of women, children, sick and wounded, and a large company on foot, and marched in the direction of Mankato, which was reached in safety. (For a more particular account of the defense of New Ulm see Heard's history and other publications relating to the Sioux war of 1862.)

The rescue and defense of New Ulm will ever be prominently mentioned among the incidents in the history of the Northwest. As to the citizens, it may be said that the^' who were at Lucknow had no more perilous experience, and of the defenders and rescuers from the lead¬ er to the humblest follower, none were braver that rode with the "light bri¬ gade'' or fell at Marathon. Judge Flan¬ drau's connection with the incident was conspicuously creditable and distin¬ guished, but withal something remark¬ able, not to say singular. Never before in the history of our country has, a judge of a Supreme Court figured as a dashing military leader, leaving the woolsack for a dragoon's saddle, exchanging his pens and books for a sword and pistols, and riding forth to deliver abeleaguredtown with such expedition that only a regular cavalryman, armed, mounted, and on the qui vive might equal the time.

Governor Merriam in his speech de¬ livered at New Ulm on August 23, 1891, on the occasion of the dedica¬ tion of the monument which had been erected by the State of Minnesota

"Our state, though but a youngsister in the Republie, has many honored citi¬ zens. Some are with us todaj^ to join in these memorial exercises. I feel assured I Yoiee your sentiments, as well as all the citizens of this commonwealth, when I speak words of commendation and praise for the man whose wise leader¬ ship, whose unselfish and heroic actions defeated the maddened and revengeful followers of the Sioux leaders and drove them back scattered and demoralized. His prompt, energetic and faithful ser¬ vices entitle him to the gratitude of our people, and the better to show their ap¬ preciation of his loyal services, the eommission selected to erect this monument properly caused a likeness of his face en¬ graved upon the side of this shaft, a just tribute to the noble part he bore in the contest which occurred here in 1862.

The name of Judge Flandrau will live in memory as a public benefactor, a loyal and true eitizen, worthy of the regard and respect of the people of Minnesota; may he long be with us and enjoy the fruits of the reputation well earned, for his gallant leadership in the contest so suecessfully waged under his guidance."

Judge Flandrau eontinued in the ser¬ vice for some time after his deliverance of New Ulm. August 29th, Governor Ramsey authorized him to raise troops, appoint officers over them, and to gen¬ erally perform whatever service he deemed best for the defense of the South¬ west frontier. On the 3d of September he was commissioned by the governor a colonel of State militia, and was given a letter and warrant of authority by Gen¬ eral Pope, then in command of the De¬ partment. He raised and organized sev¬ eral companies of men, and as eommander of the Southern frontier posted them

In October, alter the Indians had been driven from the state and the state and United States forces had been fully or¬ ganized and were in complete control and command of the situation, he turned over his command at South Bend to Col¬ onel Montgomery, of the twenty -fifth Wisconsin, and resumed the diseharge of his official duties.

In the spring of 1864 he resigned his position on the Supreme beneh, and go¬ ing to the then Territory of Nevada, he loeated in the practiee of law with his former assoeiate. Judge Isaae Atwater, at Carson and Virginia City. A year later he went to Washington to attend to the business of the firm before the de¬ partments, intending to return to Ne¬ vada; but his family were averse to the proposed ehange of residenee, and hav¬ ing received a favorable offer of partner¬ ship from Colonel R. H. Musser, of St. Louis, a very aceomplished lawyer, he aecepted it and loeated in that city late in the year 1865. In less than a year, however, he returned to Minnesota, and early in 1867 joined his former partner. Judge Atwater, in the practice at Minne¬ apolis. The same year he was elected city attorney of Minneapolis, and in 1868 was ehosen the first president of the board of trade of that cit5^ under its original organization. In 1870 he re¬ moved to St. Paul and formed a partner¬ ship with Messrs Bigelow & Clark. The firm by reason of changes in its member¬ ship, is now Flandrau, Squires & Cutcheon, and has always been ranked as one of the strongest in the profession in the Northwest. Its practice and general business are very large, it elientage most respectable, and its success most marked. Judge Flandrau, the senior partner, per¬ forms his full share of the work done, and was for some time the president of

He is in thefull vigor of his intellectual and physical strength, and in appearance resembles almost any other character ex¬ cept a veteran lawyer and jurist which he is.

In politics Judge Flandrau is one of the Democratic old guard, whose mem¬ bers have cherished and preserved the ancient faith as it was delivered by Thomas Jefferson, with the same zeal and devotion manifested by the Israelites for the ark and the shekinah. He has never changed his belief in the righteous¬ ness and wisdom of the old timecardinal principles, and while keeping in line with his party on the questions of the day, has never accepted a theory in contra¬ vention of them. And yet while he is a Democrat in whom there is neither vari¬ ableness or shadow of turning, he invar¬ iably applies to the nomination of every candidate of his party the Jeffersonian test of honesty, capability, and devotion to the constitution, and if the candidate is lacking in these essentials he is not voted for. On more than one occasion he has protested against the action of his party, in an orderly and dignified manner, but has never been denounced as a bolter or considered a "mugwump."

In 1867 he was the candidate of the Democratic party for governor of Min¬ nesota against General William R. Mar¬ shall, but owing to the large Republican majorit3" in the State he was defeated. In 1869 he was the Democratic candi¬ date for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, but the adverse circumstances were again too powerful to be overcome and he was defeated by Judge Ripley. It is needless to state that neither of these nominations were sought by Judge Flan¬ drau, for he never was an office seeker or a place hunter; but his loyalty to the party whose principles he believed in, and which had honored him in the days

Personally, Judge Flandrau is uni¬ versally popular. Of large brain and kindl3^ heart, he is most interesting and instructive in conversation, courteous and genial in deportment, and affable and agreeable at all times. His talents are of a high order. He is an attractive and forcible speaker, a fluent and correct writer, and a gentleman of ripe scholar¬ ship and large information. His social qualities are really accomplishments, and these, added to his exalted traits of char¬ acter, have given him legions of friends and admirers. He is public spirited to an eminent degree, and has alwa3^s done much in behalf of the material interests and general welfare of his residence com¬ munity. In all the relations of life, whether as sailor boy, mahogany saw¬ yer, lawyer, jurist, official, militar3^ leader, soldier, citizen and man, he has always been faithful and true, and upon his life work, eventful and varied as it has been, there is not in any part the mark of wrong or suspicion of evil doing.

Judge Flandrau has been twice mar¬ ried. His first wife, to whom he was married August 10, 1859, was Isabella Ramsa3" Dinsmore, daughter of Colonel James Dinsmore, of Boone county, Ky., and a most beautiful and accomplished lady. She died June 30, 1867, leaving two daughters, the elder, now Airs. Tilden R. Selmes, and the 3"Ounger, now Airs. Frank W. AI. Cutcheon, both of St. Paul. Subsequentl3', Febi'uary 28,1871, he married Airs. Rebecca Blair Riddle, a daughter of Judge William AIcClurc, of Pittsburg, Pa., and to this marriage there have been born two sons, Charles AI. Flandrau, aged twent3q and Will¬ iam Blair McClure Flandrau, aged seven¬ teen, both with their father.

The Great Harvest Festival Of 1891

In a work like this, which treats so largely of those earlier individual citizens who bore an active and ,conspicuous part in laying the founda¬ tions of Minneapolis, in establishing her business enterprises, and, it may also be said, in forming and moulding those leading public characteristics which always have, and which still continue to largely influence and shape her gen¬ eral policies, it would seem that one chapter, at least, should be given to that great body of citizens, who, while con¬ tributing largely to the growth and development of the city by their gener¬ ous and courageous public spirit and en¬ terprise, it is quite impossible to make personal mention of in these limited pages. From her first citizen settler Minneapolis was the child of good for¬ tune and highly favored by the charac¬ ter and quality of those who laid her original lines, breathed into her nostrils the breath of life, and imbued her with that lofty courage and that unselfish public spirit and pride which has been so important a factor in her marvelous growth and progress.

New England and New York, and with their brave and unfailing energy and courage, brought with them the rich and precious ideas and sentiments derived from their early training in the highest schools and fields of modern thought and civilization. Coming thus taught and trained they planted here in Minne¬ apolis the most choice and golden fruits of those well tried social systems and methods in which they had been reared. They gave their first attention to the establishing of a broad and progressive educational system, to the upbuilding of churches, and to all those adjuncts which should worthily represent the most valu¬ able characteristics of a city they were to build with which to challenge the highest sentiment and most critical judg¬ ment of their country and the world. Better than that, they taught and deeply implanted in each other's hearts that self-sacrificing spirit of devotion to the public good, and that ever quick and selfassertive fidelity to the common welfare and good of Minneapolis, which, from the earliest days until the present, has, in every emergency which has arisen, always moved as with one common im-

The Harvest Festival

An illustration of the deep seated and patriotic regai'd for the rights and honor of Minneapolis was the well-remembered and indignant uprising of her people on the occasion of the formal opening of the Northern Pacific railroad in 1883, known then and since as the "Villard Reception." Stirred to the very depths of their love and regard for the honor and glory of their cit3^ by the attempt of rival interests to deprive her people of the opportunity of exhibiting to the large number of influential visitors the beauty and business interests of Minneapolis, her citizens rose up as one man, and, as if b}'- the hand of magic, made such a display of their vast manufacturing, commercial and diversified industries and interests as amazed the astonished visi¬ tor and overwhelmed with shame her defeated rival.

'' Never again," it was then said, "will such an amazing display be made in Minneapolis." But that sph'it which so moved the people of Minneapolis to the great uprising and amazing display of '83, was, by no means, wearied or exhausted b3" that great event. It again blazed out with increased strength and intensity in what will be ever remembered by thepresent generation as "The Grand Harvest Festival of 1891."

For two or three 3^ears in succession, prior to '91, the vast agricultural inter¬ ests of the Northwest had been seriously depressed ; successive crops had been dis¬ appointing and the outlook for the hus¬ bandman had become gloomy. Follow¬ ing in natural relation and S3'mpathy trade was dull and suffering. But with the close of the harvest season of '91 all was changed. The Earth made full atone¬ ment for past disappointments and poured forth her treasures in rare profu¬ sion. The broad fields and prairies of the Northwest gronned under their golden burdens, which the happy hus¬ bandman gathered in at his will. Agri¬ culture loudly and happil3" proclaimed her triumph, and the homes of the tillers of the soil were made vocal by songs of jo3'. The manufacturers and merchants of the towns and cities heard the glad voices and sent back echoing songs of praise. So naturally and closel3' identi¬ fied as Minneapolis is with the agricul¬ tural interests of the Northwest she felt more quickl3" and keenh' than any other locality this glad return of prosperity. The hearts of her millers, manufacturers, tnerchants, and her people generally felt the stirring pulsation which ran through and along all lines of trade and business, and all were happy.

That cr3'^ seemed an inspiration. Like a magnetic impulse it touched every heart and the popular decree went forth " Let there be agrand Harvest Festival." And then the work began. Designed at first to be made Northwestern in its scope, with neighboring states and cities join¬ ing in the great displa3q it was soon ascertained that in the two weeks allowed for preparation it would be im¬ possible for other states and towns to make satisfactory arrangements for proper representation in the great displa3',and so it became evident that Min¬ neapolis must alone bear the responsi¬ bility of making a success or failure of the undertaking. And then the citizens of Minneapolis rose up again as one man, as 3'ears before they had risen to maintain the good name and honor of their city in the "Yillard reception" affair. On the 11th day of September it was annonnced that all necessary com¬ mittees had been appointed and that on the 23d inst. the grand festival parade would be made.

All detail or mention of the vast work performed by the various committees and those resolute citizens who threw themselves into the work before them with resistless energy, under the inspir¬ ing and matchless leadership of George A. Brackett, must be omitted from this chapter for want of space. But the work went forward, and when the 23d day of September dawned upon Minneapolis it found a city robed and bedecked as if by the hand of enchant¬ ment. Myriads of flags and banners waved over the entire city. Public buildings, business blocks, mills and fac¬ tories and thousands of private residen¬ ces were under waving flags and covered with appropriate decorations. Along the entire lines of march numerous seat¬ ing stands had been erected and hand¬ somely decorated, and the people of Min¬ neapolis looked out upon the sight, amazed and wonderstruck at the magni¬ ficent and gorgeous spectacle which their own hands had wrought.

Following the programme adopted, religious services were held at various churches and places in the city during the morning hours, and at one o'clock p. M. the great pageant, divided into five divisions, began its imposing march. No more accurate or fitting account (con¬ densed as this must naturally be) of the display generally can be given than the following from the columns of the Minneapole Tribune of the next day. Many pages would be required to give any¬ thing like a full or detailed account of this event, unparallelled of its kind in the history of the Northwest :

Seeing

Thousands upon thousands of people witnessed a grand pageant yesterday. It was more than grand. It was inspiring. It was inspiring beeause it glorified the Creator - not man.

No human triumph; no mortal achievement could have inspired such a spontaneous tribute of thankfulness as welled up from the hearts of the people yesterday and expressed itself so joj^ously, so elocjuently.

The Harvest Festival of 1891 will be remem¬ bered as long as those who beheld it and partici¬ pated in it - and all who saw participated - shall live. Tradition will carry it still further down the broad causeway of time, and history will hold it up as an epoch in the progress of the Northwest.

The celebration was a festival in the true and original sense of the word, for it partook of a religious character. The beautiful service which took place at the Grand Opera house in the fore- noon was a fitting inauguration of the joyous festivities which followed. Appropriate and elo¬ quent as were the addresses delivered, far more eloquent, more beautiful, infinitely greater and more impressive were the passages of Scripture which were so feelingly read. No one attended the services but who came away imbued with a reverent spirit.

When the mighty procession began its joyful march, carrying aloft in its front ranks a large banner bearing the Scriptural quotation which appears at the head of this column, everyman and woman, creed or no creed, religion or no religion, who read these words but were moved by them.

It was a beautiful day. It seemed as if the same beneficent, bounteous hand which had given the people so much to be thankful for had also granted them a perfect day in which to offer up their thanks. Nature smiled. Clouds there were at early dawn, but the morning sun dispersed them. Everything was propitious.

The city swarmed with the sons and daughters of Eve. Three hundred thousand strong they gathered them here to celebrate the great thanks¬ giving. It is estimated that there were over 100,- 000 strangers within our gates. From ten states they came to rejoice with us. The thrifty farmer, the manufacturer, the artisan, the bucolic swain and his unsophisticated country girl, patient mothers and obstreperous children - all were here. They thronged the sidewalks along the line of march, filled the spectator's stands, huddled to¬ gether on door steps, squeezed into windows - in short, penetrated an3'where and ever3'where they could behold the grand parade.

And how eagerly they gazed upon the gorgeous pageant, as it moved along the broad avenues. How the3' enjoyed the music, laughed at thequaint, original sights and applauded the beautiful ex¬ hibits and spirited music.

It seemed as if "grand stands" had sprung up like mushrooms. The3' loomed up wherever there was room for them. But numerous as they were they couldn't begin to accommodate the vast numbers. The grand stand proper, at Nicollet avenue and Tenth street, was jammed with hu¬ manity As the procession swung around into Tenth street, on the way to Park avenue, thus giving everybody a splendid view of the floats, cheers and applause rang out a cordial, heart3q affectionate greeting.

No one could gaze unmoved upon such an in¬ spiring scene. Streamers were fl3'ing, festoons swaying, banners were fluttering in the playful breeze. Martial music floated upon the air, mag¬ nificent displays of art, manufacture and agricul¬ ture passed in succession before the eye, and most beautiful of all, smiling girls and sweet children, decked in their prettiest, sailed b3^, laughing, chat¬ ting and acknowledging the greetings bestowed upon them.

Probably no parade ever exhibited the re¬ sources of a country more completely. Every resource of the Northwest was displayed, and every occupation, other than the so-called liberal professions, represented. Even the various depart¬ ments of the city and county government had a place in the procession. As for the farmers, they must have been pleased when they beheld the familiar agricultural implements and products, all moving along in a fascinating panorama. Others, beside the farmers, were moved at the sight of the luscious vegetables, which were so tempingly dis¬ played.

Then there were the lumber exhibits and sta¬ tistics, furniture display, hardware, harnesses, shoes, with harnessmakers and shoemakers at work, linen machines, sash, door and blind ex¬ hibits, iron works, decorative displays, brewers, butchers - 500 strong, and all on horseback - a burglar proof safe, with cracksmen trying, vainly^ of course, to open it, a prison cell, plumbers at work - reading newspapers - cattle from the stock 3'ards, the W. C. T. U. Central Coffee House, the daily newspapers,, and, the most elaborate of all the exhibits, the retail dry goods stores.

The stage was not forgotten either, for along about the middle of the procession came a gor¬ geously decked float from the Grand Opera house and another from the Bijou. Actors and actresses in Roman costume were standing in dramatic attitudes on the Grand Opera house float, at the foot of a throne, upon which sat a forbidding, stern-faced, tyrannical Roman. Facing him, de¬ fiantly, was a gentleman with heroic mien and red hair. Stretched upon the floor lay a beautiful girl, presumably dead. Every theater-goer recognized the pict lire as the forum scene from Virginius.

There were a number of fine carriage exhibits, pianos, bakeries, street cars and flour displays, and a host of others, too numerous to mention.

Many' distinguished people occupied the grand stand, among whom were noticed the Governors of Minnesota and North Dakota, ex-Gov. and ex- Secy. of War, Alex. Ramsey, U S. Senators. C. K. Davis and W. D. Washburn, Archbishop Ireland, Bishop Whipple, the Rev. Dr. Neil, and Rev. Dr. Potter, of N. Y., with many other celebrities.

Harvest Festival View The Exposition Building

pass the grand stand, but so absorbed were the spectators that it didn't seem half that time to them. It is a remarkable fact that great as the universal expectations were as to the grandeur of the parade, that there was not a soul whose opinion was asked but emphatically declared it exceeded his most extravagant anticipation.

Not a serious hitch occurred after the proces¬ sion started, which was only thirt}' minutes after the time announced. There were occasional halts, but they were invariabh' of brief duration.

When all has been said that can be said, it onhremains to repeat the significant and singularly appropriate quotation which heralded the ap¬ proach of the pageant :

And so ended the great " Harvest Fes¬ tival " of '91, exceeding by far in extent and magnificence anything of the kind ever known in the Northwest, and fur¬ nishing a most impressive illustralion of that spirit of unity which pervades the people of Minneapolis in all things per¬ taining to the glory and honor of their city, and the resistless force and power of that united sentiment when fidly aroused and properly directed.

Another instance in which the dispo¬ sition of the people of Minneapolis to unite in maintaining the rights and in¬ terests of the city, when they believed them to be unjustly assailed, was afforded in the preparation for, and construction of, the fine Exposition building, which has now, since the holding of the Repub¬ lican National Convention, become an object of national and historic interest.

For a long time, previous to the erec¬ tion of that splendid edifice, there had been sharp, and, at times, intense rival¬ ries between the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul regarding the places where the annual fairs of the State should be held. After years of such rivalr3",it was agreed, or supposed by Minneapolis to be agreed, that permanent fair grounds should be secured in w'hat was then known as the "Midway" or "neutral territory," lying about half-way between the two cities, though inside the Ramsey county limits. To this end, and upon invitation of a large number of leading citizens of St. Paul, a committee of con¬ ference was chosen from each city to meet, confer and recommend a suitable location for permanent fair grounds, it being understood by all parties that the grounds for such purpose should remain permantly outside the limits or jurisdic¬ tion of St. Paul.

The committee made up by Minneap¬ olis was composed of some of her leading and most public spirited citizens; men who, while always devotedly loyal to local interests, were, at the same time, broad and conservative in their charac¬ ters, and known to hold strongly to the belief that, upon all principal ciuestions relating to matters of a State or general character, the highest interests of both cities were best served by united action. The St. Paul end of the committee were also looked upon as gentlemen of like broad and liberal views.

This joint committee met during the annual session of the legislature, in the winter of 1885. Its sessions were fre¬ quent, its action apparently harmonious, and the Minneapolis end of the commit¬ tee, if not the St. Paul end as well, felt confident that a satisfactor}' conclusion was sure to be reached.

But while this joint committee were so busily engaged in providing for the "Union FairGrounds " other parties and influences in St. Paul w^ere actively, though secretly, working on altogether other lines and for other purposes, and, to the utter amazement and the great chagrin of the Minneapolis portion of the joint committee, just as they sup¬ posed theireft'orts had reached a success¬ ful conclusion, during a long and late session of the preceding evening, they arose from their beds the next morning to read in the St. Paul papers that the Ramsey county authorities had offered to donate to the State, for the purpose of holding annual State fairs, the Ram¬ sey county poor farm, located in another portion of the city, though well enough adapted for the purposes intended.

That the Minneapolis gentlemen of the joint committee felt deeply mortified and humiliated by this apparent bad faith of St. Paul, may well be imagined, and they returned home having but little to say. Their committee had been played and trifled with, had been misled and deceived, purposely, and Minneapolis had been insulted by this punic faith of St. Paul. The feeling of indignation was universal and swept over the community like a great tidal wave.

The Minneapolis Tribune, then owned by Aldcn J. Blethen, poured forth from its columns the most fierce and bitter denunciations against this shameless violation of neighborly confidence, this indecent exhibition of studied treach¬ ery. Mr. Blethen went further than to thus treat the matter through the columns of his paper. He personally called for a public meeting, to ex¬ press the sentiments of Minneapolis upon this action of the St. Paul authori¬ ties, and, at the same time, declared that in view of the flagrant and public insult thus put upon Minneapolis, the only alternative left for her insulted citizens was to immediately organize a grand " Industrial Exposition " scheme and rely upon her own strength and I'esources for the making of annual displays and gath¬ erings.

A' grand Exposition building to cost not less than three hundred thousand dol¬ lars, to be erected and fully equipped for a first great display within the next few months was what Mr. Blethen demanded should be the reply which Minneapolis

The response of Minneapolis to this call of one individual citizen was prompt and emphatic. The meetings were duly held ; the largest public halls of the city nightly crowded with excited but enthu¬ siastic citizens ; the subscriptions neces¬ sary poured in b3^ the tens and . twelves of thousands at every meeting, coming from all classes of citizens and represent¬ ing every interest upon which Alinneapolis has grown and prospered. From his meagre income the daily worker gave his full share, and with unexampled will¬ ingness and liberality the manufacturer, the merchant and the banker gave from their fuller stores. The three hundred thousand dollars were raised, the asso¬ ciation duly organized with a corps of able and efficient workers, and, on the 23d day of August, 1886, in 124 working days from the time the contraets were let for the construction of the building, the doors of the Minneapolis Industrial Exposition swung open to welcome the gathered multitudes of the Northwest to one of the most magnificent displays of the kind ever witnessed.

And such is the spirit, the life of Min¬ neapolis, modest and unassuming, yet ever alei't and active in the ordinary progress of our municipal life, but swift, mighty and resistless when moved by great exigences which involve either the rights or the honor of the city.

In writing upon subjects which relate so largely to the public spirit and the extraordinary services of very many of the citizens of Minneapolis, the writer can not but be embarrased by the limits inevitably imposed upon him by the necessities of the publishers of such works as this. A community so rich in citizen- ship which always seems to place the public welfare before individual interest, in which so many are, by long practiee in leading and assisting in such public efforts and enterprises so worthy of men¬ tion, it is simply impossible to find the space that would be I'equired to publish the names of all those who would rightfulh" be entitled to a place on sueh a "roll of honor." It is entirely proper, however, to say, that to A. J. Blethen, as a moving power, more than to any other one man, Minneapolis is indebted for her fine Exposition building, without which, it is safe to assert, the late Republican loyal and noblemen upholding the hands of their leaders, and by their skill and efficiency contributing hardly less than they to the suecesses and victories won. But one thing should here be noted: Never, in Minneapolis, in such cases, is there any jealousies as to leadership. That man who rises up and proposes anything for the common good, and who offers to lead, is eheerfully and enthu¬ siastically followed.

It would not be just to close this feeble tribute to the men of Minneapolis without recording how, in ever}^ great work and undertaking for the welfare of

National Convention would probably never have been held in Minneapolis. So, too, it can be as truly said, that but for the matchless leadership of George A. Brackett the "Harvest Festival" of '91 would never have been so grand and absolute a success; and that but for the fervid eloquence and boundless enthu¬ siasm of Wm. Henry Eustis, the Repidolican National Convention of '92 would never have been invited to Minneapo¬ lis. But with and by the sides, or behind these noble citizens who so grandly led in these events, stood hun¬ dreds and thousands of other equally