Minneapolis City (part 79 of 80)

Mr. and Mrs. Young had two children, their daughters Clara and Amelia. Clara married Charles L. I..arpcnteur of St. Paul, a relative of the venerable pioneer, A. L. Larpenteur, who is still living in that city at a very advanced age. Mrs. Clara Larpenteur died in 1910. having survived her husband about ten years. They had nine children, one of whom is Rev. Roscoe F. Larpenteur. pastor of Holy Rosary Catholic church. The second daughter, Amelia Young, became the wife of GuStav .1. Pauly. late setretary of the Hennepin Savings and Loan Association, one of the best known and most useful citizens Minneapolis has ever had.

Gustav .J. Pauly

Gustav J. Pauly worked out for himself a career that was singularly exemplary and praiseworthy, and won him strong commendation as boy and man. His |>arents, John and Anna Pauly. both of whom have been dead for a number of years, were among the first settlers of Minnesota, and on their arrival in the territory located at Shakopec, where Gustav was born on February 15, 1855. The family moved to Minneapolis in 1862, and here for many years the father was engaged in the cooper business in partnership with .\ndrew Bumb.

Gustav attended a public school and learned the cooper trade and business under the instruction of his father. From his boyhood his interest in the uplift work of the Immaculate Conception Catholic church was very ardent, and he took an active part in it imder the first pastor of the parish. Rev. Father SfcGolrick. now Bishop of Duluth. He was the tenor singer of the choir, n /I'liloii- member of the Young Crusaders' Total .\bstinente Society and eornetist in that Society's famous brass band, continuini.' his activity in these

During the next two years Mr. Pauly was a hardware merchant in Bishop Ireland's colony at DeGraflF, Minnesota. In 1889 he returned to Minneapolis and entered the real estate, savings and loan business, in which, by industry, square dealing and an agreeable personality he achieved a large measure of success. His most prominent traits were clear-headedness, patience and never failing good humor under the most trying circumstances. His work was constructive and helpful to others, and firmly based on his belief and practice in the theory that the best way to help a man is to show him how to help himself. He gave the best years of his life to building up the Hennepin Savings and Loan Association, of which he was one of the founders and the secretary and a director from its start until his death. He found his greatest pride and satisfaction in telling of the sure and safe growth of this institution in the confidence of the community.

Mr. Pauly's life closed on December 15, 1911, when he was fifty-five years and eight months old. His widow and sis children are living. The children are Francis, Eugene, George, Gustav, Florence and Margaret. Francis and Florence have musical talent of a very superior order which they have cultivated by careful training in Europe. They were home and at the bedside of their father when he died. Florence has sin'ce returned to Europe and is now pianist in the London Conservatory of Music. She has performed in public in the English metropolis before highly cultivated and critical audiences, and has won the warmest praise from eminent musicians and composers.

Francis Pauly is a member of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra company, in which he is first violinist. He was trained in Berlin under the instruction of Hugo Kaun, the great Berlin composer. Eugene Pauly is connected with the draft department of the Northwestern National Bank. Mrs. Pauly, the mother of these children, is a member of the Minnesota Territorial Society. She was an early arrival in this city and has vivid recollections of the pioneer days. She well remembers the incidents of the' Indian uprising in 1862 and the terror of the people in consequence of it. Her father, Charles Young, was a member of Captain Fisk's expedition against the savages at the time.

Fred. D. Young

" 'Tis ever wrong to say a good man dies." And yet the bonds of nature are so strong and fond they can never be broken without deep grief and gloom and lasting pain. When Fred. D. Y'oung, one of the leading business men of Minneapolis, departed this life on December 5, 1911, the community in which his activity had been most conspicuously displayed and his high character, fine business capacity and upright, honorable and stimulating citizenship had been most serviceable, felt throughout its extent that a vital force had gone from it which it could never wholly replace. The grief and gloom over the sad event was heightened and intensified by the fact that Mr. Young was but forty-nine years old when his summons came, and the work for which he had special qualifications seemed but half done. The influence of his life, however, is still potential in the city of his former home, and his memory is cherished there with lasting regard. He rests from his labors, and his works do follow him. And so it can be truthfully said that he has not died.

Fred. D. Young was born in Freeport, Illinois, on October 12, 1862, the son of Lafayette and Martha (Dean) Young, natives and long residents of the state of New York, their home in early life being at Utica in that State. The father was a railroad engineer, and ran the first engine that made the trip from Chicago to Freeport over the Northwestern road. He died when his son Fred was but twelve years old, and the care of the latter and his younger brother Burton was left to the mother. She performed her duty to her sons faithfully, and they sljowed their appreciation of her fidelity by their unalloyed devotion to her while they all continued to live.

After having completed the course of study prescribed in the Freeport High School, Mr. Y'oung began his business career in the store of Mr. Walton, the' oldest merchant in that city, with whom he remained until he was nineteen. Then, in 1881, he came to Minneapolis well trained for business and eager to have an establishment of his own which he could build up and expand according to his ambitious desires. He came to this city to investigate the opportunities available here, and finding them very promising, accepted a position as a salesman in the Siegelbaum store.

He did not retain the position long, however, as he soon found the better opening he was looking for, and at once' took advantage of it. He became associated in business with R. S. Goodfellow & Company, and found his situation and surroundingls so congenial that he continued his association with that firm for a continuous period of eighteen years. At the end of that period he felt impelled to embark in business wholly on his own account, and started the Fred. D. Y'oung company, locating his business in the Syndicate block and handling ladies' furS, coats and suits. Some time afterward Miss Elizabeth Quinlan became his partner in the enterprise, and the style of the firm was changed to the Young-Quinlan company. About one years before the death of Mr. Y'oung Miss Quinlan purchased the business, and she is still conducting it.

Mr. Y'oung died a bachelor. His brother Burton was associated with him in business until his death, which occurred six years prior to that of Fred., although Burton was seven years younger than his brother. Their mother came to Minneapolis with Burton after Fred, .embarked in business, and after the arrival of the latter here he built a handsome home for his mother at 2316 Colfax avenue, and there the three, the mother and her two sons, lived together. The mother died in May, 1903, She was a charter member of the first Christian Scientist church, joining the sect in its infancy, and working to advance its interests ardently and effectively as long as she was able. She was especially energetic in its behalf during her residence in Freeport, and to the end of her life retained her membership, with that of her son Burton, in the mother churdi of the creed,

Fred, D, Y'oung was a faithful follower of his mother in his interest in the welfare of young men and boys. She long nuinifested her deep and abiding interest in this class of hunujnity in practical work for it, and he appeared to have inherited or imbibed the spirit from her. He took a very active part in promoting the Y'oung Men's Christian Association and kindred organizations, and also in the fra- ternal and social life of the coiniiiuiiity tliroii^'h his ardent and helpful nienibership in the Maiionie order (thirty-second depree), and in the Order of Elks and the Commercial, Minneapolis, Lafayette and other clubs. His brother IJurton was also a thirty-second degree Freemason, and a member of several clubs.

By his enterprise, capacity and e.vcellent judgment ilr. Young built his business up to large proportions, and conducted it with great energy and success until he realized that his health was failing, when he disposed of it. But he did not yield to physical ailments without an arduous struggle to overcome them. He visited Europe twice for the benefit of his health, and while on that continent indulged freely in the baths at Carlsbad and other curative treatment. He also visited the Isthmus of Panama for the same reason. But his efforts were all in vain. His vital forces were on the wane, and he was able to find nothing that would arrest their (light.

At his death the whole city mourned. Funeral services were conducted at his former home, and the beautiful burial ritual of the Miisonic fraternity was impressively rendered at the .Masonic Temple over his remains. They were taken to Freeport, Hlinois, and there becomingly interred amid the scenes of his childhood and youth. Mrs. A. D. Palmer, an aunt of the brothers passed a great deal of her time with them after the death of their mother. As a tribute to the noble womanhood of that mother, and a sign of his devotion to her, Mr. Young endowed a room in the Eitel Hospital. Her friends were his friends, and were remembered by him in his will.

The estate left by ilr. Young at liis death exceeded $100,000 'in value. In disposing of it he made a bequest to his mother's old church, remembered each of tlie employes in his household, and the devoted friends of his mother, his brother and himself. He had hosts of admiring friends but few intimates, but to the few his life was an open book without a blot or stain on any of its pages. He was a true man in every sense of the word, and was esteemed in his life and revered after his death as such. Minneapolis has had no better, brighter or more manly citizen, and none who enjoyed a larger measure of public respect, admiration and regard.

Alfred Fiske Pillsbury

Alfred Fiske Pillsbury is a native of Minneapolis, where his life began on October 20, 1869, and where he has passed the whole of it to the present time, closely connected with the business and social life of the community and exemplifying in his daily walk all the best attributes of elevated American citizenship. Tie is a son of .Tohn Sargent and Mahala (Fiskel Pillsbury, and obtained his academic and professional training in the schools of this city and the State Universty. After passing through the Minneapolis grade and high schools he attended the University, and from the law department of that institution he was graduated in 1894.

Mr. Pillsbury's subsequent life has not been devoted entindy to his profession, however. Industrial and financial interests have laid him under tribute to their needs, and he has responded with ability and energy of a high order. He is secretary and treasurer of the Pillsbury Flour Mills company.

president of the Minneapolis Mill company and of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power company, a director of the Firet National Bank and the Minneapolis Trust company and a trustee of the Farmers and Mechanics Savings Bank.

Although Mr. Pillsbury's father, the late Governor Pillsbury, was one of the most eminent and useful public men of this state, the son has not taken an active part in public affairs as an official. He is a Republican in politics, but only as a citizen, anil not at all as an office seeker. He is a member of the Minneapolis, Minikahda, Lafayette and other clubs, and his religious affiliation is with the rniversalists, he being a regular attendant of the Church of the Redeemer of that denomination. He was married in Boston on May 15, 1899, to Miss Eleanor L. Field, of Boston, Massachusetts. They have no children.

Willis Greenlraf C.M.Dkrwood

Willis Grcenleaf Caldcrwood is a product of obscurity and toil, and has raised himself by his own ability, force of character, persistent industry and superior business capacity to the position of public prominence and personal regard which he now holds in tliis state. He was born at Fox Lake, Wisconsin, July 25, 1866, the son of Rev. John and Emily B. (Grcenleaf) Calderwood. The father was a Wesleyan Methodist clergyman and a Scotchman by birth. The mother was descended from one of the earliest Puritan families of New England.

Mr. Calderwood passed his boyhood in Wisconsin and Iowa. ^\1ien he was seven years old he earned his first wages herding cows, and at fourteen was able to support himself. At sixteen he entered the Wesleyan Methodist school at Wasioja, Dodge county. Minnesota, from which he was graduated in 1886. After teaching school three years in Dakota lie came to Minneapolis December 21, 1889, and in 1890 became an instructor in a commercial college in this city. Soon afterward he was appointed assistant secretary of the Northwestern Life .Association, now the Northwestern National Life company of Minneapolis, his position carrying with it the responsibility of managing the agency department of the association, and being retained by him until 1898.

Even before he left school Mr. Calderwood biTanic an active worker for the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liipiors, and in 1888 he served as chairman of the Nonpartisan Prohibition League in the judicial district in which he lived in North Dakota and he had an active part in the campaign which made that state dry. In 1893 he was made secretary of the Hennepin County Prohibition committee, a position he fille<l with great acceptability until 1896, when he was elected assistant secretary of the State Prohibition committee. Two years later he was elected executive secretary of this committee and conducted its political campaigns, lie continued to 8er\e it as such until 1908, since when he has been its chairman.

In his political activity Mr. Calderwood originated the '-legislative plan" of his party, which greatly increased its vote in the state. Its lirst triumph was the election of three members of the legislature and the sheriff of Kandiyohi county, all of whom were its candidates. He was himself one of iU nominees for the legislature in 1904, 1906 and 1908. The votes for prohibition in his district, the Thirty-ninth, num- bered 108 in 1902. They increased to over 1,100 in 1904 and to 2,500 in 1906, when a change of fifty-four votes in the district would have elected him, while in 1908 he lacked but 130 of election. In 1912 he was the Prohibition candidate for Congressman at large, and received more than 25.000 votes. In 1914 he was nominated as his party's candidate for governor of the state.

Although Jlr. Calderwood has not yet been successful at the elections as a candidate for office he has exercised a strong influence on legislation. As chairman of the Prohibition party he had a bill introduced in the legislature in 1907 to provide for non-partisan election for county officials. This became a law in 1913. He also prepared bills which were enacted into law to penalize the white slave traffic. In addition, the bill for the abatement of nuisances, making the owner of the property in which they are conducted responsible for such use of it, was prepared by him and has since been enacted into law.

In 1904 Mr. Calderwood was elected secretary of the Prohibition National committee, and since then he has done a great deal of campaign work for that organization in connection with its chairman, Virgil G. Henshaw, who, for three years was an effectve organizer in Minnesota. He is still a member of the Prohibition National Executive Committee, is chairman of the National Congressional committee and has been a delegate to the national conventions of his party regu larly for the last twenty years. He is a genial and companion able gentleman of broad intelligence and great public spirit; and is widely popular as a public speaker and writer on pro posed reforms at present receiving extensive attention, includ ing prohibition, the public ownership of utilities, the referen dum, equal suffrage, and similar living issues. He is a regular attendant of the First Methodist Episcopal church in Minneapolis and is one of its officials. In 1892 he was married to Miss Alice M. Cox. a daughter of Rev. Charles Cox, a minister of the Wesleyan Methodist church. Like her husband, she is deeply interested in all work for the advancement of the people and shares his labor in connection with several phases of this beneficent activity.

John Crosby, secretary, treaurer and general counsel of the Washburn-Crosby company, the most extensive flour milling institution in the world, has been a resident of Minneapolis for thirty-eight years. He was born in Hampden, Maine, August 23, 1867, and came to Minneapolis with his parents in 1876. He was graduated from a Minneapolis high school in 1884, and the same year entered Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachusetts, where he passed two years. In 1886 he was matriculated in Yale University, and from that institution he was graduated in the class of 1890.

At Yale Mr. Crosby made a highly creditable record. He was always recognized as one of the most evenly balanced minds at the University during his course there, and he secured a number of prizes in warm competition with other students, among them the De Forrest prize. After his graduation from Yale he entered the Harvard Law School, and from that he was graduated in 1893. In the fall of that year he began the practice of his profession in the office of Judge Koon, of Minneapolis, but afterward formed a partnership with Messrs.

Mr. Crosby served in the city council for four years, and during that period he was president of the council. He is a director of the Farmers and Mechanics Savings Bank and the Northwestern National Bank. In the will of the late William H. Dunwoody he was selected as one of the executors of that gentleman's estate. But while he was working out his own career in his own way, and making it creditable to himself and the city of his home, Mr. Crosby was destined to be called to duties more directly connected with the interests of others. On the death of C. J. Martin, secretary and treasurer of the Washburn-Crosby company, Mr. Crosby, whose father had been president of the company, was elected secretary, treasurer and general counsel of that great institution, and he has ever since borne that official relation to it.

Newton Horace Winchell

Prof. Newton H. Winchell, the celebrated State Geologist of Minnesota and one of the world's great scientists, died after an operation in the Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, May 2, 1914. He w^as in usual good health up to the previous day, but had long been affected with a bladder ailment. Consulting a physician on the day mentioned, he was advised to repair to a hospital and submit to an operation upon the diseased organ. At the same time he was warned that, at his advanced age, the operation would be a serious one. Of remarkable physical and moral courage and great self-poise, he prepared for the ordeal and considered the situation as calmly and deliberately as if he were analyzing a specimen. He knew his deadly danger but faced it with the coolness of a philosopher and the courage of a hero. His loss was deeply and widely mourned, for he had been such a good man, had done so much for civilization and mankind, and yet there was much for him to do, which he would have done had he been spared.

Professor Winchell was born on a farm in the town of North East, Dutchess County, N. Y., December 17, 1839, and therefore at his death was in his 75th year. In young boyhood he attended school at Salisbury. Conn., and, as indicating his talent and aptness, it is to be said that when he was but 16 years of age, he was engaged in school teaching. He was a son of Horace and Caroline (McAllister) Winchell, and his was a family of scholars and educators. In 1858 he entered the L^niversity of Michigan, where his brother, the accomplished Professor Alexander Winchell, was Professor of Geology. He did not graduate for eight years, or until in 1866, for he put aside his studies from time to time and engaged in school work; alternately he taught in Ann Arbor, Flint, Kalamazoo, Port Huron, and other Michigan towns, and for two years was superintendent of the St. Clair public schools. After his graduation lie was for two years school superintendent of Adrian. While at college he was an inmate of the family of his eminent brother, the Professor of Geology, and their association was of mutual benefit. Both brothers were devoted especially to geological science.

During 1869-70 Prof. N. II. Winchell assisted his brother, Alexander, in a geological survey of Michigan. In 1872 he visited and examined the copper and silver deposits of New Mexico, and in 1871 assisted Prof. J. S. Newberry, State Geol- ogist of Ohio, in a survey of the northwestern part of that state. There is not space liere to enumerate all of the scientific practical works that Newton H. Winchell performed in his lifetime, nor is there room to catalogue the very numerous books and scientific articles lie wrote, nor to give a list of the scientific associations and orfranizations, American and foreign, of which he was a member. All these matters are well enough known. TTo was of great service to American science and did much valuable work for mankind.

In 1ST2 Professor Winchell was chosen Minnesota State Geologist and Professor of fieology in the State University, mainly through the influence of the then President W. W. Folwell. In the meanwhile he was engaged, under the direction of the Board of Regents, in a survey of the geology and natural history of Minnesota, performing the double duties of jirofessor and surveyor. The work of survey continued for 28 years or .intil the year 1900. In the latter years he did not teach, but, aside from occasional lectures, gave his time to the survey and the curatorship of the University Museum.

When, in the spring of 18G1. the Civil War broke out, he was attending the Michigan University. Upon the first call for troops he, with other students, promptly volunteered in the First Michigan Volunteers. He was booked for a lieutenant's commission and served as drillmaster for his company, but before his regiment could be mustered in he was stricken by a severe and almost fatal attack of typhoid fever which prostrated him for some weeks and left him unfit for military service.

Dr. Wm. W. Folwell, so long and so efficiently the President of the Minnesota University, and who has done the state such eminent service in other capacities, was an intimate and appreciative friend of Prof. Winchell. In the University publication called the Alumni Weekly of May 11, 1914 (Vol. 13, No. 32), appears an article in appreciation of the dead scientist. From this article have been taken the following extracts:

In 1872 from the candidates for the new Professorship of Geology Professor Newton H. Winchell was easily selected. He had been graduated from the University of Michigan, where his distinguished brother, then one of the leading geologists of the country, was professor. He had been a principal of several schools and had three years' experience as assistant on the geological surveys of Michigan and Ohio. A few years of labor fully justified the recommendations of friends and the judgment of the regents. At the close of that year, 1872, Professor Winchell presented a preliminary report on the rock formations of Minnesota, based on a reconnoissance made in the summer months. It was of immediate value in stopping waste of money in Imring down into the subcarboniferous in Minnesota for coal.

Twenty-three annual reports and six or seven bulletins on special problems followed. For seven years Professor Winchell carried all or nearly all the teaching in the department of geology and mineralogy. By that time there was a good deal of clamor for immediate economic results from the survey, in response to which the regents relieved him of all instruction to devote his whole time and strength to the survey. * * * Had he remained an active member of the Faculty, and gone in and out among us, it would not be necessary now to remind the Faculty and the whole University that the man whose body we laid to rest this week has given the University wider repute than all of us put together. His final report on the geology of Minnesota in six noble quartos is on the shelves of all the great libraries of the world. One whose attainments entitle his opinion to credence has said of this work: "No .State publication of like nature surpasses in scientific importance this survey of Mr. Winchell, and it could be said none equals it."

The studies and observations made on glacial geology while on the surveys of Michigan and (Ihio, seem to have fitted him in an eminent degree for to handle the geology of Minnesota, wliose area had been so largely subjected to glacial action. He thus became an acknowledged authority on that branch of the science. - - -

Our Professor Winchell early made our local falls the subject of an interesting and fruitful study. From careful measurements and location of fixed points within historical knowledge he estimated the time required for their recession from the river junction at Fort Snelling, not at fifty or a liundred thousand years, but only eight thousand. This solution fixed the approximate close of the ice-age in Minnesota, and served as a base for extended comparisons.

Of Professor Winchell's work in substantially discovering and making known the vast iron deposits in northeastern Minnesota, Dr. Folwell writes:

The most interesting by far of all the geological problems of Minnesota was that presented by the iron ore deposits in the "Triangle" north of Lake Superior. It used to be said that the survey was tardy in extending its work over that area. Whoever will turn to the Annual Report of the Survey for 1878 will find, on page 22. mention of a belt of iron ore, known as the Mesabi Range, extending for many miles. Cliemical analyses of the ore are there given, showing them to be of high metallic content, and excelling in the qualities needed for making steel. This was six years before any ore was shipped out of either range. It was not the business of the survey to locate particular mines for the benefit of great corporations. Nor was that necessary, for tliey had their own experts on the ground. But the survey had given notice to all and was on record. What wealth might the State have preserved for her schools and university had that notice been heeded! In a later year an exhaustive examination of the iron ranges was made, and the results published in Bulletin No. 6, of 430 pages. » - -

Indicative of his originality and independence was his device of an entire new nomenclature for the rock formations of Minnesota. It may be said that he was known among American geologists for original views, and very vigorous defense of them.

With the publication of the last volume of the Final Report in 1900 Professor Winchell closed his i-onnection with the survey and the University. It is much to be regretted that he could not have been retained in service to prosecute a variety of scientific problems, left to other hands. Since then he has been chiefly occupied in studies in Minnesota archeology. A quarto of 761 pages, entitled "The Aborigines of Minnesota," published by the Minnesota Historical Society, forms a fitting companion to those of the Final Report.

Warren Upham, the well known Secretary of the Minnesota Historical .Society, and who lias taken very high rank as a geologist and historian, was another intimate and fond friend of Professor Winchell. In a memorial paper read before the Historical Society at its May meeting. 1914. and before the memorial meeting of the Minnesota Academy of Sciences (of which Winchell was one of the foundprsl, held .Tune 2. following. Mr. Upham presented an elaborate sketch, personal

My association with Professor N. H. Winchell began in June, 1879. Coming from the Geological Survey of New Hampshire, in which I had been for several years an assistant, I was thenceforward one of the assistants of the Minnesota survey six years, until 1885, and again in 1893 and '94. In the meantime and later, while I was an assistant geoolgist of the surveys of the United States and Canada, on the exploration, mapping, and publication of the glacial Lake Agassiz, which occupied the basin of the Red River and Lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba, my frequent association with Professor Winchell kept me constantly well acquainted with the progress of his Minnesota work. Since the spring of 1906 he had been in the service of the Minnesota Historical Society, having charge of its Department of Archaeology. During all these thirty-five years I had intimately known him, and had increasingly revered and loved him.

He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, was also one of the chief founders of the Geological Society of America, in 1889, and its president in 1902. He was a member of national societies of mineralogy and geology in France and Belgium, and in the International Congress of Geologists he became a member in 1888, and attended its triennial meeting last August in Toronto.

Under appointment by President Cleveland in 1887, Professor Winchell was a member of the United States Assay Commission. His geological reports received a diploma and medal at the Paris Exposition of 1889, and a medal at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893.

He was the chief founder of the American Geologist, a monthly magazine, which was published in Minneapolis, under his editorship, during eighteen years, 1888-1905. This work, in which he was much assisted by Mrs. Winchell, greatly promoted the science of geology.

In one of the bulletins of the Minnesota Geological Survey, entitled "The Iron Ores of Minnesota," Professor Winchell had the aid of his son. Horace Vaughn Winchell; and in a textbook, ''Elements of Optical Mineralogy" (503 pages, 1909) he was associated in autliorship with his younger son. Professor Alexander Newton Winchell, of the University of Wisconsin. During parts of the later years of the Minnesota survey he was aided by his son-in-law, Dr. Ulysses S. Grant, Professor of Geology in the Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. In 1895-96, Professor and Mrs. N. H. Winchell spent about a year, in Paris, France, and again he was there during six months in 1898, his attention being given mainly during each of these long visits abroad to special studies and investigations in petrology.

The work on which he was engaged for the Minnesota Historical Society, during his last eight years, based on very extensive collections, by Hon. J. V. Brower, of aboriginal implements from Minnesota and other States west to the Rocky Mountains and south to Kansas, enabled Professor Winchell to take up very fully the questions of man's antiquity and of his relation to the Ice Age. This very interesting line of investigation was the theme of the last paper written by Professor Winchell, entitled "The Antiquity of Man in America Compared with Europe," which he presented as a lecture before the Iowa Academy of Sciences in Cedar Falls, Iowa, on Friday evening, April 24, only a week before he died.

The Winchell Library of Geology in the University was founded by Professor Winchell donating his valuable collection of more than one thousand volumes, covering the world's best writings on the subject.

He became an enthusiastic advocate of the artesian well source of supply for the city's water, knowing that an abundant supply of the best water could be thus secured at nominal expense, his conviction in this respect being abundantly verified by subsequent efforts of citizens.

Willard Carlos Pike

The late Willard C. Pike, who was for years one of the most extensive and widely known building contractors in Minneapolis, was born at Potton, province of Quebec, Canada, February 15, 1844. and died in this city May 10. 1914. He was a son of John Sheppard and Lorinda (Manuel) Pike, the former a native of Northfield, New Hampshire, and the latter of Vermont. Both families were of long standing and frequent prominence in New England history, and Mr. Pike was proud of their record and his connection with them. His father was a justice of the peace in Canada, and died in that country at a good old age.

When he reached the age of twenty-four Willard C. Pike went to Newton, Massachusetts, to learn the carpenter trade. He was then self-supporting and until the end of his life he always relied wholly on himself for advancement and success in his operations. Before going to his trade he taught school for a few terms, and made a good reputation as a teacher. He worked at his trade some eight years at and near Newton, and in June. 1878, came West, locating at St. Paul. He was disappointed, however, in finding wages no higher than in the East, and soon aftenvard moved to River Falls, Wisconsin, where he was placed in charge of the work of rebuilding, after a destructive fire, and remained three years.

In March, 1881, Mr. Pike came to Minneapolis and at once became a contractor in building houses. His system was to buy lots, build houses on them and then sell the property. In 1883 he formed a partnership with George Cook, who boarded at the same place that he did, the partnership lasting until his death. Tlie firm became one of the best known contracting firms in the city. Its pay roll at times included 400 names, and was never a short one. Mr. Pike had charge of the work, such as St. Mark's Pro-Cathedral, Andrus Building, University Library Building, Central High School. Second Church of Christ, Scientist, and many other public buildings which was mostly local and grew continuously, always increasing the number of employes of the firm. He devoted himself wholly to his business, and put all his energy and intelligence into it, never seeking recognition in public life, although he was a firmly loyal Republican and a valued member of his party. His leisure was employed in reading, but in this he confined himself to the standard authors, Scott being one of

Mr. Pike was married in Minneapolis on June 20, 189U, to Miss Elizabeth Doynton I'ushor, a native of X'lymouth, Maine. Tliey had no children. Both were active in the Park Avenue Congregational cliureh, in which Mr. Pike was one of the leading members of the board of trustees, although not a communicant, and active in the work of the Men's club in that church. He was fond of fishing, baseball and other outdoor sports, and a great lover of music. For ten years he lived in the home in which he died, at the corner of Portland avenue and Twenty-fifth street, which is still occupied by his widow. He was one of the most hospitable of men, having no higher social enjoyment than found in having his house filled with friends. His life was a useful one and a genial one in the community. He contributed extensively to the growth and improvement of Minneapolis and was always, during his residence, one of its best and most esteemed citizens.

Edward A. Purdy

This gentleman, who was widely and favorably known in Minneapolis and elsewhere prior to Tuesday, April 21, 1914, rose to special prominence in the observation of the public then, because on that day President Wilson nominated him to the United States Senate for the office of postmaster of Minneapolis. He was confirmed by the Senate a few days later and immediately took charge of the office, and from the manner in which he has conducted his private afTairs and made his way forward in the world by his own unaided efforts, it is confidently predicted that he will give the city the best i)ostal service it has ever known, being impelled to do this not by any personal ambition for himself but by his strong and abiding interest in the welfare of the public.

Mr. Purdy was born in Lansing, Iowa, in 1877, and is the youngest postmaster Jlinneapolis has ever had. His grandfather emigrated from New York westward some eighty years ago, his probable destination being Minnesota. But in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, somebody whispered to him that Minnesota was a wilderness and Iowa was a desirable lotality for residence and business. He was steered to Lansing, in the northeastern part of that state, and there he took up his residence and passed the remainder of his life. During the presidential terms of Piei'ce and Buchanan ho was postmaster at Lansing. His son, Edward Purdy, Sr., the father of Edward A., is now living at Waukon in the same county.

Edward A. Purdy began his education in the public schools of his native place, continued it at Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, and completed it at the University of Minnesota. But he was obliged to work his way through it, and encountered many diiriculties in doing so, all of which he met with a resolute and cheerful Spirit of determination that foreshadowed success from the start. At Beloit his serious appearance and demeanor led his college associates to bestow on him the nickname of "Deacon," and this has stuck to him ever since, even though he has for years been living far from where he received it. After spending two years at Beloit he found himself unable to go on witii his course, and was compelled to stop and earn the necessary money. He came to Minneajiolis and Soon afterward started a night school at the \. M. C. A.. and that night school, in which he continued to teach after he entered the University, is now one of the most appreciated features of Y. M. C. A. educational activities. When Mr. Purdy left the University he obtained control of the Western Architect, which he has ever sinee published, and of which he has made a widely circulated and popular periodical.

Mr. Purdy has been a Democrat from his youth, but was never very active in party afTairs previous to the last presidential campaign. He entered into that with his whole heart, being an ardent admirer and champion of Woodrow Wilson, aiding in bringing about his nomination and election. He was a vigorous and enthusiastic power in Hennepin county and in the state, and played an important role in the Baltimore convention.

Mr. Purdy has a great deal of personal magnetism and warmth of manner, and his associates are always firmly attached to him. He is always interested in his work, and inspires otlieis with the same spirit.

Mr. Purdy is a representative of the new type in politics and public odice, the energetic, hustling young business man who believes in doing things. Like the old line politicians of all parties, he is for the people, but instead of promises gives eiiicient, economical service, and belongs to that school of statecraft which teaches business methods to its public servants. He is an enthusiastic hunter and fisherman and a devotee of all proper outdoor sports, and belongs to the Minneapolis, Athletic and University clubs, but never allows sport or club interests to interfere in any degree with his attention to the business in hand, whether it be public or private.

James F. R. Foss

James F. R. Foss, president of the late Nicollet National Bank of Minneapolis, and one of the most progressive and successful bankers in the 'country, was born at Biddeford, Maine, March 17, 1848. One of his maternal ancestors, a Rev. Mr. Jordan, owned a large tract of land in the part of Maine that belonged to the state of Massachusetts until 1820, when Maine was admitted to the Union as a Separate state. Jlr. Foss, however, was obliged to make his own way in the world without outside assistance, and his highly creditable career was wholly the work of his own abilities and persistent industry.

Mr. Foss' father, .James Foss. died when the son was four years old, but the latter attended the public schools until the beginning of the Civil war. He left school, although but fourteen years of age, and enlisted in the United States navy, in which he served on the Frigates Sabine, Niagara, Hartford and Savannah until 1863, when he was honorably discharged. He was but sixteen at the time, but was offered a commission as a midshipman. He preferred civil life, however, and entered Bucksport Seminary to enlarge his scholastic education. After leaving school he was employed as a iHiokkeeper in Boston. Providence and New York, ami in 187.') was serving the Shoe ami Leather National Bank in Boston in that capacity.

Finding his health failing in 187:i, Mr. Foss passed the next two years as second mate on a coastwise schooner, then returned to the banking business, serving for a time as a bookkeeper in the .Market Bank at Brighton, Massachusetts, and afterward in the same capacity in the Merchandise National Bank in Boston. At the end of one year he wa» elected cashier of the latter institution, and was, at the time, the youngest man who ever held a position of such importance in Boston. He filled the office of cashier of this bank for seven years, then resigned it to come West, locating in Minneapolis.

Very soon after liis arrival in this city in 1884 he founded the Nicollet National Bank with a capital stock of $500,000, $325,000 of which was taken by Boston men who knew Mr. Foss personally and on that account. He was cashier of the Nicollet until 1888, when he was elected president. When this bank was founded by him the banking business in Minneapolis was carried on in a very peculiar way. At least 75 per cent of the deposits of the banks in the city consisted of money borrowed by them on time certificates of deposit at a high rate of interest. This required them to charge borrowers a high rate on loans with the result that the local banks carried all the paper whose makers' necessities compelled them to pay the high rate, while the best paper was driven to Eastern banks through note brokers.

Mr. Foss was the first Minneapolis banker who announced a different policy, and throughout its existence the Nicollet National Bank issued no interest bearing certificates of depasit, but gave the preference at lower rates, to the better grade of loans, such as were sought by the Eastern banks. As a result of this policy, during the nearly seventeen years of Mr. Foss' management of this bank Eastern capital was brought to this city amounting to about fifty-five million dollars, all on his personal approval solely, and not one dollar of this money was ever lost.

The wisdom of Mr. Foss' course was impressively shown in the panic of 1893, when most of the other banks here failed and all of them lost 25 to 75 per cent of their deposits, while the Nicollet National, still paying no interest, increased its deposits without solicitation nearly 50 per cent. That Mr. Foss was far-seeing and wisely progressive was shown by another result of his banking methods, which took its start at the same time. This was twofold: Up to 1883 the banks in St. Paul had always carried larger country bank deposits than those in Minneapolis. At a joint meeting of the clearing house banks of the two cities in 1893 the St. Paul banks proposed that while the panic lasted no checks on country banks deposited with the banks in the Twin Cities by their city customers be credited to the customers, but that all such checks be received by the city banks only for collection, and not credited until paid. This proposal was accepted by every bank in the two cities except the Nicollet National, but when Mr. Foss presented to the meeting his objections to the plan, the Minneapolis banks withdrew from the agreement. The St. Paul banks adopted it, however, and momentous results to the banking and jobbing interests of Minneapolis followed.

First, the country banks began to increase their deposits in the Minneapolis banks, where more liberality was shown in handling country checks; and. second, the Country merchants naturally began to buy more goods in Minneapolis. where they knew their checks to the jobbers would be more freely and liberally handled. This led up to the present state of affairs, in which the fact that the deposits in the Minneapolis banks from the country are so much larger than those of the St. Paul banks, and the relations of the former with the country merchants and bankers are so much wider than those of the latter, as a consequentee, commended Minneapolis as the proper place for the location of the new Regional Reserve Bank of the United States. To the attitude of Mr. Foss and the Nicollet National Bank in 1893, more than to any other one cause, this gratifying condition is due.

Mr. Foss was married on February 22, 1877, to Miss Alvena M. Baker, of Auburndale, Massachusetts. They have had three children, Minnie Frances, James Franklin and Florence Ellen, of whom the daughters are still alive.

In 1898, during the Spanish- American war, Mr. Foss was commander-in-chief of the National Association of Naval Veterans of the United States, this organization embracing the Veterans of the navy of the Civil war.

Joseph Smith Johnson

The life of this estimable citizen of Minneapolis, who died here in 1891 after residing in the city for a continuous period of over thirty-seven years, touches so closely and is so intimately associated with one of the beauty spots and popular resorts of the community that it contains elements of unusual and enduring interest. He was born at Farmington, Maine, June 15, 1811, the son of Joseph Johnson, a merchant in that town, and obtained his education in the public schools there. For a short period after leaving sthool he worked in his father's store, but when the California gold fever broke out in 1849, he became its victim and went to the new eldorado to seek a rapid fortune. He lived in California a few years and then returned to his old home at Farmington. But the lure of the West was on him and he could not shake it off or resist its importunities. It led him into a new region where he remained.

Deacon S. A. Jewett, Mr. -lohnson's brother-in-law, was then living at St. Anthony and owned a large tract of land on Bassett's creek and what is now Western avenue. Mr. Johnson joined him here in the spring of 1854, and soon afterward took up his residence on a tract selected for him by the deacon, the land lying within the thoroughfares now known as Nicollet and Lyndale avenues and Grant street and Franklin avenue. Mr. Johnson paid the government the preemption fees on this land and immediately set about building a residence on it for his wife and daughters, who were still in Maine. The location of the dwelling was about where the shelter house now stands in Loring park, and Mrs. and her daughters came and the family occupied it in September of the same year. He gave the name "Jewett Lake" to the beautiful sheet of water in the park in honor of his wife whose maiden name was Ann Wilder .Jewett. The lake was at that time entirely fed by nearby springs.

This lake and the twenty acres surrounding it Mr. .Johnson reserved as a homestead when he later surveyed and platted his land offering parts of it for sale. The first piece of land disposed of by Mr. Johnson ^^a* sold to T. K. Gray, a retail druggist, and his family Still occupies the old home he built on it on Oak Grove street. The second sale was to A. B. Barton, C. M. Loring's father-in-law.

The rest of the land was retained by Mr. Johnson and cultivated by him for many years. He never engaged in mercantile or other business in this city, preferring, as be himself said, "to live the life of a farmer." He was married in Maine to Miss Ann Wilder Jewett. a daughter of Samuel and Sarah (Kimball) Jewett, natives of Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson had three daughtere. One is now Mrs. A. K. West; another is Mrs. E. P. Wells, who resides at 230 Oak Grove street on a part of the old family homestead, and the third is Mrs. Paul A. Pierce.

Mr. Johnson died in 1891 at the age of eighty. His wife lived until 1898. They belonged to the First Baptist church and were among its first members. In politics Mr. .Johnson was a member of the Democratic party, but he was never an active partisan, although taking an earnest interest in the growth and development of the city and rejoicing in its progress and improvement. He lived quietly and usefully, and enjoyed the respect of the whole community.

When E. P. Wells, the husband of the second daughter of the Johnson household, earae for the second time to live in Minneapolis he bought his present residence at 230 Oak Grove Street because it was a part of the old estate. S. W. Wells and Mrs. C. G. Ireys, son and daughter of Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Wells and grandchildren of Mr. Johnson, have their homes at Dell Place, also a part of the old homestead, which came to them through their mother. The grandfather planted the family tree in the wilderness. It is now flourishing in the midst of one of the most populous, progressive and beautiful cities in the country.

William Xrving Gray

William Irving Gray, head of the contracting firm of W. I. Gray & Company, which has its headquarters and home oflBce in Minneapolis but carries on extensive operations far beyond the limits of this state, is a native of Minnesota and has passed almost the whole of his life to the present time (1914) in the state. He was bom at Lake City, Wabasha county, the son of Alexander and Mary (Dingwall) Gray, who came to this country from Scotland, where their families had been domesticated for many generations. They reached Minnesota and took up their residence on a farm in Wabasha county in 1862.

The son passed his boyhood on his father's farm eight miles from Lake City, where he began his education in the district school. Later he attended and was graduated from the Lake City High School. He then entered the engineering department of the University of Minnesota, and in 1892 was graduated from it with the degree of Electrical Engineer. He at once began the practice of his profession and devoted two years of close and studious attention to it. At the end of that period, in 1894, he started in business as a contracting engineer under the firm name of W. I. Gray & Company.

Mr. Gray has organized and operated a number of electric lighting plants throughout the country among which can be mentioned the Wheaton Electric Light Co. of Wheaton, Minn., which he successfully operated for ten years, also the Kirlin- Gray Electric Co. of Watertown, South Dakota, for eleven years. In 1908 the Belden, Porter and Gray heating and plumbing company was founded, and in 1913 tlic Schumacher-Gray Company of Winnipeg, Canada, was started.

The firm takes contracts for mechanical plants of all kinds in the domain of heating, electric lighting, ventilating, plumbing and similar lines of tonstruction work. It carries on an extensive local business, and in addition its operations cover throe or four adjoining states and large parts of the Dominion reaching into Western Canada. Its business is steadily growing in volume and extending into new territory, wliicii is a

While Mr. (iray takes an active part in the public affairs of his home city, he is independent in political faith and action, but never indilfcrent to the general welfare of the community or any of the duties of citizenship. Socially he holds membership in the University club, the Minneapolis Athletic club and the Kotary club, and in the line of his profession he haa been president of the state lioard of electricity from 1899 to 1909. His religious affiliation is with the Park Avenue Congregational church, and he i» also a member of the Congregational club of Minnesota, in 1899 he was married to Miss Isabelle W. Welles. They hare two sons, Alexander Wellea and Franklin Dingwall Gray.

Frank K. Haycock

Mr. Haycock has rendered Hennepin county exceptionally good service in the office of county surveyor during the last eight years. He is a native of Minnesota, having bven born in St. Paul, November 15, 1859. He is a son of E. R. Haycock, a steamboat captain on the Mississippi in the early days, when railroads were unknown in this state and the great river was the chief highway between the Territory and the East.

Mr. Haycock attended the public schools in St. Paul and Minneapolis, the fajnily having moved to this city in his boyhood. He grew to manhood amid the surroundings and influences of the frontier.

He decided on a professional career, and succeeded in fitting himself for the profession of civil engineering. He became a civil engineer while he was yet a young man, and has ever since been engaged in the practice of his profession. Surveying is a part of his business and he is a thorough master of it. But he has gone far beyond this in his operations, studying large engineering problems of practical utility. He spent years in inventing and perfecting a system of disposing of garbage and sewage, and has secured patents on it and put it in service in different places.

In the fall of 1906 Mr. Haycock was elected county surveyor of Hennepin county, and he has been re-elected to this office at the close of each term since. Previous to his first election to the position he was for some time deputy county surveyor and drainage engineer for the county. He is connected with the Republican party in political belief and affiliation and inlluential in the councils of the party. Fraternally he is a member of the Masonic order and the order of Junior Pioneers, being the president of the Minneapolis branch of the association, which he was largely instrumental in having organized, and to which he has given his time and energy liberally.

On December 31. 1882. Mr. Haycock was united in marriage with Miss Carrie .T. Higgins. They have five children - Leon L., Irene J.. Elaine L.. Vivian 0. and Francis .S. The members of the familv all attend the Presbyterian church.

Frederick Grant Atkinson

one of the business men of the city who do things without making any noise about them, either before they are begun or after they are accomplished. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, a son of Richard F. Atkinson, a Xew Yorker by nativity, and came to Minneapolis in 1S76. During the next four years he attended the old Washington school, at which a large number of the leading citizens of this community obtained part of their education, and then passed one year at the Central High School before beginning his business career.

After leaving the high school he at once entered the employ of the Washburn-Crosby company as an office boy. He has been with the company from that time to the present, and has worked his way on demonstrated merit through all the different grades of employment until he is now one of the company's directors and an influential factor in the management of its affairs. He is also a director of the Imperial Elevator company and connected with other business and industrial institutions of importance. Socially he is a member of the Minneapolis, Minikahda and Automobile clubs and takes an active part in the affairs of each of these organizations.

Mr. Atkinson's wife was Miss Dorothy D. Bridgman, a daughter of Rev. George H. Bridgman, for many years president of Hamline University. They have two children, Mary Elliott and Frederick Melville. The parents are members of St. Mark's Episcopal church and take part in its activities, as they do in those of all agencies working for good in the community. The pleasant and hospitable home of the family is located at 308 Ridgewood avenue, and is a center of social culture and refined enjoyment, which makes it a popular resort for tlie numerous admiring friends of its occupants.

Ma.Jor Salmon A. Buell

Salmon A. Buell was born October 1, 1827, at Lawrenceburg. Indiana, situated on the Ohio River, two miles below the mouth of the Miami, the western boundary of the State of Ohio. He was the oldest son of George P. Buell, a merchant of that place, at one time a member of the Senate of Indiana, and Ann Lane Buell, a daughter of Hon. Amos Lane, a lawyer and Member- of Congress from that District. In Salmon's early boyhood, his father retired from mercantile life and settled upon a large farm about two miles back from the river in the same county, where the boy spent his life until about twelve yeai-s of age. His first schooling was by private tutors at home, then in the nearby country schools, during the fall, winter and spring; afterwards in Asbury College (now Purdue L'niversity), one year in the preparatory department of Marietta College, Ohio, and in Bloomington College (now Indiana State University). In the "forties" he entered the United States Navy, as an Acting Midshipman, reporting for duty at the Naval School in Annapolis, Maryland. The rules of the Naval Service then required attendance at that school for the whole or part of the first si.x years, then service on board ship until the sixth to be spent in study at the school in preparation for graduation and promotion. He was some montliS there until the close of the school year, and after a "leave" entered on his ship service, making besides duty on Receiving ships at Charlestown, Mass., Norfolk, Va., and Brooklyn. N. Y., cruises in sea going ships to Cape Verd l!?!ands, England, northern and western continental Europe, Bio Janeiro in Brazil, thence round Cape Horn to Valparaiso in Chili, back to Rio Janeiro, and finally to Boston, Mass. While at Rio Janeiro the latter time, the yellow fever was raging there and the ship sailed for Boston with the disease on board, losing on the trip out of forty odd cases, five officers and eleven men; Buell being one of its victims and a very severe case. Soon after getting home and after about three and a half years in the service, he resigned from the Navy on account of ill health. He adopted civil engineering as a calling and rose to be an Assistant Engineer, principally in charge of the leveling party, but his health would not permit him to continue. He then entered upon the study of law, and during the course of such study taught school for about five months at North Bend, Ky. In 1853-3 he was admitted to practice law in the Courts of Indiana and the United States Courts for that District, locating at Indianapolis, Indiana.

On Decem.ber 20, 1853, he married Miss Elizabeth P. Freeman, of Norfolk, Va., the daughter of Capt. William G. Freeman, who as owner and commander in our merchant marine had taken extensive part in supplying material from the debris of the granite quarries of New England to construct the foundation of the fortification of what is known as the "Rip Raps" part of the defenses at Old Point Comfort, Va., where Miss Freeman was born.

The wedding of Buell and Miss Freeman took place in "Old St. Paul's," filled with the friends of the bride. This church is historic; built in 1739, and in an attack by the British Army during the Revolutionary War, a cannon ball lodged half buried in its wall, and can still be seen, although almost hidden by the ivy that covers nearly the entire church. Buell brought his new wife to Indianapolis, Ind., where they remained until the fall of 1857, when his health again requiring a change, they came to Minnesota, locating at St. Peter, on the Minnesota River, and then near the frontier. Here he became Secretarj- and Agent of the St. Peter (Townsite) Company, which position he held, except for the period of his Federal Military Service, until 1874, when they moved back to Indianapolis, Ind.

The duties of Buell's position as Such Secretary and Agent, occupied his whole time until January 2, 1860, when he was admitted to practice law in Minnesota and formed a partnership for that purpose, in addition to such duties, with Hon. A. G. Chatfield, residing at Belle Plaine, Minn., under the name of Chatfield & Buell, their office being at St. Peter, though Judge Chatfield continued his residence at Belle Plaine. This law partnership continued until Buell entered the Federal military service.

On August 18, 1862, the Sioux Indian outbreak along the whole frontier occurred, during which over 600 whites were massacred. The next morning certain news of this reached St. Peter, and Hon. Charles E. Flandrau, then one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court of ilinnesota, and residing about a mile below St. Peter, raised, in all possible haste, from Nicollet and Le Seuer Counties, a company of about 130 volunteers for aid to the stricken frontiersmen. Buell was a member of this company, and one of eighteen, who, being mounted, were sent in advance by Capt. Flandrau, to New Ulm. thirty miles west across the Minnesota River, and a frontier town, then reported under attack by the Indians, and which Capt. Flandrau had determined to make his first point of destination. This mounted advance reached New Ulm late in the afternoon, and entered it at its south, end. while under attack at the north by about 130 Indians..

1, Page 732, Judge Flamlrau wrote as follows: "Our advance guard (above mentioiu'd) reached Now Ulm about four or five o'clock P. M. - just in time to aid the inhabitants in repelling the attack of about 100 Indians upon the town. They succeeded in driving the enemy off, several citizens being killed, and about five or six houses in the upper (northern) part of the town being tired and destroyed."

In his "History of the Sioux War and Massacres of 1862 and 1863," Page 80, I. D. V. Herd, on Gen. H. H. Sibley's staff, wrote, in 1863, of this advance guard: "It is conceded that these men Saved the town."

Capt. Flandrau with the main body of his force reached New Ulm about 10 o'clock P. M., and on next morning an organization was effected, giving Capt. Flandrau chief command with the rank of Colonel, and he appointed Buell his Chief of Staff and Provost Marshal, with the rank of Captain. This organization was afterwards recognized by the State authorities, served on the frontier about three months, and was paid accordingly.

The service at and around New Ulm lasted until and including the 25th of August, 1862. On the 23rd and 24th, the Indians, in large numbers, variously estimated from 650 to 800, well armed, attacked the town, defended by about 250 poorly armed white men, both sides resting during the intervening night. At this time, there were in the tow* also about 1,500 persons, principally women and children with a few aged men, citizens and refugees from the surrounding country.

Before noon on the 24th, the Indians abandoned the attack, and commenced retiring, burning the outside buildings, driving off cattle and taking with them other movable property. On Monday, the 25th of August, by order of Col. Flandrau, New Ulm was vacated and all the occupants proceeded down the west side of the ilinnesota River to Mankato.

The loss to the whites, which was wholly from the force placed under Col. Flandrau's command, by the organization of Wednesday, the 20th of August, was ten killed and fiftyone wounded; the Indian loss was not ascertainable, as they carried off their dead and wounded, though two, one a leader, were killed within the lines of defense, and could not be so rescued.

Within a few days, by order of Gov. Alexander Ramsey, Col. Flandrau took command of the Southwestern frontier, and the State troops gathered for its defense, with headquarters at South Bend, Capt. Buell continuing as his chief of staff and serving under him in that capacity; during Col. Flandrau's absences, which became necessarily frequent, he placed Capt. Buell in command. This situation continued for a number of weeks, and until relieved by the arrival of a full regiment of Federal volunteer infantry from Wisconsin, whereupon the services of Col. Flandrau. and of his staff, and of the State volunteers forming his command, ceased, and all returned to their homes, and civic duties.

Upon the organization, later that fall (1862), of the "First Minnesota Mounted Rangers," a regiment of cavalry mustered into the service of the United States, Capt. Buell was appointed and commissioned its Second Major. His commission was dated in November, but he was not mustered in until December. That winter he was stationed at St. Peter, two companies of his regiment being also stationed there, and one at Kastoa, nearby.

The greater portion of this regiment, including Major Buell and most of his battalion, in the following year (1863), formed part of the force under Gen. H. H. Sibley in his campaign against the Indians from Minnesota, through Dakota to the Missouri River. At Camp Atchison, a reserve force was formed in charge of the Expedition's Reserve Supplies under Major Rice, of the Second Minn. Volunteer Infantry, with Maj. Buell in command of the Cavalrj- part of such reserve force.

XATien the advance of the F.xpedition returned to Camp Atchison, Gen. Sibley with his whole command, came back to Minnesota, by way of Fort Abercrombic, and late in that year (1863), the "First Minnesota Mounted Rangers" were mustered out of the Federal Service at Fort Snelling. During such military service, Major Buell was twice a member of and served upon a general court martial and one military commission.

Being mustered out with the regiment, ilajor Buell returned to the duties of Secretary and Agent of the St. Peter Company and in connection therewith, the practice of the law at St. Peter.

In 1866, Jlajor Bucll's health requiring a change from office work, they purchased a farm, of 219 acres in Le Seuer County and about two miles east of St. Peter, and moved on to it, both himself and wife devoting their whole time (save such as he gave to his duties as Secretary and Agent of the St. Peter Company), to the improvement and operation of the farm, for about two years.

His health was so much improved by this experience, that he returned to the practice of law in St. Peter, still however continuing his residence upon and the operation of the farm for about four years more. Then they moved back to the town, disposing of the farm, and he entered again upon the practice of the law, continuing it until August. 1874, when he resigned his position as Secretary and Agent of the St. Peter Company and moved back to Indianapolis, Ind., Mrs. Buell having preceded him a few months.

Major Buell practiced law there until 1885. In that year he was appointed Clerk of the Yakima Indian Agency in Washington Territory. He served there about one year, and then, his wife's health having failed, he resigned and took her east for treatment. They went to Philadelphia, and remained there two years, during much of which period Major Buell was engaged with established firms in the practice of his profession in that city.

In 1S89, he brought his wife west for her health and came to Minneapolis, where Mrs. Buell died in 1893. He has lived in this city ever since with a few slight intermissions. Part of two years he passed at Nashville. Tenn., and has spent one winter and spring in Florida for his health.

Major Buell is an ardent political worker; allied with the Democratic party. He joined the Grand Army of the Republic in 1888, in Philadelphia and still keeps up his membership in George G. Meade's I'ost, in that city. His secret society affiliations have been with (he I. 0. 0. F. and the Masons. He was reared a Methodist, but upon his marriage joined the Episcopal church to be with his wife. About twelve years after her death, he joined the Qitholic Church in Nashville, Tenn., and in Minneapolis is a member of the "Church of the Incarnation," Rev. J. 'M. Clenry's Parish. For about four ycar»

His interests have always been those of a student of political and economical affairs, and he has been for years devoted to the teachings of Henry George, having been Secretary of the local society of advocates of the single tax.

Major Buell has living relatives of his immediate family, the oldest eight years younger than himself, as follows: A brother, Hon. John L. Buell, of Quinnesec, Michigan, a retired lawyer and now extensive farmer, who was an officer of the U. S. regular army, serving under Gen. George B. McClellan in his campaign against Richmond and subsequent battles around Washington, during the Civil War, afterwards resigning from the Army as it became necessary for him to take the administratorship of his father's estate; a sister, Miss Almy Buell, of Cincinnati, Ohio; another sister. Miss Ann J. Buell, who, as "Sister Ann Cecelia," is a member of the Catholic Order of "Sisters of Providence," having their mother house at St. Mary's, Vigo County, Indiana; a nephew, Don Carlos Buell. residing on a farm near and doing business in Nashville, Tenn., the only child of another brother, Gen- George P. Buell, who died in 1881, an offiteer of the United States Regular Army; and two nephews, Robert and John Howes, sons of another sister (deceased), and who reside in a western state.

Hon. John Franklin Calhoun

Is a native of Licking county, Ohio, where he was born April 28, 1854, being taken as a child by his parents, David and Caroline Calhoun, to Mercer county, Illinois, where he obtained his early education in "Doaks" schoolhouse, Keithsburg Township.

At the age of tliirteen he was employed as a 'printer's devil" for a time, and also partially learned the carpenter trade. However, with a mind set on being a merchant he secured a clerkship in so continuing eight years, where he engaged in merchandising first in the retail and afterward in the wholesale and retail dry goods trade.

In 1881 he came to Minneapolis and engaged in tlie real estate and loan business, devoting attention largely to property and investments for owners outside of the city, and in which lines he has the management of extensive interests.

In his political faith and allegiance he is a Republican and has ever taken an earnest and serviceable interest in public aflairs. In 1902 he was elected to the State Senate from the Fortieth Senatorial district, and in 1906 was re-elected, serving in the sessions of 1903, 1905, 1907 and 1909. He was energetic and active, especially in warding off measures that were against the business interests. He is also given credit for the law of 1909 which prohibits the payment or receiving of rebates in the procuring of insurance contracts.

January 20, 1879, Mr. Calhoun was married at Galesburg. to Clara Zenora Edwards, a daughter of Hon. John Edwards, who was a member of the first legislature of the State of Indiana. Three children have been born to them: John Edwards, associated with his father: Frederick D., an illustrator in New York city, and Beatrice Z. Mr. Calhoun is a member of the Minneapolis and the Commercial clubs and is a thirty-third degree Mason.

Francis A, Chamberlain

Francis A. Chamberlain, president of the Security National Bank, was born in Bangor, Maine, April 20, 1855, a son of James T. and Caroline (Emery) Chamberlain, the father being a merchant. In 1857 he removed to Red Wing, Minnesota, where Francis A. attended the public schools. He was also a student of Hamline University, and for two years attended the State University.

His first business engagement was as collector for the Merchants National Bank of Minneapolis, the city directory for 1877 naming him as a messenger of the above institution. His aptitude, integrity, fidelity and other business attributes attracted attention, and, soon after the Security National Bank was founded, he was given a position in its employ. The same qualities were ever evident and resulted in promotion, passing from one position to another, until he was chosen the head of this important bank. Wisdom and prudence have marked the management, this institution having become one of the strongest and most popular in the Jfforthwest.

Mr. Chamberlain is also a director of the Hennepin County Savings Bank, a director and ex-president of the Northwestern National Life Insurance company, and a director of the Minneapolis Threshing Machine company. He is also president of the Clearing House Association. In fraternal relations he is a Freemason, and his social affiliations are with the Minneapolis, Athletic and Minikahda clubs. In religious connection he is a Methodist. He was married May 23, 1883, to Miss Frances T. Foss, daughter of Bishop Cyrus D. Foss. They have three children, Cyrus. Ruth and Caro. The father has taken a cordial and practical interest in the growth and improvement of Minneapolis and given 'cheerful and material aid to the promotion of its welfare. He is esteemed as one of the city's most useful and representative residents.

.John D. Ekstrum, president of the Flour City Fuel and Transfer Company. 40 West Lake street, and manager of the Interstate Fuel and Transfer Company, is a well known business man of Minneapolis. He was born in Sweden in 1873. When but nine years of age he accompanied his mother to America and Minneapolis. They came to join the husband and father, Solomon Ekstnim, who had preceded them a few years before. He was engaged in the business of mason contracting until his retirement in late years from all business activity.

John D. Ekstrum attended the city schools and meanwhile seized every opportunity to make his start in the business world, finding employment much of the time in teaming for his father. A little later he went on the police force and was appointed sergeant of the fifth precinct. In 1889, after three years' service on the force, he established himself in the fuel business, starting with a capital of $100, which has increased to $100,000. Shortly after his successful start in business, he took into partnership Mr. N. L. Johnson, and within the next few years was laid the foundation for the rapid development of the firm's interests. .\t the end of four years John Olson joined the partnership. In 1911 the Company was incorporated with a capital of $100,000. and iidditiuiial capital added, with J. U. Ekstrura as president, N. L. Jolinson, secretary and treasurer, and John Olson, vice president. In the same year a number of yards were added. They now operate nine branch yards ami employ about 90 men.

The company has become engaged in the transfer and storage business since its incorporation and the prolits have equalled those of the longer established fuel industry. It also owns a wagon and paint shop where a number of workmen are employed in the building of wagons and vans. Aside from his prominent association with the Flour City Fuel and Transfer Company, Mr. Eksti-um is manager and partner in the Interstate Fuel & Transfer Company, 2407 East Lake street, which has a prosperous trade, operating three yards. Mr. Ekstrum is a director of tlie Minneapolis State Bank. He is president of the Westside Commercial Club, was one of its organizers in 1908. and since that time has continued to serve on its board of directors. He is also president of the Swedish-American club, which has about 300 members. He is a member of the Odin club and of Zion Lutheran Church, and in politics is a Republican. His marriage to Miss Ida K. Nelson of Minneapolis, occurred in 1901, and there are four children. .lohn D.. .Ir.. Martini. Kobert. and Bertill.

Robert Winthrop Cummings

This gentleman, who was a member of the first village council of St. Anthony, was born on .June 19, 1825. and was the youngest of the six sons and three daughters of Andrew Cummings of Williamsport. Lycoming county. Pennsylvania, and of Scotch ancestry. When he was but seven or eight years old his father died, and he was cared for by an older brother. He passed eight years at a private academy in York, Pennsylvania, then taught school one winter. At the age of nineteen he turned his face Westward, and arrived at St. Anthony Kails before the end of the year, 1844, this region being then in its state of primitive nature. It did not meet his desires, and he returned to the St. Croix Valley, and took up a tract of government land at Cottage Grove, in Washington county, but in 1847 returned to St. Anthony. He was a gentleman of good education, courteous manners and attractive personality, and immediately became popular. At the election of 1848. of which S. W. Farnham and Caleb D. Dorr were judges, twenty-three votes were cast in St. Anthony. Stillwater was then the county seat.

Mr. Cummings took an immediate and energetic interest in his new home and within a short time saw wonderful transformations. The region developed steadily and increased in population rapidly. The first city council, of which he was a member, convened April 13, 1858, the other aldermen being Benjamin N. Spencer. .John Orth, Daniel Stanchfield, Edward Lippincott and Caleb D. Dorr.

Mr. Cummings took up a claim on rising ground, beyond the Hat east of the river, a part of which later became Maple Hill Cemetery, and part Ramsey & Lockwood's Addition to St. Anthony and a part Cummings Second Addition. For some years he clerked, but was always interested in the advancement of the community and the enjoyment of its residents. In 1851 he helped to organize Cataract Lodge of Freemasons, of which he continued to be a member, and he was also u Knight Templar. lie was also a trUHtee of .lohn Potts Lodge No. .!. Independent Onler of Odd Fellows. In the first fire company organized in the city lie was first assistant foreman.

He also took an active part in all public airairs. In 1S56 he helped to organize the Republican party, and at a special election in 1860. just after the organization of the new county, he waa elected one of the county commissioners. He did not, however, seek political honors, accepting them reluctantly. In 1854 he opened a real estate oflice, and during the remainder of life engaged in the real estate, loan and insurance business, and through investments in these lines accunuilated a fortvnie of nearly one-half a million. He laid out Cummings' Addition, Cummings' Second Addition and Cummings & Brott's Addition. He was frequently chosen guardian and trustee of estates, and his counsel in business matters was valued. At the time of his death he was president of the East Side Loan Association and vice prejiident of the Minneapolis Savings and Loan Association.

Mr. Cummings was married January 17. 1854, to Miss Martha J. Estes, who was born in Maine and came to St. Anthony with her parents. She was a sister of Mrs. S. W. Farnham and Mrs. Charles W. Stimpson. Some time before his death he removed to 2301 Portland avenue, where bis family is still living. He died September 11. 1891, and having been closely connected with so many people and with interests of such extensive diversity the loss of his presence and services was keenly felt.

Mr. Cummings was honest, kindhearted and benevolent. He enjoyed the respect and confidence of all. He was tall, possessed of a fine, frank, open countenance and an engaging smile. No man excelled him in courtliness or in genial and generous deportment. Two daughters were born of his marriage, Mrs. Minnie C. Winthrop and I.K)uise R. Cummings, both of whom arc with their mother, and like her. are absorbed in business affairs. The daughters were educated at the University and all belong to the Church of the Redeemer.

There is also a granddaughter in the family, whose maiden name was Louise Cummings Winthrop. She is now the wife of George Deming Grannis II, who was born in Syracuse, New York, and resides in that city. She is a graduate of Smith College, of the class of 1909. She traveled extensively in Europe before her marriage, and is devoted to music, being a fine organist. Her husband is a graduate of Williams College and a lawyer in active practice.

James H. Duryea

Having rendered the city and state signal service in an official way, and being now one of the leading real estate men in Minneapolis, with an extensive and profitable business, James H. Durj'en has made » record of private enterprise and service that is creditable alike to himself, to the citizenship of Minnesota, and to American manhood in general.

Mr. Diiryi'a is a native of Plainfleld. Will county, Illinois, where his life began on November 7. 1853. He is a son of George T. and Eliza Duryea. In 1857. when he was four years old. his parents moved to Marion township. Olmsted county. Minnesota, where the father bought a claim. Within the same vear thev moved to near Chester, where the father the remainder of his life. He was born in Orange county, reared in Sullivan county, New York, and became a resident of Illinois in the early period of its history. He died on his farm at tlie age of seventy-two. The mother survived him several years, having her home at Kasson, Dodge county.

When they entered Minnesota there were no railroads or telegraph lines, and they brought to the state the news of the passage by congress of an act enabling the people to adopt a constitution. This was completed and Minnesota admitted to the Union the next year, 1858. JameS remained in Olmsted county until he was past the age of thirty. He was educated in the public schools and at the Rochester high school. He then taught school eight terms, when he became a traveling salesman for the McCormick Machine company for five or six years. He then worked in the office of the general agency of the company at Red Wing until he was obliged to return to his home to manage the farm and care for his parents, and in the course of a few years became the owner of the old homestead.

In 1887 Mr. Duryea became a resident of Minneapolis as a traveling salesman in the same line that he had formerly followed. Later he became city salesman for the wholesale hardware house of Wyraan & Partridge, with which he remained six years. Since 1901 he has been engaged in the real estate business witli dealings on the North Side as a specialty. He served one term of four years as alderman from the Tenth ward, being elected as a Democrat. He served on the leading committees and was energetic in his efforts to secure a sewer and bridge on Thirty-second avenue north. He was placed on a committee to act in conjunction with a similar committee from St. Paul as representatives of the Twin Cities at the St. Louis Louisiana Purchase exposition. The two cities united in the erection of a building in which each had a manager.

Mr. Duryea was a pioneer in the good roads movement. He advocated before the Real Estate Board a tax of one mill for good road construction and maintenance, and was d member of a committee to act jointly with a St. Paul committee before the legislature in this behalf. The desired legislation was secured for the two counties involved, this beginning having since resulted in the enactment of the present good roads laws, applying to the whole state. While in the council he also secured the passage of an ordinance to require the grading of streets in new additions to the city before lots in them were sold. This was bitterly contested by real estate men, and after two years' agitation was killed.

Mr. Duryea is a Democrat of the old scliool, loyal and effective in service to his party. He has frequently been a delegate to its conventions, local, county and state, and while living in Olmsted county was once nominee for the office of register of deeds. He is a member of the North Side Commercial club, and also prominent in the activities of Highland Park Presbyterian church. For a number of years he was one of the trustees of this churcli, and also taught a class of men in it in Bible study. In 1886 he was married in Sullivan county, New York, to his cousin. Miss Elizabeth M. Duryea. They have no children of their own, but are rearing and educating Marbry Olson from the age of ten.

Edmund Eichhorn

Mr. Eichhorn took an active part in the life of his home community, civil, social, industrial, commercial and fiscal. He was the first president of the German-American Bank, serving that institution three years as its head; and after giving up this office he continued to serve it as a director until he went to California some ten or twelve years before his death, which occurred in Minneapolis on May 14, 1907, while here on a visit. He made an excellent record as president of the bank, and it flourished and grew rapidly under his management. And everything else that he was connected with in a business way did the same. He dealt extensively in real estate, insurance and loans, and served long as a notary public. In 1873 he also founded the firm of E. Eiclihorn & Sons, real estate dealers, with offices at the present time in 125 Temple Court, and until he left this state was at the head of it.

The present head of the firm of E. Eichhorn & Sons is Arthur E. Eichhorn, one of the sons of Edmund, and himself one of the leading business men of Minneapolis. He was born in Wisconsin on August 37, 1856, and entered his father's real estate office as a clerk in 1873. His connection with the business has been continuous since that year, and he has studied its requirements and property values in all parts of the city to such good purpose that he has made himself an authority on all subjects connected with real estate of every kind and description here.

Arthur E. Eichhorn possesses fine natural faculties for business and special fitness for the line in which he is engaged. These were carefully trained and developed under the direction of his father, and when the latter was ready to retire from active pursuits, the son was well qualified to fill the place the retirement made vacant. His brother, Alvin A. Eichhorn, and J. William Dreger, a sketch of whom is published elsewhere in this volume, are associated with him in the firm, and its business is very extensive and involves many transactions of considerable magnitude. Arthur was one of the original stockholders in the German-American Bank, and he is now a member of its board of directors, residing at 1119 North Sixth street, in this city.

Alvin Eichhorn, another brother, was also a member of the firm from the begimiing of its history until his death at Ocean Park, California, on July i, 1910. He was born in 1854, and was also a native of the state of Wisconsin. The mark and enduring impress of all the brothers, like their fatlier's, is visible in many parts of the city they have all helped so. materially to build in its massive business structures and its attractive residences, and is shown also in its educational, mercantile and financial institutions, to many of which tliey have been liberal contributors in time, effort, good counsel and more material support, whenever assistance of any kind has been needed.

Arthur E. Eichliorn, the immediate sul)jpct of this review, has taken an earnest and helpful interest in the social life of his community, notably as an active member of the Benevolent, Protective Order of Elks and its club, the Interlachen club and the Teuton ia Kegel Klub, a German tenpin or bowling organization. He has also been active in municipal affairs as an advocate of good government and wise provision for the best interests of the city and its residents, but never

Mr. Eichhom was married in 1886 to Miss Susie Rauen, a native of Minneapolis and the daughter of Peter Kaucn, one of the old-time merchants of this city. Two children have been born of the union and both of them are living. They are: Edmund P., a graduate of the Nortli High .School and the law department of the University of Minnesota, who is now connected with the real estate firm of E. Eichhorn & Sons; Myrtle, who is still living at home with her parents, and is also a graduate of the North High School and now a student in the University. All the members of the family are widely popular and generally esteemed for their genuine worth, lofty ideals and exemplary citizenship.

Carlos Church

During the last five years a resident of Minneapolis, at 517 Ninth avenue southeast, but for many years an energetic and productive promoter of the redemption and improvement of the wilderness that has been tributary to the growth and greatness of this city, Carlos Church has honestly earned the high regard and esteem in which he is held by all who have tlic enjoyment of his acquaintance.

Mr. Church was born at Jericho, Chittenden county, \'ermont, April 9, 1845, and was but a schoolboy of eighteen when in 1863 he enlisted in the Ninth Vermont Infantry, then in the field in Virginia. He was soon assigned as a musician, playing the tenor drum, and as such remained in the service to the end of the war.

Ho then rejoined his parents and the rest of the family in Dodge county, Wisconsin, where they were profitably engaged in farming. He became a farmer too, and was there united in marriag'e with Miss Amelia D. Maechler, who was born and reared in the county. When the Red River valley country was opened for settlement, he, his brother Azro and their father, Lyman D. Church, each took a homestead in the new region near Hreckcnridge, Minnesota, and there began the arduous work of converting the wilderness of that region into the garden spot they made of it.

Their land originally was worth at the utmost $1.23 an acre. When they had it raised to a proper state of improvement and cultivation, it was easily worth $75 to $100 an acre. The father remained there the rest of his life, dying at the age of seventy. His sons took his remains back to Dodge county, Wisconsin, for burial, where they were laid in soil he had also hallowed by his labor.

Carlos Church jiroved himself as valiant in contest with the wilderness as he had been on the field, reducing liis wild land to subjection and improved it to high productiveness. He began at once to plant thrifty pine trees around his homestead, which he continued until he had more than two miles of them in good growing condition, and the rows of giants of the forest which now belt his farm of MO acres with stateliness and beauty are among the boasted attractions of the neighborhood. For some years he devoted his energies to raising wheat and other cereals, but of late years he has given a great deal of attention to raising live stock. Indians and bulTalo were plentiful in the region when he invaded it, but they did not deter him from going or hamper him in his enterprise after he went. -Ml his products from first to last helpeii to swell the commercial greatness of Minneapolis. It was therefore entirely lit and proper that when he retired from active work he should seek a home in the city.

He and his father and brother were among the first homesteaders in the locality they chose in the Red River valley, and they became important factors in laying the foundations of civil life and government there. They were active in helping to establish township and county organization, build schools and churches, create and direct political activities and perform all the other duties of progressive citizenship. What Wilkin county is they aided vastly in making it, and its progress is a part of their creditable history.

Since he came to Minneapolis Mr. Church has acquired a number of valuable properties. He and his wife were the parents of two sons and one daughter. Eva is the wife of Wilbur Larrabee, a retired grocer in Southeast Minneapolis. For many years he was a popular railroad agent in Minnesota and North Dakota. They have one child, Dorothy. Burton Church also became a railroad agent and was manager of the station at Farwell, Pope county. He was a young man of great promise and ability and enjoyed wide popularity. But his career was cut short by death in early manhood. Willis chose the same line of work and was fitting himself for advancement in it, when he too was stricken down, jjassing away while he was yet in his teens. The father has mingled to some extent in fraternal life as a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He has never been active in political alTairs, but he has never neglected any of the duties of good citizenship. They are members of the First Congregational church.