Minneapolis City (part 24 of 80)

Chapter Xvi

First newspaper. - Established b^'^ Elmer Tyler. - Isaac Atwater, editor. - First number of St. Anthony ExprtiSS issued in May, 1851. - Published in a log' house on Main Street. - ^Paucit3"of news and items. - Subscriptions paid in truck. - Editor becomes sole proprietor. - Continued until 1859. - Loss of $3,000. - Politics "Silver Grey" Whig. - Became Democratic. - Later edited by George D. Bowman. - Charles H. Slocum and D. S. B. Johnson. - J. G. Cressy, "devil." - Col. John H. Stevens fre¬ quent contributor. - Sample items. - Inducements to wheat growing. - Marriage notices. - Dr. Neil's toast. - Northwestern Democrat. - Appeared July 13, 1853. - Published by Prescott & Jones. - Democratic in politics. - Purchased in 1859 by W. A. Hotchkiss and removed to West Side. - Discontinued after several years' publi¬ cation. - St. Anthony Republican. - Established in 1855. - Publishers, Ames & Painer. - Rev. C. G. Ames, editor. - Republican in politics. - Radical in views. - Merged into State News in 1888. - Established by Crofful and Paine. - ^Editedb3'^ W. A. Croffut. - A wide awake, spicy and original paper. - Daily Falls Evening News. - Appeared in 1856. - published by Croffut and Clark. - Col. J. H. Stevens and F. Belfoy issued Cataract and Agriculturalist in August, 1857. - Sold to R. N. Conwell and since changed to North Star. - Sold again to C. M. Loudon and continued as the Independent. - Daily Star. - Issued by Mr. Conwell. - The Weekly State News. Published for two years and succumbed. - The Gazette. - Published by W. F. Rus¬ sell for a year. - In 1858 C. H. Pettit and John G. Williams started the Minneapolis Journal. - Swallowed up in 1859 by the State Atlas. - Horace E. Purdy established the Minneapolis Plaindealer in 1858. - ^ Removed to La Crosse. - In 1859 the Minne¬ sota Beacon and the Rural Minnesotian started. - Of short duration. - A pre- carious business. - Fascination. - State Atlas established by Wni. S. King. Ven¬ ture requiring pluck and courage. Overcomes obstacles by force of character, energy and courage. Swallows competitors. A slashing paper. A power for good in morals, religion and education. - Bought out by founders of 7V/7;une in - Miancnpolis Independent issued in 18()0. ~ Minneupniis Chronicle, weekly and daily, established in 186(5. Survived a yeixr. - The Minneapolis Daily Trib line established in 1867. The leading political paper since that time. Many changes in management. - First stockholders. John T. Gilman, first editor. - George K. Shaw, editor. Divisions in Republican party. Lack of capital. Hugh W. Greene purchases paper. His energy and ability placed the paper on a paying basis. Opposition. Sold in 1881 to a new company, re[)resented by Clifford Thompson and L. W. Powell.^ Major John H. Howell and John P. Rea, editors. Combination to own newspaper press franchises of Minnea()olis and St. Paul. Issue of Dual City Pioneer Press and Tribune. Erenin^ ?Iail ])ubli8hed 1)3' John son and Smith suppressed. - Ereninff Tribune started, with David Blakely as edi¬ tor. - SC Paul Pioneer Press Minneapolis department managed b}' Thomas .S. King

Gen. A. B. Nettleton came to Minneapolis in 1879. - Newspaper situation. Bin's interest in the Tribune. - Blakele}' and Nettleton buy the press franchise and start the Morning Tribune in Ma3', 1880. Nettleton bu3's out Blakel}' in 1881. Sole edi¬ tor and proprietor until 188,7. -Sells to Alden J. Blethen, who sells a half interest to >tessrs. Haskell and Son. In 1883-4 Tribune building at First Avenue .South and Fourth Street built. - Paper steadil}' advanced in influence and [lower. Con¬ tinued to prosper under new management. - Tribune building burned in 1889. - New Tribune building. Col. Blethen sells out. - Messrs. Pierce and Mnr[)h3' purchasers for $4.70,000. - - Eeening Papers. - Evening Journal. - Started in 1878. - Its three proprietors. - A walking match. - E. J. C. Atterbur3'. - Establishment burned. - Sold to Geo. K. Shaw and the Nimocks brothers. Transferred to company. - J. S. McLain managing editor. - David Blakel}' editorial writer and H. W. Hawley city editor. -Sales of interests. - Lucian Swift, Jr., business man¬ ager. - ^ Phenomenal success. - Circulation 37,000. - Building. - Special correspond¬ ents. - Special wires. - Purchased for $100,000. - Present value over $7(K),000. - The Minneapolis Times. - The leading democratic paper in the northwest. - ICstablished in 1889. - Officers. - ^Joint owners with Tribune ot [iress franchise. - Evening Times. -Other newspapers established since 1867. - Saturday Evening Spectator. - The ablest weekl}' newspaper. - Established in 1879 b3' C. H. Dubois. - Retires in 1890.- Present proprietors. - Pre-eminent in the local field. Mississippi Valley Lumberman. - Established 187(5. - Col. Platt B. Walker. Sold in 1887 to a corporation. - J. Newton Nind editor. - EurnitureNeirs. - a monthl3' trade paper. - Northwestern Miller. -First of its class in the United States. Started at La Crosse, Wis., 1873. - Removed to Minneapolis. C. M. Palmer and C. W. Edgar. - Northwestern Architect and Building Budget. - An architec¬ tural magazine. - Large circulation. -History. No cit}' of its size in the Ibiited States publishes so nian3' newspapers as Minneapolis. - «.Sc<i/i(//nar/cin News¬ papers. - Nordisk Eolkeblad. The Minnesota established in 1870. - Merged in the Budstikken. - Started in 1873. - T/je Eo/ife/j/adeL - Established as a monthly.

Now published weekly. - A religious Lutheran paper. - The Eaedrelandet anil Emigranten. - Norwegian weekly.- - The Uge Bhidet. - A Danish Norwegian weekl3''. The Norman na. A Norwegian weekly. - The Minnesota Stats Tidning. - A Swedish weekly. - The Svenska Eolkets Tidning. - A Swedish weekl3'. - The Minnesota Veckablad. - Organ of the Swedish Mission Church. The Svenska Amerikanska Posten. - Swedish weekly. - The Skordernannen. Swedish. - Devoted to agriculture. The Skandinavisk Farmen Journal. Danish-Norwegian. Devoted to agriculture. The North. A weekl}' news[>a[)er in the English language devoted to the inculcation of --Vinerican [irinciples among the Scandivian citizens. Started by Col. Hans Matteson, and several other [)rominent Scandivian Americans. Imth Jaeger editor since 1889. Echode I'Ouest. The organ of French Canadians. Founded ill 1883. - By Z. Denieules. - In the French language. - Frcie Presse Herold. - Weekly paper in German language. - Founded in 18G9. - Lambert Naegle manager and owner of the Freic Presse. - Consolidated with Minneapolis Herold. - Officers of publishing company. - Prominent editorial writers. - The Ensign. - A weekly religious paper. - Organ of the Baptist denom¬ ination. - Corporation. - Lemuel Moss, D. D., editor. - The Housekeeper. - A fam¬ ily paper of fifteen years' standing. - The Farm Stock and Home. - A semi¬ monthly agricultural paper. - Established in 1884 by Horatio R. Owen. - Col. J. H. Stevens agricultural and S. M. Owen writing editors. - Col. John H. Stevens as newspaper writer and editor. - Unsurpassed in collection of local items and his¬ torical sketches.

Chapter Xvii

Park idea suggested earl3^. - ^A public meeting held to secure twenty acres near High School building. - Effort to secure Nicollet Island in 1865. - Submitted to a popular vote. - Proposition lost. - Offer of forty acres south of Franklin Avenue. - Lost by one vote in City Council. - Gift of Murphy Park. - Gift of Franklin Street Scpiare bj^ daughters of the late F. Steele. - Park Commission had its origin in the Board of Trade in winter of 1882-3. - -Act drawn by R. J. Baldwin. - Title of Act. - Non-partisan Commissioners named. - City officers, ex-o£Rcio members. - Opposi¬ tion. - Public meetings to discuss measures. - Democratic Convention decide to put '' No " on the ballots of the party. - Names of first Park Commissioners. - Ma¬ jority in favor of bill. - Donations of land. - Board organized March 14,1883. - C. M. Loring chosen President. - A. A. Ames, Vice-President, and R. J. Baldwin Secretar}'.

- City Parks turned over to Board. - Gift of Elliot's Gardens. - Prof. H. W. S. Cleve¬ land suggests the outlines of a Park Sj^stem. - Park areas donated and purchased. Park areas of cities. - Extract form Prof. Cleveland's address as to Parks in Paris.

- Benefits derived from Parks in Boston. - Increase in land values adjacent to Central Park. - Cost and value of Parks required. - Special Park tax. - Acquisi¬ tions by first Board. - Attempt to secure lands about Lake Harriet. - Abandoned on account of unreasonable valuations by owners of lands. - Subsequently ob¬ tained as gifts. - Lands secured in 1889. - Glenwood Park. -History of acquisition of Minnehaha Park. - Distribution of monej^ expended for Parks. - W. M. Berry, Superintendent of Parks. - Outline of completed sj^stem. - Streets. - Few tojjographical difficulties to laying out streets. - General situation of City. - Plan of streets in original plats. - Size of blocks and lots. - Width of streets. - Nomencla¬ ture of original streets. - Present S3^stem of designations. -Ag-gregate length of streets. - Paving. - System accepted. - Granite blocks. - Cedar blocks. - Asphalt. --Length of paved streets. - Side walks. - Lighting. - Gas, electric arc, vapor and oil lamps. - Furnished by private corporations on contracts. - Number of street lamps. -^Cost of lighting. - Seirerage. - Tunnels under limestone formation. - Lateral sewers. ^Pipes for water, gas, electric lights, electric railw^ly, fire alarm, telegraph and telephone service. - Wires on poles. - Progress of burying wires. Sprinkling - Expense assessed on property. - Length of streets sprinkled. -Cost.

Parkways. - An extensive and beautiful system. - Eighteen miles completed. - More in contemplation. - Situation favorable. - Description of line of boulevard. - Comparison with other foreign and American cities.

Chapter Xviii

Able men in the leigal profession. - Elis G. Whitall, the first attorne3'^ settled at the Falls of St. Anthon3^. - Came in 1849. - Practiced two years. - John W. North settled in 1850. - His characteristics. - His house on Nicollet island. - Sketch of his career. Isaac Atwater commenced practice October, 1850. - Some facts of his life. - Ar¬ rival of D A. Secoinbe. - William H. Welch. - Ira Kingsley, justice of the peace. - Additions to the bar in 1852-3. - Lardner Bostwich, justice of the peace. - St. Paul lavv5 ers practicing- in Hennepin coiintj-. Accessions to the bar in lSo4 a and (i. Increase after admission of the state. Character of litigation in territorial times.

- Decisions by tossing- a chip. -Some decisions in the supreme court case of Hassett vs. Bickford. Pat Strother's plea. His trial and actputtal. First court held by Judge Bradle}' B. Xeeker in Jul}', 1819. - No records of the term. - No trial.-^. - Tradition relates that "suitable refreshments'' were furnished by the sheriff. - Sketch of Judge Meeker. - ^Site of Minneapolis in County of La Pointe. - Hennepin Countj^ organized March 6, 18.12. - Annexed to Kamsej- County for judicial |)urposes. - First District Court held in Hennepin County April 4, 18.i:i. - Judge iMeeker presiding. Held in Anson Northrup's parlor. - Lawyers present. Sweet W. Ca.'-e clerk. - Dr. A. E. Ames, foreman of Grand Jur3\ - Only business two or three indict¬ ments. - Business increases to require six judges in constant emplojunent. - Jmlge Chatfield.- Hon. Ellowel O. Hamlin elected judge in 1857. Succeeded bj- lion. Charles E. Vanderburgh in 18.59. - -Court of Common Pleas established in 1872. Hon. Austin H. Young appointed judge. - Court abolished, and Judge Young elected Judge of District Court. Clerks of District Court. Of attorneys before 18.5(), J. B. Gilfillan the onlj- one now in practice. - Character of the bar. Promotions to other positions. - "Law3^ers and firms now at the bar. List not complete. Success of competent and attentive lawyers. - Minneapolis Bar Association. Incorpor¬ ated in 1889. -Officers. - Library. - Destroyed b3^ fire. - Re-erected, and again burned. Opened again on the seventh floor of Temple Court. - Contains 7, (XXI vol¬ umes, valued at S30,000. - Present officers. - City Justices.- Act of 1872. Municii)al Court established b3- act of 1874. - Special Judge. Judges. Clerks. J^robate Court. - Joel B. Bassett, first judge. - Other judges. - Clerks. - Reminiscences of early practice. R. R. Nelson and Charles F). Flandrau, Justices of Territorial Courts. - Term held b3- Judge Flandrau in 18.57. - Attorneys present. James Hall first District Judge. - Succeeded by E. t^). Hamliu. - Examination of Stewart Har¬ vey. - W. A. Cheever arraigned for contempt. - Beebe defeats McNair. E;iection of Judge Vanderburgh. - Rides the circuit on horseback. - Reduction of Judicial District. - Court of Common Pleas. Merged with District Court. Additional judges. - Now six Judges. - 1400 cases on calendar. - Im])ortant questions in liti¬ gation. - Enlargement of Court House.

Chapter Xix

Banking evolutionar3^. - Private banks in 18.5.5. - Additions in 1857.- Rate of inter¬ est. - Exchange. - Gosport and Tekama. - State Bank of Minnesota organized in 1862. - Minneapolis Bank in 1864. Both issue circulating notes. Circulation based on state railroad bonds and Southern State bonds. State bonds outside of Minne¬ apolis fail. - Financial stress of the war. - Exports commence. - Ginseng. Lum¬ ber.- Flour. - Conversion of state banks into national l)anks. First National Bank of Minneapolis. - National Exchange Bank. - State National Bank of Minneapolis.

- First National Bank of St. Anthon3'. - Northwestern National Bank. - National Bank of Commerce. -- Cit3- Bank. - Bank of Minneapolis. -Other banks. - Savings banks. - Clearing house association, - Bank architecture. I'anic. - Difficulties in banking in early 3-ears. - Growth. - Comparative tables of capital and deposits 1870, 1879, 1889, 1892. - Trust companies.

Chapter Xx

Minneapolis pre-eminently a manufacturing city. - Manufactures exceed all other interests. - Possibilities of controlling the falls earl3' seen. - Predictions of a great city from utilization of the water power. Appropriate industries 01113- accepted. Abundance of raw material. - -New Flngland energy.- Names of earl3' manufac¬ turers. - Development of the East Side water power. - Building dams. .Sale of half interest. - New dam built in 1856-7. Purchase of Nicollet Island. Tunnel pro- jected. - Tunnel disaster. - Destruction of mills. - Stopping- breach. - Government dike. - Sale of stock to James J. Hill and associates. - To the Pillsbury -Washburn Four Mill Company. - Minneapolis Mill Compan}'. - Builds dam. - Canal. - Posses¬ sion of falls. - Building- apron. - Directors of mill companj- - Stock acquired by Pillsbury-AVashburn Mill Companj-. - Government mill built in 1822. -Its history. - Foundation of manufactures laid on the East Side. - Saw mill built in 1818. - Enlarued. - Other saw mills built. - Lessees. - Mississippi River Company organized.

- Mississippi and Rum River Boom Compau}-.- Its operations. - Marr's mill.^ IvOvejoy Bros.' shingle mill. - Farnham's mill. - First saw mill on West Side, at the mouth of Bassett's creek. - Pioneer mill at the Falls. - Pail and tub factory. - Day's mill. - Other sawmills on the dam. - Sawmills acquired by mill company and removed. - J. B. Bassett & Co.'s saw mill. - Connected with the cit}- water works. - J. Dean & Co. as lumbermen. - Lincoln mill. - Sluiceway's for raftinglumber. - Other saw mills. - Lutnbering- firms. - Burning of East Side mills and re¬ building dam. - East Side sawmills and lumbering firms. - Table of lumber pro¬ ducts in 1880. - Same in 1890. - Lumber Exchange. - Table of y^early cut of lumber from 1870 to 1891. - Cut of different mills. - Table of operations of lumber manu¬ facturers in principal lumber points. - Logging. - Sawing and handling lumber.

-Improved machinery^. - Flour Manufacture. - First grist mill built in 1851. - Eastman's mill of 1851. - First flour shipped to Eastern markets. - Mill rebuilt and called St. Cloud mill. - Later mills. - Flour shipments of 1865. - Gov. Washburn builds a flour mill. - Millers' Association. - Milling firm of Charles A. Pillsbury' & Co. - Purifying middlings. - Patent flour. - Introduction of rollers. - Revolution in milling processes. - Reorganization of Millers' Association. - Mill exi:)losion of 1878. - Mills rebuilt. - Washburn "A" mill. - Memorial tablet. - Commencement of exportation of flour. - Building of the great Pillsbury' "A" mill. - Sale of elevators, water power and mills to English syndicate. - Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company'. - Capacity of flour mills in 1892. - Table of flour output from 1877 to 1891. - Steam process in mills. - Cooperage. - Co-operative coopers. -- Present man¬ ufacturers of barrels. - Furniture Factories. - Sash, doors and blinds. - List of manufacturers of sash, etc. - Flouring mills. - Ironwork and mill machinery'. - Machine shops. - Boiler works. - Foundries. - Farm machinery'. - Monitor Plow Works. - Harvester works. - Threshing machine company'. - Carding and weaving.

- North Star woolen mill. - Paper making-. - Eave spout and gutter factory'.- Lin¬ seed oil works. - Fence works. - Manufacture of crackers. - Boots and shoes. - Clothing. - Middling purifier. - Island Power Company'. - Baskets. - Electric power and lighting companies. - Saddlery' hardware. - Confectionery'. - Wire works. - Stained glass. - Northwestern Knitting Company'. - Northern Car Company'. - Egg Macaroni Company'. - Linen factory'. - Gold and Silv'er Reduction Works. - Brew¬ eries. - Impetus to manufacture given in 1865. - Horace Greeley's opinion of Min¬ neapolis' water power. - Reports of manufacturing in 1865 6-7. - Board of Trade re¬ port of 1866. - Manufactures for year 1891. - Minneapolis Board of trade. - Business Men's Union. - West Minneapolis. - Growth. - Changes with time.

Chapter Xxi

Town plat and survey' in 1855. - Real estate valuations in 1891. - Pioneer real estate dealers. - Prices of lots in 1855. - History of a double lot. - Prices of 1857. - War period. - Revival after war. Real estate boom. - Present condition. - List of real estate dealers. - Real Estate Fixchang-e. - Insurance. - Minnesota Farmers' Mutual Insurance Association. - Syndicate Insurance Company'. - Life Insurance Com¬ panies. - New York Life Insurance Company''s building. - Fire insurance premi¬ ums and losses. - Architecture.

Chapter Xxii

Marvelous development. - Favorable conditions. - Water power. - Geographical position. - Good farming lands. - Water courses. - Pine timber. - Equality with store in Minneapolis established in 18.73. - Merchants up to 18.14.- Traders in St. Anthony in 18.14. - Stores in 1857. - Daily mail established. - Prominent business men in 1851.-- Jobbing Trar/e. - None prior to 1870. --St. Paul the wholesale center. --First wholesale hardwai-e house. First wholesale grocer^' business. Other grocer3' firms. - First wholesale drj' goods house. -Failures. - Agricultural imple¬ ment trade. - Wholesale drug house. - Cigarsand tobacco. Furnishing and decor¬ ations. - Glass. - Paper. - Rubber goods. - Wholesale wines and liquors. Table of wholesale trade from 1876 to 1891. i?efa27 Business. - First traders retired. Their successors. - Some of the prominent tradesmen. - Grain Trade. - Early sources of wheat supply. - Elarly dealers. - Railroad transportation. - FAevators. - Grain trade stimulated bj^ inventions. Table of grain trade from 1876 to 1891. Storage capacity-. - Table of storage distribution.- Storage in the interior. Com¬ parative tables of grain trade of principal American markets. - Transportation facilities. - The earliest Red River carts. -Steamboats on the upper Mississippi river. - Steamboat trade with the lower river. - Possibilities of river transporta¬ tion. - Railroads. - Their policy not uufriendlj'. - The "Soo"line. - Mileage of roads tributarv' to Minneapolis. - Growth of mileage. -Receipts and clearings. - Trade organizations. - Board of trade. - Chamber of Commerce. - Jobbers' Association. - Minneapolis as a a fruit market. - Produce FAchange. - Builders' Exchange. - Bus¬ iness Union.

Chapter Xxi Ii

Police prior to cit}^ charter. - Citj" Marshals of St. Anthon3". - Watch house. - H. H. Brackett chief of police in 1867, with six policemen. - Growth of the force. - Heads of the department. - GreatU^ increased in 1883. - Militar3- titles. - Salaries. - Workhouse. - Police Commissioners. - Ma3'or Ames' opinion of it. - Condition of the service in 1890. - Fire Department. - A liberal polic3^ pursued. - Present force of the department. - FXpiipmeiit. - Fire alarm telegraph. -Water suppU'. Fhigine houses. - Three fire companies formed in 1858. -- Histor3' of earl3' companies. - Millers' Fire Association. - Fire alarm S3'Stem. --- Holly water works S3'Stem. - Fire Department organized. - Dexjartments of east and west sides consolidated. Dates of several fire organizations. - First steamer. - Chief engineers.- Department in 1875. - Disbandment of volunteer department. - Paid department organized. Its strength. - Serious fires. - Mill explosion and fire. - Fires and losses in 1880. .'8ame in 1889 and 1891.

Chapter Xxiv

Original suppU" from river and springs. - Fiarly wells. Drive wells. I^latforni built on river bank. - W. H. Lee interests himself in introducing a i>ublic water supply. - Various propositions. - Direct pressure pumps adopted. Waterworks of 1871. - Wooden mains. - Pump house built. -Jumbo pump. - Pump house on east side. - New pumping station at Shingle Creek. - Water service in 1891. Water bonds. - Financial results. - Springs and artesian welJs. -AnaB'sis of river water.

Chapter Xxv

Citizens of Minneapolis in all the militar3' organizations of the State. - Large pro¬ portion of volunteers to population. - Settlement of issues in the war permanent. - Causes of Rebellion. - Feeling that Union must be maintained. - Geo. Ranise3' ten¬ ders the first troops. - War feeling aroused. - Two Companies of volunteers en¬ rolled in Minneapolis and St. Anthon3'. - Mustered in at Fort Snelling Ajjril 29,1861. - Companies E and D attached to First Regiment. - Reorganized and mustered in for three years. - Ladies present flags and tender banquet. - Ordered to garrison frontier posts. - Company D joins regiment and embarks for the seat of war. - Reaches Washington June 26, 1861. - Bnll Run its first battle. ^ - Losses. - Partici¬ pates in all the battles of the Army of the Potomac. - Charge at Gettysburg. - "No more gallant deed recorded in history." - The remnant participates iti next day's battle. - The flag. - Promotion of regimental officers, - After expiration of term of service, companies A and B of the First Battalion Minnesota Volunteers organized from its members. - Service of the battalion. - Second regiment. - Manj^ of our young men enlisted in it. - Its brilliant services. - Third regiment. - Portions of companies A and I enlisted here. - Its surrender. - Return to the siege of Vicks¬ burg. - Fourth regiment. - Several of our young men enlisted in it, but no organ¬ ized company. - Fifth regiment. - Had no organized company, but several enlisted men. - Three companies sent to the frontier. - Remaining seven companies joined army of the Mississippi. - Companies B and D of the Sixth regiment, companies A and B of the Ninth regiment, and one-half of company K of the Tenth regiment re¬ cruited here. - The Sixth regiment on the frontier and at the South. - -The Eighth regiment had George A. Camp for Major and Dr. J. H. Murphy for surgeon. - The Ninth regiment on the frontier and at the South. - The Tenth regiment in the In¬ dian war and in Missouri and Tennessee. - First compan}^ of Sharpshooters. - Several companies of sharp shooters. - First Battery of Light Artillery. - Second Battery. - Third Battery. - Brackett's Battalion of Cavalr3^ - First Regiment Mounted Rangers. - Hatch's Independent Battalion of Cavalrj^. - Second regiment of cavalry. - Companies F and G of the Eleventh Regiment Minnesota Volunteers enlisted here. - Sent to Tennessee. - -First regiment Heavy Artillery. - Had many veterans from here. - Sent to Chattanooga. - Captain Anson Northrup's company of volunteer cavalr3^ for the relief of Fort Ridgley. - Patriotism of the ladies. - Minneapolis contributed more than her quota. - Represented in ever3'' Union army and every battlefield. - Her dead. - Veterans. - Minneapolis donates the site of the Soldiers' Home. - The National Guard. - Minneapolis Light Infantry. - Zouaves. - Companies A, B and I. - Armor3'. - Promotions. - Narrative of Captain Anson Northrup's company of mounted volunteers.

Chapter Xxvi

Minneapolis a child of good fortune. - Favored in the character of her citizens. - Pioneers brought with them the ripe fruits of tried social S3'^stems. - They estab lished education and religion and a self-sacrificing spirit of devotion to the public good. - The Villard reception. - Agricultural interests depressed. - Dullness of trade. - Profusion of harvest of 1891. - Its stimulating effect. - An unknown voice.

- An inspiration. - Festival designed for Northwest. - Limited time for prepara¬ tion threw the burden on Minneapolis alone. - Labor of committees. - September 22d. - City robed and decked as if by the hand of enchantment. - Religious ser¬ vices. - The pageant. - Minneapolis Tribune's description. - The Exposition Build¬ ing. - Rlvalr3'^ between St. Paul and Minneapolis as to places of holding fairs. - Negotiations for fair grounds in neutral territory. - Superceded b3^ proposition to devote the Ramsey county poor farm for fair grounds. - Denunciations of the Tribune. - Proposal to construct a permanent exposition building. - Public enthu. siasm. - $300,000 raised for the purpose. - Building completed in 121 working days.

- Reptiblican national convention of 1892 held in the Exposition building. - Trib¬ ute to Alden J. Blethen, George A. Brackett and William Henry Eustis. - Enconium upon the women of the city.

Chapter Xxvii

Medical histor3'' of city begins 1850. - Arrival of Dr. J. H. Murphy. - Of Dr. A. E. Ames. - Life of the pioneer physician. - Extent of the ride. - Versatility of the first practitioners. - Accessions in 1851. - Formation of first Medical Society. - Sec- ond period from 1860 to 1880. ~ Discotira<^enients. Health fulness of climate. Kntio of deaths to population. Accessions to the profession - Individual sketches. .S7. Bnruuhiis Hospital. Its history. - Free Dispensary. - f'/iw/icsohi College Hospi¬ tal. - Northfvesteni Hospital foe Wouieii. - St. Mary's Hospital. - St. /inthotiy's Hospital. - City Hospital. - Ashiiry Methodist Hospital. - Norti ojriaa Liithvrait Deaconess Institute. - Rebecca M. Harrison Deaconess Home. - Hennepin County Medical Society, - hxsi of officers. - Society of Physicians and Surgeons.

Minnesota Academy of Medicine. - Minneapolis College of Physicians and Surgeons. - Depnrtnient of Medicine in the University of Minneso'.a. - Commodi¬ ous buildings on the campus. - Kegistration. - Faculty. Board of Health. Cli¬ mate bracing and health-giying. - Absence of malaria. - Increase in iiopulation brings unsanitarj^ conditions. - Indebtedness to labors of ph^'sicians. Health ofticers. - Fipidemics. - Reorganization of Health Department. Increase in num¬ ber of practitioners. - Specialists. - Railway surger5^ Feeling of fraternit}'. - Now accessions. - Notable practitioners.- Women phjsicians.

Homeopathy in Minneapolis. - False idea of the system. - No reference to the size of doses. - Hippocrates gives examples of homeopathic cures. Fundamental maxim recognized by philosophers and jioets. Hahnemann. His e.xperinients.

- Formulates a system. - Gradual spread of his S3'stem. - Colleges, journals and ])raclil ioners in America. - In Minneapolis. - Services of Dr. Dausman. -- Dr. I'enninuin. - His successful practice. - Minnesota State Medical Institute. Dr. I', i'l. Hatch. - listablishes the Minneapolis Flomeopathic Medical College. - Dr. W. H. Ivconard. - Drs. Huntington and Goodwin. -Obstacles overcome. Philanthropic practice. - Deaths. - S^^stem numbers tift^^ pvnefUioners. -- Hah ncnian Me<iiral Societj' of Minneapolis.- - Schedule of fees. - Ofticers. - Penniman Homeopathic Hospital. - Homeopathic Hospital of Minneapolis. Histor}'. i'ledical and Sur¬ gical staff. - Homeoj)athic Medical Ho.sjtital. - Clinical Societj'. - i'actiltj- of Col¬ lege. - Medical departnieJit of State Lhiiversity. - College Homeopat hie Medicine and N//rgeo'. Facidty. - Free dispensary. - IFo/iiC/J 's Homeopat hie Society. - IMetlical journals.

Chaptkr Xxviii

Advancement. - Kvolution from a branch of mechanics to a learned profession. - Attainments of Minneapolis practitioners. - Minneapolis Dental .Societj'. - .Slate Dental Association. - College of Dentistry of .State Universitj'. - Protection from incompetent practitioners. - Facultj' of College of Dentistrj'.- Facultj' ami in¬ struction in Department of Dentistrj' in State Universitj'. - First dentist in Minne¬ sota. First in St. Anthony. - Dr. Kirby .Spencer. - His eccentricity. - He<piesl to the Atlueneum. - Inventions and improvements. - Names of some i)t actitioners.

lakeieood. - Its suggestion bj'Col. King. - Association formed in 1871. - First trus¬ tees and officers. - Cost of lands $21, OCO. - No monej'-making scheme. All receii)ts used in improving grounds. - Perpetual funds. Park plan of laj'ing out grounds.

victims of mill explosion. - Notable monuments. Statuarj' - Plainness of Ouaker portion. Lots of Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities. Resting place of nianj' old settlers. - Minneapolis (Layman's) Cemetery. - I.and pre-empted in I8.)3. First used for burial in 18.75. - -Half acre laitl out in 1859. - Ten aeres ])latled in 1S6().

- Another ten acres in 1871. -Seven acres more in 1886. - - Sj'stem of records. Cath¬ olics and soldiers. - The Nichols family. -Layman monument. Dr. Kirbv Spen¬ cer. Maple Hill. - First burial place in St. Anthonj'. Ten acres platted in 18, >7.

A private cenicter}". - Subject of much contention. - Removals. - i^obably will be discontinued. - ///7/s/(7e.- Incorporated in 1890. - Comprises eighty acres. - Di¬ versified surface. - Laid out on the park plan. - Chapel. - Vault. - Drainage. - Line of vision. - Officers. - Crystal Lake Cemetery. - Location. - Diversified surface. - Plan of grounds. - Officers. - Friends' Cemetery. - Karlj^ locations. - Abandoned.

- Grounds a gift of Pierre Boottineau. - Exchanged for ten acres at Central and Twenty-eighth Avenue N. E. - Monuments. - St. Mar3"'s. - Location on Chicago Avenue. - Description of ground. - Improvements. - Moritfiore Cemetery. - Under care of Hebrew Reform Church. -Situated Third Avenueand Twent3'-second street. Tlie Adath Yeshuran Association of Jewish Orthodox Church have a place of bur¬ ial a half mile west of Lake Harriet. - O. B. A. Cemetery Association.

Chapter Xxx

Social instincts lead to formation of societies. - Groups. - Interfei e with general societ3^ - Masonry. - Cataract Lodge the earliest. - Other organizations. - 0>ld Fellowship. - Lodges. - Knights of Pythias. - Aztecs. - Foresters. - United Work¬ men. - Good Templars. - Modern Woodmen of America. - National Union. - Pa tr iarchial Circle. - Sons of America. - Royal Arcanum. - Sexennial League. - Sons of Herman. "Druids. - E. A. W. - Grand Army of the Republic. - Sons of Veterans. Women's Relief Corps. - Religious Associations. - Congregational Club. - Ihesb3'terian Alliance. - Young Men's Christian Association. - Young Women's Chris¬ tian Association. - Baptist Pinion. - Central Prohibition Club. - - Women's Christian Temperance Union. - Hennepin County Bible Society. - Sunday School Associa¬ tion. - Methodist Episcopal Missionary and Church Extension Societ3\ - Methodist Preachers' Meeting. - Methodist Christian Science Association. - City Missionary Societ3\ - Woman's Christian Temperance Association. - Woman's Christian Asso¬ ciation. - Roman Catholic Benevolent Societies. - Labor organizations. - Woman's Council. - Associated Charities. - Academy of Natural Sciences. - Lfnion League. - Minneapolis Club. - Single Tax League. - Press Club. - National and State socie¬ ties. - Various clubs and societies. - Musical societies. - Minneapolis Society of Art. - Lurline Boat Club. - Minnesota Yacht Club. - Long Meadow Gun Club. - North Star Gun Club. - Minneapolis Gun Club. - Rifle Club. - Driving Club. - Ath¬ letic organizations. - Grand Army of the Republic. - Plan of organization. - Non¬ political. - Earl3' political contest a success. - Effect bad. - Different Posts and Officers.

Earl3^ unfavorable opinions. - Minneapolis the largest and best fruit market in the country. - Causes. - Early tree planting. - Doctor Ames' greenhouse. - Nurseries. - H ennepin County Agricultural Society. - Horticultural Societ3^ - Winter exhibi¬ tions. - Rose fete at Villa Rosa. - Parks. - Fruits and flowers a great industr3\ - Lakewood.

Discovery

Within half a centnry after the dis¬ covery of America the flag of Spain was planted on the banks of the Mississippi River, and a little more than that period after the landing of the Pilgrims at Ply¬ mouth rock the cross and the arms of France were engraved on an oak tree growing by the brink of the Falls of St. Anthony.

The honor of the first named achieve¬ ment is ascribed to Ferdinand de Soto, who, commissioned by Charles V., de¬ barked at a landing on the coast of Florida, and, pushing his wa3" through oozing swamps and tangled forests in pursuit of gold and glor\', arrived on the 15th of April, 1541, on the bank of the great river, not far from the thirtv-fifth ])arallel of latitude.

To Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan priest, belongs the honor of the discover^' of the Falls of St. Anthoii}'. Hav¬ ing joined an expedition under Robert Cavalier de la Salle, who was commis¬ sioned by the French king to explore the Mississippi, and trade in furs, Hennepin was dispatched at Lake Peoria to exjjlore the Upper Mississippi, and, accom¬ panied 1)3" Du Gay and Alichael d'- Accault as oarsmen, ascended the river to a point now called Pig's Eve, whence abandoning the river, he followed the Indian trail to the Mille Lac region, and on his return in the latter part of July, or the first part of August, 1680, pitched his camp on the site of the i)resent citv of Minneapolis, and, first of Europeans, looked upon the "curling waters'' and christened them St. Anthon3', after the chosen patron saint of the expedition.

The onl3" words of Henne])in descrij)- tive of the appearance of the Falls occur in an account of the sacrifice bv one of his Indians of a rich-dressed beaver robe to the Si)irit of the Falls, which is, he says, "admirable and frightftl."

La Salle, however, in a letter to Paris, gives the following description, based no doubt on the rehitions of Hennepin and his associates in the ex])edition :

It is thirty or forty feet hi!>;h, and the river is narrower here tlian elsewhere. There is a small island in the midst of the chute, and the two hanks of the river are not bordered by high hills, which gradua]l3' diminish up to this point, but the countr3' on each side is covered with light timber, such as oaks and other hard woods scattered wide apart.

It is to be regretted that Hennepin made no sketch of the Falls which he had discovered and named. It would be interesting to look upon the Falls in its primeval condition. Manj^ years ago Monsieur A. L. Loemans, an artist who had taken up his residence at the Falls of St. Anthony, and who had familiar¬ ized himself with the traditions of the

Indian villages around Mille Lacs, which he named Lake Buade, and with an in¬ terpreter, the following year discovered the St. Croix River and joined Hennepin, who was accompanying a hunting party of Indians on the Mississippi.

Twenty years earlier, two Fi'ench Canadians known as Sieurs Grosellier and Radisson, traversing the country in pursuit of furs, had penetrated the north¬ easterly limits of Minnesota, and passed the winter of 1659 -(50 among the Sioux villages in the Mille Lacs region.

St. Anthony Falls At The Time Of Discovery

discoverer and early explorers, painted an elegant picture of the Falls, partly real and partly ideal, which now adorns the residence of Col. W. S. King. An engraving of this painting is here given, representing as near as is now possible to obtain the original appearance of the Falls.

After the discovery of the Falls and the visit of Du Luth there is no record of its having been visited by any Euro¬ pean for eight3"-six years. It is not im¬ probable that in the meantime some voyageurs or coureurs des bois, in pur¬ suit of peltries, may have passed the spot, but if so, they have left no record.

Exploring The North West

some thirty miles west of the Falls of St. Anthon3\ While conducting a partly of explorers through the big woods in the spring of 1855, an ancient build¬ ing of huge oak logs was found in the dense forest. It was two stories high, without doors or windows, the onh' entrance being at the top. In the neigh¬ borhood of the strange structure was found, embedded in a maple tree, a pistol of French fabrication, the tree showing bj" its concentric circles an age of one hundred and fift}' 3'ears.

In 1766, Capt. Jonathan Carver, a native of Connecticut, conceived the pro¬ ject of exploring the Northwest. Arriv¬ ing at Mackinaw he proceeded to Green Ba\", and thence to the Mississippi in the vicinit}' of Prairie du Chien. Here embarking in a canoe with a Canadian voyageur and a Alohawk Indian, he ascended the river, and on the 17th of November arrived at the Falls, which he thus describes ;

In the middle of the Falls stands a small island about fort3' feet broad and somewhat longer, on which grew a few cragged hemlock and spruce trees; and about half way between this island and the eastern shore is a rock lying at the very edge of the Falls in an obliciue position, that ap¬ peared to be about five or si.v feet broad and thirtv or forty long. At a little distance below the Falls stands a small island of about an aci'e and a half, on which grew quite a number of trees.

The countr}' around there is exceedingly beauti¬ ful. It is not an uninterrupted j)lain, where the e3'e finds no relief, but composed of many gentle ascents, which in the summer are covered with the finest verdure, and interspersed with little groves that give a pleasing variety to the |)rospect. On the whole, when the Falls are included, which maj' be seen at a distance of four mile.®, a more pleasing and picturesque view, I believe, eannot be found throughout the universe.

Minneapolis, has not felt his heart throb as he viewed this glowing scene! All has now changed. The oaks have dis¬ appeared, streets and stiuares of a great city have rejtlaced the graceful undula¬ tions, and the Falls, protected by artifi¬ cial structure and its waters turned on to the wheels of industry', have ceased to be an attractive feature.

Carver published a volume descrip¬ tive of his travels and adventures in 1778, in London, in which appears the first engraved sketch of St. Anthony' Falls, yvhich is here presented.

Carver had on the 1st of Alay', 1767, secured a deed from Hawnopawjatin and Otohtongoomlisheayy', representing themselves as chiefs of the Naudowessies, of the whole of a certain tract of land bounded as follows, viz : From the Falls of St. Anthony' running on the east bank of the Mississippi River nearly' southeast as far as Lake Pepin, where the Chip])ewa joins the Mississippi, and from thence eastyvard five day-s' travel, accounting tyventy English miles per day-, and from thence again to the Falls of St. .4nthony' on a direct straight line. Early in the present century- persons claiming to rejn'csent the heirs of Car¬ ver and his yvife asserted claims to the grant, yvhich became the subject of iny-estigation by Congress. The Sioux disclaimed any- knoyvledge of the alleged chiefs yy-ho signed the deed, and it had been oljtaincd in violation of a procla¬ mation from the British authorities, yvhich forbade all private persons to purchase land from the Indians. The claim yy-as therefore rejected.

After an interval of thirty-nine y-ears, during yvhich the sovereignU' of the re¬ gion noyv composing the State of Min¬ nesota, i)assed to the Fnited States, the Falls of St. Anthony- yvas again visited by ZelAdon M. Pike, a lieutenant of the United States army, under orders from the military authority of the govern¬ ment to expel the traders who were vio¬ lating the laws, and make alliances with the native tribes. Arriving at the head of the rapids on the 2Gth of September, 1805, he was engaged until the SOtli in the arduous work of transferring his boats with their cargoes around the Falls. Wearied with this labor, and with the eye of an engineer, he only notes :

In the mcantiine I took a sm-ve\' of the Falls, portage, etc. If it be possible to pass the I'alls at high water, of which I am doubtful, it must be on the east side, about thirty yards from shore, as there are three ledges of rock, one below the other. The pitch off of either is not more than five feet, but of this I can say more on my return.

Twelve years later Maj. Stephen H. Long, of the engineer corps of the ITnited States army ascended the Mississippi River from Prairie du Chien to the Falls of St. Anthony, accompanied b\' a gen¬ tleman from Connecticut, two grand¬ sons of the explorer, Carver, a half-breed interpreter, and seven soldiers; the party' embarked in a six-oared boat and a bark canoe, and arrived at the Falls on the evening of July 16, 1817, encamping on the east shore, just below the cataract. His graphic description of the region and of the Falls, as recorded in his jour¬ nal, is as follows :

The place where we encamped last night needs no embellishment to render it romantic in the highest degree. The banks on both sides of the river are one hundred feet high, decorated with trees and shrubber}- of various kinds. The post oak, hickory, walnut, linden, sugar tree, white birch, and the American bo.x; also various ever¬ greens, such as the p'ne, cedar, juniper, etc., added their embe'lishmentsto the lovely scene. Amongst the shrubbery were the prickly ash, palm and cherry tree, the gooseberry, the black and red raspberry, the choke berr\', grape vine, etc. There are also various kinds of herbage and flowers, among which are the wild parsle\', rue, spikenard, etc., red and white roses, morning glory, and vari¬ ous other handsome flowers. A few rads before us was a beautiful cascade of fine spring water, pouring down from a projecting ]jrcciijicc about one hundred feet high. On our left was the Mississii)pi hurrying through its channel with great velocity, and about threc-(piarters of a mile above us, in plain view, was the majestic cataract of the Falls ot St. Anthony. The murmuring of the cascade, the roaring of the river, and the thun¬ der of the cataract, all contributed to render the scene the most interesting and magnificent of any I ever before witnessed.

The perpendicular fall of the cataract was stared b\- Mr. Pike, in his journal, at sixteen and one-half feet, which proved to be true by actual measurement. To this height, however, four or five feet may be added for the rapid descent w'hieh immediately succeeds to the perpendicular fall within a few yards below. Immediately at the cataract the view is divided into two parts by an island, which extends considerably above and be¬ low the cataract, and is about 500 yards long. The channel on the right side of the island is about three times the width of that on the left. The (juantity of water passing through there, is not, however, in the same proportion, as about onethird of the whole passes through the left channel. In the broadest channel, just below the cataract, is a small island also, about fifty yards in length and thirty' in breadth. Both of these islands con¬ tain the same kind of rocky foundation as the banks of the river, and are nearly as high. Be¬ sides these there are, immediately at the foot of the cataract, two islands of very inconsiderable size, situated in the right channel also. The rapids commence several hundred \'ards above the cata¬ ract and continue about eight miles below. The fall of the water beginning at the head of the rapids and extending two lumslred and sixty rods down the river is, according to Pike, fifty-eight feet. On the east, or rather north, side of the river at the Falls, are high grounds at the distance of half a mile from the river, considerably more elevated than the bluffs and of a hilh' aspect.

Our Indian companion, "the Shooter from the Pine Tree," related a stor3' while he was with us, the catastrophe of which his motlur witnessed w'ith her own e\'es. A voung Indian of the Sioux nation had espoused a wife, .\u pc-ta-su-pa-win by name, with whom he had lived happih' for a few 3'cars. To crown the felicit}' of the hai)p3' couple, they had been blessed with two lovelv children, on whom the^' doted with the utmost affection. Dur¬ ing this time the j'oung man b_v dint of activitj' and perseverance signalized himself in an eminent degree as a hunter, having met with unrivalled success in the chase. This circumstance contribut¬ ed to raise him high in the estimation of his fellow savages, and draw a crowd of admirers about him, which operated as a spur to his ambition. At length some of his newly accpiired friends, de¬ sirous of forming a connection that must operate greatly to their advantage, suggested the proprietr^ of his taking another wife, as it would be impossible for one woman to manage his house¬ hold affairs and wait upon all the guests his rising importance would call to visit him; that his con¬ sequence to the nation was evei-3'where known and acknowledged, and that in all probabilitv he would soon be called upon to preside as their chief.

His vanit}' was fired at the thought; he jfielded an easy compliance with their solicitations, and accepted a wife ther^ had already selected for him. After his second marriage it became an object with him to take his new wife home, and reconcile his first wife to the match, which he was desirous of accomplishing in the most delicate manner that circumstances would admit. For this purpose he returned to his first wife, who was r'et ignorant of what had taken place, and by' dissimulation at¬ tempted to beguile her into an approbation of the step he had taken. ***** * *

She listened to his narrative with the utmost anxiety and concern, and endeavored to reclaim him from his purpose, r-efuting all the reasons and pretenses his duplicity' had urged in favor of it by unanswerable arguments, the suggestion of unaf¬ fected love and conjugal affection.

He left her, however, to meditate upon the sub¬ ject, in hopes that she would at length give over her objections and consent to his wishes. She in the meantime redoubled her industry', and treated him invariably with more marked tenderness than she had done before, resolved to tiw every' means in her power to dissuade him from the execution of his purpose. She still, however, found him bent upon it. She pleaded all the endearments of their former life, the regard he had for the happiness of herself and the offspring of their mutual love, to prevail on him to relinquish the idea of taking an. other wife; she warned him of the fatal conse¬ quences that w'ould result to their family' upon his taking such a step, till at length he w as induced to communicate the event of his marriage. He then told her that a compliance on her part would be necessary ; that if she could not receive his new wife as a friend and companion, she must admit her as a necessary ineumbrance ; at all events they' must live together. She was determined, however not to remain the passive dujoe of his hypocrisy.

She took her tw'O children, left his home, and went to reside with her parents. Soon after her return to her father's family' she joined them and others of her friends in an expedition up the Alississippi River, to spend the winter in hunting. In the sin'ing as they were returning laden with peltries, she and her children occupied a canoe by' them¬ selves. Arriving at the Falls of St. Anthony' she lingered by the w ly' until the rest had all landed a little above the chute. She then painted herself and children, paddkd her canoe immediately into the suck of the rap'ds, and commenced singing her death song, in w'hich she recounted the happy' scenes she had passed through when she enjoy'ed the undivided affection of her husband, and the wretchedness in w'hich she w'as involved by his inconsistancy. Her friends, alarmed at the situa¬ tion, ran to the shore and begged her to paddle out of the cui'rent, while her parents, in the agonies of despair, rending their elothes and tear¬ ing out their hair, besought her to come to their arms, but all to no purpose; her wretchedness W'as complete, and must terminate only with her existence. She continued her course until she was borne headlong dow'n the roaring cataract and instantly dashed to pieces on the rocks below. No trace either of herself and children, or of the boat were ever found afterwards. Her brothers, to be avenged at the untimely fate of their sister, em¬ braced the first opportunity and killed her hus¬ band, whom they considered the cause of her death, a custom sanctioned by the usages of the Indians from time immemorial.

Col. Josiah Snelling, in his "Tales of the Northwest" relates the legend of Weenokhenehok Wandeeteekah, whieh is similar in its subject and catastrophe.

From the iiosition occupied by the Falls at the time of their first descrip¬ tion, in 1680, they have receded over 1,000 feet, occasioned by the undermin¬ ing of the sand rock which underlies the limestone forming the bed of the river at this point, allowing the latter to break into fragments and fall into the chasm below. From data obtained by careful examination of the geological facts, it is considered that the Falls were once lo-

Gated at or below the site of Fort Snellin^', and tliat the reeessioii liaseontimied sinee the close of the latest glacial ei)och. The period of this recession has been computed by Prof. Winchell, of the State (Geological Survey, to have been about 7,800 years. The same eminent author¬ ity has found satisfactorv evidence that the ancient cliannel of the jMississipi)i River diverged from its jtresent course near the mouth of Ilassett's Creek, and jtassing by way of Lakes Calhoun and Harriet, joined the channel of the Min¬ nesota River above I'ort Snelling. It was filled uj) by the moraine of the gla¬ cial period, when the waters extended from the bluffs west of Lake Calhoun to those east of the Mississi])])!, and overflowing below Fort Snelling, eommenced the erosion of the ])resent chan¬ nel of the river at that point.

I'ollowing the visit of Major Long, two years later, the arrival of the exi)edition to construct a military ])ost in¬ troduces the era of settlement, which will be resumed in £i subsequent ehai)tcr.

Indian Occupation And Wars

In pre-historic times the Mound Build¬ ers oeeupied the whole valley of the Mis¬ sissippi. Their struetures of earth, often of great magnitude, and wrought into fantastie forms, now reduced almost to the level of the surrounding country, overgrown with ancient trees, remain¬ ing upon the banks of rivers and lakes, alone attest the presence and wide dif¬ fusion of this ancient people. Who they were, when the}' lived, whence they came are problems to be studied, and perhaps in due time solved by the antiquary.

The aborigines inhabiting the portion of the country surrounding Minneapolis, at the advent of the white race, belonged to the Ihonktonwan or Yankton branch of the Dahkotah nation. The nation, composed of several distinct divisions, ranged from the remotest north between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, as far south as Arkansas. They occupied the country easterly of the Alississippi as far as the Mille Lacs region. Dah¬ kotah, the name by which they denom¬ inate their nation, signifies "league."

.\long the shores of Lake Superior the early voyageurs came in contact with the Ojibways, who called their western neighbors Nadowaysioux, or, according to the etymology of Henne¬ pin, Nadoesioux, signifying enemies. By abbreviation the traders were wont to speak of them as Sioux, whence the name has come into popular use, as designating this ancient and numerous people.

The Sioux and Ojibways were tradi¬ tional enemies, and lost no opportunity to wreak vengeance upon one another. Wherever they met blood flowed, and the braves of either nation wore no prouder trophies than the scalp locks of the other.

A single battle between the hostile braves, which took place in 1839, near the site of the present city of Alinneapo- Hs, an illustration of the conflicts which were continually occurring, is thus de¬ scribed by Dr. Neill, who took the ac¬ count from Rev. G. H. Pond, a witness of the occurrence descriljed :

Their old enemies, the Chippewas, were en¬ camped in strong force further north, on the Rum River, near where Anoka now stands. The dis¬ tance between the camps was about twenty-five miles. A party of Chi])pewas, skulking in the vicinit}^ of the Sioux village at Lake Harriet, en¬ countered Ru-]ia ka-ma-za, son of the chief and nephew of Red Bird, killed and scalped him, and made good their retreat. The murderous act w;is

£it once reporLcd at the village, and the Sioux Ijlood was roused to white heat for retaliation. Suniinoning their allies from neighboring villages the_v met for a final council on the east bank of the Mississipi)!, just above Nicollet Island. They there went through their Indian mummery, and before nightfall, set out, four hundred strong, to make a night march, and fall on their enemies at dawn. The exi)cdition was successful. The3' surprised and defeated a body of Chippewas superior to them in number of warriors. The Sioux, however, hist heavily, and Red Bird and his son were among the slain. One squaw is reported to have attended the march of the avengers, to wreak on the enemy vengeance for the death of her husband. Thev returned to the village about night the da_v of the battle. Seventy scaljis were dispkiyed on the pole in the center of the village. Night after night they I'cpeated their scalp danee. Mr. Pond described their orgies as the most heathenish and demoni¬ acal ceremonies. Thev made night hideous for the few white settlers.

A continual state of war existed from the earliest period during which thew have been observed by the white man, between the Ojibway and Sioux nations. It was not conducted by eampaigns, but by forays into the territory of each other, as oeeasion or vengeanee dictated. A midnight march, surprise, slaughter, burning, and retreat, with scalps of slain foes as trophies. The advantage rested sometimes with one jiarty and again with the other, but the Sioux gradually vielded their possessions on the east of the Mississippi, until that river became the dividing line between the territory occupied b\' each.

A notable instance of savage ven¬ geanee oeeun-ed at Fort Snelling, which has been graijhieally descril)ed by Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve, who was an eye witness of the scene, and whieh we give in her own words :

In the month of June, IS27, the iirineipal men of the two nations (Sioux and ChiiipewasI had met at the Indian Agenc}-, and in the presence of Major Taliaferro, their "tVhite Father," had made a solemn treaty of peace. In the evening at the wigwam of the Chiiijiewa chief flaw had ratified their treaty by smoking the pijie of peace together, and then before the smoke of the emblematic pipe had cleared awa\-, the treacherous Sioux had gone out, and deliberately fired into the wigwam, kill¬ ing and wounding several of the unsuspecting in¬ mates. The Chippewas of course returned the lire, and with their wounded sought refuge and proteetion within the walls of the Fort. They were kindlv eared for, and the wounded were tenderly nursed in our hospital.

Meanwhile, our prompt and ellicient Colonel demanded of the Sioux the murderers, and in a few daj-s a bodv- of Sioux were seen approaehing, as we supposed, to deliver up the criminals. Two companies of soldiers were sent to meet them, and receive the murderers at their hands. Strange to say, although thev had the men, they refused to give them iqi, when our interpreter stejiiied out from among the soldiers, and said; "If you do not \-ield up these men i)eaeeabl\', then, as many leaves as there are on the trees, as many blades of grass as you see beneath your feet, so many white men will come upon von, burn your villages and destrov \'our nation." .\ few moments of consid¬ eration, a few hurried words of consultation, and the guiltv men were handed over to our troojis. The tribe followed as they were taken into the Fort, and making a small fire within the walls, the condemned men marehed round and round it, singing their death songs, and then were given iq) to be placed in irons, and held in custodv until time should determine how main' lives should pay the forfeit; for it is well known that Indian re¬ venge is literallv a life for a life, and the Colonel had decided to give them into the hands of the injured tribe to be punished according to their own customs.

The da\' is bcautifid; over vonder by the grave yard in that crowd of men and women, are gathered together the Chippewas, old and young, men, women and children, who have come out to witness or take jiart in this act of retributive jnstiee. * There are blue coats too; and borne on the shoulders of his j-oung men we see the form of the wounded dying chief, regarding all with calm sat¬ isfaction, and no doubt happ\' in tjie thought that his death, now so near, will not go unavenged.

.\nd there stand the young braves who have been selected as the executioners; their rifles are loaded, the locks carefully examined, and all is ready when the word shall be given. There, too,

History Of Minneapolis

Away off, I cannot tell how manv^ rods, but it seemed to us children a long run, are stationed the Sioux tribe ; and that is the goal for whieh the wretched men must run for their lives. And now all seems ready; the balls and chains are knocked off, and the captives are set free. At a word, one of them starts; the rifles, with unerring aim are fired, and under cover of the smoke a man falls dead. They reload ; the word is given and an¬ other starts, with a bounce for home ; but oh ! the aim of these clear sighted blood thirstr' men is too deadly; and sooneafter another, till four aredown.

And then the last, " Little Six," whom, at a dis¬ tance we children readily recognize from his com¬ manding height and gracefid form. He is our friend, and we hope he will get home. He starts; they fire; the smoke clears awa3', and still he is running. We clap our hands and say, "He will get home;" but another vollev and our favorite, almost at the goal, springs into the air and comes down - dead. I cover mj' face, and shed tears of real sorrow for our friend.

And now follows a scene that beggars descrip¬ tion. The bodies, all warm and limp, are dragged to the brow of the hill. Men who at the sight of blood become fiends, tear off the scalps, and hand them to the chief, who hangs them around his neek. Women and children with tomahawks and knives cut deep gashes in the poor dead bodies, and scooping up the hot blood with their hands, eagerlv drink it. Then grown frantic, thev^ dance and yell, and singtheir horrid scalp songs, recount¬ ing deeds of valor on the part of these brave men, and telling of the Sioux scalps taken informer bat¬ tles, until, at last, tired, and satiated with their ghoul-like feast, they leave the mutilated bodies festering in the sun. At night fall they are thrown over the bluff into the river.

The next da\' the chief sat up in bed, painted himself for death, sung his death song, and, with these five fresh, blood\' scalps around his neck, lav down and died calmly and peacefully', in the com¬ fortable hope, no doubt, of a welcome in the " happy hunting grounds," prepared b\' the "Good Spirit" for all those Indians who are faithful to their friends, and avenge themselves upon their foes.

As the country became settled, the Sioux retired to the West, until rallying in 1862 for a last struggle for their an¬ cient hunting grounds, they suddenly broke into fierce mutintL and carried fire and slaughter to the settlers on the western frontier, ini the massacre of that \'ear. Subdued and captured by the energy of the militaiw authorities, thirty-eight of the leaders, who were convicted of the crime of murder by positive evidence, were hung upon one scaffold at Mankato, and the residue were transported to a reservation be¬ yond the Missouri.

To the Chippewas of Minnesota, I'eservations were assigned at Mille Lacs, White Earth, and Red Lake, into which these triljes wei'e gathered, and thus ended the Indian occupation.

Advent Of Tiif White Max

At the beginning of the present eentnrv the only white persons in all the vast region eom posing the State of Minnesota and the country above were those engaged in the fur trade. Of such there were in the employ- of the North¬ west Fur Company, eight hundred and twenty-eight persons, clerks, interpre¬ ters, and canoe men, many of these being of mixed blood. In 1826 there were onh' ten licensed traders among the Dahkotah tribes. One of the sta¬ tions was at the mouth of the Minne¬ sota, one at the Falls of the St. Croix, and one at Crow Island.

The traders did not engage in agri¬ culture. Their stations were little more than a store and warehouse; the den¬ izens, clerks ami interjireters. To these the voyageurs who made long excur¬ sions through the water courses, or the couriers des bois who followed trails in¬ to the remotest i)arts, brought the furs which they obtained from the Indians or had themselves procured in their camps and winter stations, whence they were taken at long intervals in canoes and boats to Montreal and Quebec.

seems an improYcmcnt on the Indian and the white. B3' it the mnscnlar strength of the one, £uid the easy grace and power of endurance of tiie other, are blended. They are the oflspring of inter-marriages of the white traders, and their subordinates, with Indian women. Food boat¬ men, expert hunters, and inimitable horsemen, as theA- all are, they are sometimes engaged in the service of the actual Indian traders; but more frequently subsist by fishing, traijping, and hunt¬ ing the buffalo. It is impossible to ascertain their number, so widely are they scattered, but prob¬ ably it amounts to four or five thousand. Each speaks French, and the language of his mother, or to define more accurateh', of his mother's trihe. They receive just enough religioqs instruction from their fathers to despise the belief and superstitious of their savage kindred, but are as ignorant of Christianity as Hottentots. In manners and mor.ils the\' are on a imr with the Indians.

Resides the Indians and half-breeds (bois brule) there are other inhabitants ol the jirairies. Can¬ adians, reluctant to labor, and unwilling to return to places where the restraints of law and religion are in force; or perhaps retained in the country by Indian connections, mix with the half-breeds and live the same life. When hired b\' the traders, they are termed engages; when out of employment they call themselves " les gens libres," or free men. It would seem from the number of these last that ten civilized men degenerate into barbarism, where one savage is reclaimed from it.

The advent of the white man dates from the arrival of Colonel Leavenworth with two eom])anies of the I'itth Regi¬ ment of United States Infantry, on the 2-4-th of August, 1819, to establish a military ])ost a L the month of the Min- nesota River. Tlie expedition, consisting of ninet\'-eight officers and men, ascend¬ ed the river from Prairie dn Chien with a barge, fourteen batteaux, two Mac¬ kinaw l)oats and one keel lioat, and landing at Mendota, made a clearing and camp. On the following Saturda3', Colonel Leavenworth, with a small ])art3^, visited the Falls of St. Anthonv, making the trip in the keel boat.

b\' the labor of the soldiers, the barracks and other buildings of the post were so far constructed that thev were occupied in 1821. The new post was named Fort St. Anthonv, but three vears later, at the suggestion of Gen. Winfield Scott, who had paid it an official visit, the ina])proprijite name was changed to Snelling, by which it has ever since been known.

The Old Goverx.Mext Mill I.X 1.S21

batteaux, of one hundred twentv re¬ cruits. On the opening of the following season, the camp was moved across the Minnesota River to the site of the i)resent Fort. In July, Josiah Snelling, who liad been appointed Colonel of the Fifth Regiment, arrived and took command. He at once set about preparations for building a permanent post. Logs were obtained from the Rum River, and with these and rocks quarried near the spot.

Lieutenant Pike, on the 23d September, 1805, and extended from the mouth of the Minnesota, up the Alississipin, to include the Falls of St. Anthou}', and embracing nine miles on each side of the river.

The same 3'ear that the post was occupied, a saw mill was built at the Falls of St. Anthony- for the use of the ])ost,and under the supervision of one of the lieutenants. It was on the west bank of the river, a few rods below the brink of tlie Falls. Water was earned to it through a wooden flume. This was the first edifiee erected on the site of Minneai)olis. Two years later the saw mill was fitted up for grinding flour. The mill, together with a small house built fV)r a residence for the miller remained, and with additions and repairs was used until after the canal of the Minne¬ apolis Alill Company was constructed, and its site was recpiired for one of the large flouring mills of which it was the ])recursor.

Soon after the occupation of the Fort, Lieutenant Camp made an experiment in farming in the vicinity, which was siiccessful, and other emplo^-es of the miliitary post engaged in agriculture in the vicinity, furnishing the grain which made the mill a convenience. A few years afterwards Philander Prescott, the Indian farmer, opened a farm near Lake Calhoun, and subsecpienth' took up land, and built a frame house which is still standing on Minnehaha avenue, above and not far from the creek.

Singularly, the first agricultural set¬ tlers came, not from the east, but from the north. The}' were a colon}' of Swiss, who had been driven from their first lo¬ cation near Hudson's Bay, by a flood, and settled on the military reservation in 1826, and opened farms. One of them engaged extensively in raising cattle. After ten years of occupancy, during which they suffered many annoyances from the military authority, they were driven from their homes under orders from the officers at the Fort, and sought residences elsewhere, some going to Wis¬ consin, and one. Perry by name, taking u]) a new home on the present site of St. Paul.

panied H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian .\gcnt at Sault Ste. Marie, on an expedition to the head waters of the Mississipjji, dur¬ ing which Lake Itasca, the "true head '' of the great river was (Hscovered, and described. On his return he eneam])ed at the Falls of St. Anthony, which he thus mentions in his journal :

Our government here have a saw mill anti grist mill on the west bank of the Mississippi, and also have a large farm. The soldiers are here cutting hay. For beauty, the eountr}' around exceeds all I can sa3'. These Falls are an interesting object to look at, but there is nothing about them that fills one with awe, as do the Falls of Niagara. The stream is divided in .about its centre bj' a IdufV of rocks covered with a few trees. The perpen¬ dicular fall is perhaps twent\' feet on each side of the bluff, at the foot of which there is a shoot of some ten or fifteen feet more in a descent. ,

During a former visit, about the year 1820, Schoolcraft had made a sketch of the Falls of St. .\nthony, which wns engraved, and is here re-]iroduced.

In his "Tales of the Northwest," Col. J. Snelling, who had been Com¬ mandant at the Fort which bore his name, in one of his Tales, thus described the Falls of St. Anthony, as they must have been seen by him about this time:

In the afternoon thej' came to the Falls of St. .\nthony, and carried their canoes and baggage around it. The\' encamped on the eastern shore just above the rapids. There is nothing of the grandeur or sublimitj' which the e^'e aches to be¬ hold at .Niagara, about the Falls of St. .\nthony. But in wild and picturescpie beauty' it is perhaps uneiiualled. Flowing over a tract of country five hundred miles in extent, the river, here more tluin half a mile (about l.SdO feet) wide, breaks into sheets of foam and rushes to the pitch over a stronglv inclined plane. The Fall itself is not high, we believe only sixteen feet i)erpendieular, but its face is broken and irregular. Huge slabs of rock lie scattered below in wild disorder. Some stand on their edges, leaning against the ledge from which the_v have been disunited. Some lie l)iled u])on each other in the water, in inimitable confusion. .\ long, narrow island divides the F;dl nearly in the middle. Its eastern side is not per- ])endicular, but broken into three distinct leai)s, below which the twisting and twirling eddies threaten destruction to any living thing that enters them. On the western side in the boiling rapids below, a few rods from the Fall stands a little island of a few yards area; rising steep from the waters and covered with forest trees. At the time of our stor}' its mightiest oak was the haunt of a solitary bald eagle, that had built his eyrie on the topmost branches be^-ong the reach of man. It was occupied by his posterity till the yearlS23, when the time honored crest of the vegetable mon¬ arch bowed, and gave way before the wing of the northern tempest. The little islet was believed in¬ accessible till two daring privates of the Fifth Regiment, at very low water waded out in the river above, and ascending the Fall Iw means of the blocks of stone before mentioned, forded the intervening space, and were the first of their si)ecies that ever set foot upon it.

Large trunks of trees frequently drift over, and diving into the chasms of the rocks, never appear again. The loon, or great Northern diver, is also at moulting time, when he is unable to rise from the water, often caught in the rapids. When he finds himself drawn in, he struggles with fate for a while, but finding escape impossible, he faces downwards, and goes over, screaming horribly. These birds sometimes make the dc.sccnt unhurt. Below, the rapids foam, and roar, and tumble for half a mile, and then subside into the clear, gentle current that continues unbroken to the Rock River rapids. Nor is it unadorned with traditional honors. A Sioux can tell 3'ou how the enem3' in the darkness of midnight deceived b3' the false beacons, lighted by his ancestors, paddled his canoe into the rapids from which he never issued alive. He can give 3'ou a good guess too, what ghosts haunt the spot, and what spirits abide there.

In 1834 the brothers S. W. and G. H. Pond, natives of Connecticut, came to Minnesota. They were laymen, but came inspit'cd with a zeal t(i do mission¬ ary work among the Indians. They selected a wooded knoll on the cast side of Lake Calhoun, in the midst of an Indian village of twenty tepees, and with their own hands built a log house, the first upon the site of Minneapolis. Rev. G. II. Pond upon the occasion of o])ening the "Pavilion Hotel" at the lake, thus describes the house: by sixteen, and eight feet high, were the dimen¬ sions of the edifice. Straight poles from the tam¬ arack grove west of the lake formed the timbers of the roof, and the roof itself was of the bark of trees which grew on the bank of what is now called " Bassett's Creek," fastened with strings of the inner bark of the bass-wood. A partition of small logs divided the house into two rooms, and split logs furnished material for the floor. The ceiling was of slabs from the old government saw mill, through the kindness of Major Bliss, who was in command of Fort Snelling. The door was made of boards split from a log with an axe, hav¬ ing wooden hinges and fastenings, and was locked In- pulling in the latch-string. The single window was the gift of the kind-hearted Major Lawrence Taliaferro, Ihiited States Indian agent. The cash cost of the building was one shilling. New York curreiuw, for nails used in and about the door. The "formal opening" exercises consisted in read¬ ing a section from the old book bv the name of Bible, and prayer to Him who was its acknowl¬ edged author. The " lianquet " consisted of mus¬ sels from the lake, flour and water. The ground was selected bv the Indian chief of the Lake Cal¬ houn band of Dakotas, Man-of-the-skv, bv which he showed good taste. The reason he gave for the selection was that "from that point the loons would be visible on the lake." The old chief and his pagan ])eople had their homes on the surface of that ground in the bosom of which now sleep the bodies of deceased Christians from the cit3- of Min¬ neapolis, the Lakewood cemeter3', over which these old eyes have witnessed, dangling in the night breeze, man3' a Chippeway .scalp, in the midst of horrid chants, 3-ells, and wails, wideb' contrasting with the pre.sent stillness of that (piiet home of those who sleep the 3-ears awa3-. That hut was the home of the first citizen settlers of Hennepin count3-, ])erhaps of Minnesota, the first schoolroom, the first house for divine, worship, and the first mission station among the Dakota Indians.

The follow-in*? year Rev. J. D.Steven.s, a missionary from New- York, w-ith the assistanee of the Pond brothers, built a house in the w-oods on the west shore of Lake Harriet, w-here he opened a sehool for half-I)reed grirls. Here in the fall of the same year a daui?hter was born, the first w'hite child born outside of the Port, in this vicinity.

half-breed guide, from the Selkirk Settle¬ ment, whieh they had left on snow shoes. Overtaken by a blizzard, two of their companions perished. The sur¬ vivors, nourished by the flesh of a dog, after twent3"-six da\'s of traveling, andved at a trading post at Lake Trav¬ erse, whence the^' made their way to Fort Snelling.

Col. John H. Stevens in his interest¬ ing "Personal Recollections of Minne¬ sota and its People,'' recently published, gives the private journal of Mr. McLeod descriptive of this memorable and fear¬ ful journey, of which we cop3" that part relating to the catastrophe which de¬ prived him of his companions :

Friday, March 17tli, 1837. This morning when we left the camp, the weather was very mild and pleasant; guide discovered tracks of a deer and went in pursuit of it; meantime Mr. H., Mr. P. and myself directed our course across the plain towards a point of wood on Rice River; suddenh' about 11 o'clock a storm from the north came on that no pen can describe. We made toward the wood as fast as possible; it was distant about three miles. I was foremost, the dogs following close to me, Mr. H. not far distant, Mr. P. two miles beyond. In a few moments nothing was jierceptible, and it was with difficulty that I could keep myself from suffocating ; however, I hastened on and in a short time caught a glimpse of the wood through a drifting cloud of snow. I was not then more than three hundred yards from it, as near as I can possibh' judge. At that instant I also saw Mr. H., who had come up within thirty j'ards of me and called out that I was going the wrong course, exclaiming, ''keep more to the right." I replied, ''No, no; follow me cpiick." I preceived him to stoop, probably to arrange the strings of his snow shoes. In an instant after¬ wards an immense cloud of drifting snow hid him from my view and I saw him no more. I cannot describe what m3' feelings then were; what must thev have been in a few seconds afterwards when I found myself at the bottom of a ravine more that twent}' feet deep, from which I had to use the greatest exertion to save m3'se]f from being suffo¬ cated by the snow which was drifting down upon me. Upon gaining the edge of the ravine, which I effected with the greatest difficulty, having my snow-shoes still on, as my hands were too cold to untie the strings of them, which were frozen, I found the poor faithful dogs with their traineau buried in a snow-bank. Having dug them out, mv next effort was to tiw and .gain the wood, which I knew was on the opposite side of the ravine about twenty yards over, yet I could not distinguish a tree, so close and thick was the snow drifting. An hour's exertion with the dogs and traineau through the deep snow in the ravine brought me into the edge of the wood, which I found was com- XJOsed of onl\' a few scattered trees, which would afford but a miserable shelter. I tried to make a tire. M3' matches were all wet; m3' hands were too cold to strike a spark with the flint and steel ; what can be done? '' I must not perish," said I to myself. I then thought of m3' companions. Alas, poor fellows! there can be no hope for 3'ou, as I have all the blankets, buffalo-robes, joro visions, &c.,the dogs having followed me in the storm. H.'ivin.g dug a hole in the snow-bank, I made a sort of shelter with my cloak and blanket and a large buffalo-robe. I was then completely wet through, for a shower of sleet had accompanied the storm ; in a few moments it began to freeze ; I was then so cold that I feared much that I should l^erish during the night. The night came; the storm continued unabated; my situation was trulv miserable; companions and guide in all probabilit3' perished; mvselfin great danger of freezing also ; and in a strange country some hundred miles from any settlement or trading-post. I cannot sa3' what I felt, although m3' usual feelings would raise to my relief frequently, and I would say to mvself, ''What is passed cannot be helped ; better luck next time; take it coolly"- - which I was evi¬ dently doing with a vengeance. The greater part of the night was passed listening to the roaring of the storm, and the dismal howling of the wolves, together with the [Dleasant occufiation of rubbing m3' feet to keep them from freezing.

Saturday, 18th. Never was light more welcome to a mortal. At dawn I crept from m3' hole, and soon after heard cries. Fired two shots; soon after guide came up ; he had escajoed by making a fire, and being a native, and a half-blood, his knowledge of the countiw and its dangers saved him. Mr. P. was found with both his legs and feet frozen. All seai-ch for Mr. H. jjroved inefiectual. Remained all day near the scene of our disaster in the hoi^e that some trace of Mr. H. might be found.

Sunda3', 19th. Started earl 3- with poor P. on the dog traineau, having left all our luggage be¬ hind; at 2 jj. m. found dogs unable to jiroceed with P., and he suffering too much to bear the pain occasioned by moving about. With the helj) of guide made a hut to leave Mr. P. in, where he will remain for five or six days until I can send horses for him from Lake Traverse, sixty miles from this. Left with P. all our blankets and robes, except a blanket each (guide and myself) ; also plenty of wood cut, and ice near his lodge to make water of. Out of provisions; obliged to kill one of our dogs ; dog meat excellent eating.l

Alonday', March 20. Morning storming, ac¬ companied with snow; unable to leave camp till 2 p. m., when guide and myself started; came a long distance and encamped in the Bois des Sioux ; feel very' weak and unwell.

March 21. Left the Bois des Sioux at sunrise and arrived at dark at the trading-house at Lake Traverse, having traveled forty^-five miles to-day, with a severe pain in my side and knee.

March 23. Sent the guide with another person and two horses and a cart for Mr. P. and my trunk, &c., with instructions to the men to search for the body of Mr. H., in order that it may be decently interred at the trading-house.

April 1. For the past nine days have remained at the trading- house, where I am well treated by Mr. Brown, the gentleman in charge for the American Fur Company'. Saw the game of lacrosse played very frequently, both by the squaws and Indians. It is a very^ interesting game when well contested, and the female playxrs are most astonishingly exj^ert.

April 2. This morning the two men returned. Poor P. is no more. They found him in his hut, dead. He had taken off the greater part of his clothes, no doidjt in the delirium of a fever caused by the excruciating pain of his frozen feet. In the hut was found nearly all the wood we left him, his food, and a kettle of water partially frozen. Everything indicated that he died the second or third day after our departure from him. No trace of the body' of Mr. H. was found. The poor fel¬ low has long ere this become food for the savage animals that ])rowl around these boundless wilds. Thus has miserably' perished a y'oung and amia¬ ble man at the age of twenty', in full vigor of vouth, full of high hojies and expectations.

.4pril 3. This day' poor P. was consigned to his last abode, the silent and solitary tomb. It is a source of consolation to me, amid my troubles, that I have been enabled to perform this last duty to a friend with all due respect. Would that I could say the same of Mr. Hayes. 1 have, how¬ ever, left directions with all the Indians near this post to search for his bones and inter them. They

Mr. McLeod remained in the vicinity during the remainder of his life. He was a prominent memlyer of the Terri¬ torial Legislature, during several ses¬ sions, and was the presiding officer of the Territorial Council, and bore an in¬ fluential part in shaping the destinies of the infant State. He had received a liberal education in Montreal, and was of courtly manners and gentlemanh' bearing. He had arrived in the Red River settlement in December, 183G, having made the journey from Sault Ste. Marie to La Point, 450 miles, in an open boat, occupying more than twentyfive days, and thence on foot a distance of 645 miles. "During that time,'' he writes, " we lived upon a ])int of boiled rice each per da}', and were four days without food of any kind except two ounces of meat and a small partridge divided between nine persons.'' He re¬ sided on a farm on the Minnesota bot¬ tom, now in the town of Bloomington, still occupied by his son, until his death, November 20, 1860, at the age (if fortyseven.

Bottineau, though pursuing at inter¬ vals his profession of guide over the plains as far as the Rocky Mountains, remained a resident of Minneapolis until recently, and his farm on the east side became one of the early additions to the city. When Maj. Isaac I. Stevens organ¬ ized his party for the survey of a route for the Northern Pacific Railway in 1853, Bottineau was employed as guide, and again when the Northern Pacific Railway Comjiany was organized, he conducted its president, Governor Smith, with a l)ai'ty of the directors, over the route. He is now living at Red Lake I'alls, in the northwestern part ot the State.

The Alississippi River marked the boundary line between the sovereignties of Great Britain and Spain at the close of the Revolutionaiw War. The territoi'y comprising the city of Minneapolis, hung on both sides of the river, was parth' covered b3" the English flag and ])arth' b\' the Spanish. That upon the east side belonged to the State of Vir¬ ginia, lyv which it was ceded to the United States, and was organized in 1787 into the Northwest Territory, and subsequent! \' success! veW into Indiana, and Wisconsin, and finallj' into Minne¬ sota. -

That upon the west side passed to the French, b\" whom, as a part of Louisiana, it was transferred to the United States I33' the purchase of that Territoiw during the administration of Jefferson.

The sovereignties, whether English, Spanish or French, were onlv nominal. No government was ever established in either, and no subjects inhabited the region to be governed. Not until the

Upon the admission of Wisconsin in¬ to the Union as a State in 1848, the few people inhabiting Alinnesota elected Henrv H. Sible3' as delegate in Congress, from the residue of the Territor3'' of Wis¬ consin. The first regular civil govern¬ ment was established in 1848, when the Territor3' of Minnesota was organized, a governor and judges appointed, and a legislature chosen.

At this time the population of the Territory was onU" 4,680, of whom 3,067 were males. In the census Little Canada and St. Anthony are put to¬ gether with a population of 352 males, and a total of 571.

Nine 3"ears later the State of Minne¬ sota was admitted into the Union and became a sovereign State. Its popula¬ tion at the time of taking the next cen¬ sus, 1860, had increased to 172,123, largely, however, made 63^ the immigra¬ tion of 1856-7 and 8.

Squatters And Militia Ear Lv Settlem En T.

No legal settlement eould be made until the lands were surveyed and brought into market. Although the Indian title to the lands on the east side of the Mississippi River was extinguished by the confirmation of the treaty with the Indians in 1838, the lands were not surveyed and offered for sale until 184-8.

(In the west side the militaiw reserva¬ tion was not reduced until March, 1855, and no legal titles were proved up until April and Mciy of that year.

Previously to the opportunity to make lawful settlements, many squatter claims were made on both sides of the river. The first of these seems to have been made in 1836 by Major Plympton, the Commandant at P'ort Snelling, who staked out a claim adjacent to the Falls on the east side, and built a log house upon it. The following year Sergeant Carpenter, also an officer at I'ort Snel¬ ling, located a claim adjacent to it. Five years later Petit John made a claim south of the Plvmpton location, extending along the river indefinitely, but including the site of the State Ihiiversity. These claims passed through several ownerships by transfer, until the titles were secured, after the lands came into market; the Idympton claim by

The year 1847 brought a large acces¬ sion to the population, which at the be¬ ginning of the year numbered not far from fifty, half-breeds and scpiattcrs. The first to arrive was Charles Wilson, who was the first American settler. He was followed in June by William A. Cheever, who made a claim south of the University, where he subsecpiently erect¬ ed a farm hou.se, and built an observator\' on the high bank, over the entrance of which he placed the legend, ''Pay your dime and climb." He was fol¬ lowed 1)3' Ard Godfre3', John Rollins, Calvin A. Tuttle, Luther Patch and son Edward, Sumner W. Farnham, Caleb D. Dorr, Robert W. Cummings, Charles W. Stimpson, Roswell P. Russell, John McDonald, Stimuel I'ernald, Joseph and William R. Marshall and Daniel Stanehfield. Soon after these were followed 1)3' Mr. Cruttenden, John G. Lennon, John H. Stevens, Mrs. Huse, Richard Rogers, Washington Getehell, S. P. Folsom, John W. North, J. P. Wilson. Bradley B. Mee¬ ker, John H. Murphv and Anst)n NorLhrup, who.se names have become prominentlv identified with the earlv davs of the eit3'. Luther Patch was accom- panied by his wife and two datighters, the first resident white ladies. The daughters soon married - one becoming the wife of R. P. Russell, and the other of Joseph M. Marshall. Calvin A. Tut¬ tle also bi'otight his family, and built a house in the ravine west of the Univei'- sity.

Franklin Steele having become pos¬ sessed, by acquiesence in his claim, of the riparian rights adjacent to the Falls on the east side of the river, sold in Jul}^ 1849, nine-tenths of the water power to Hon. Robert Rantoul, Caleb Cushing and their associates for $12,000, and measures wei'e immediately taken for the erection of a saw mill, to take charge of which Ard Godfrej^ was procured from Maine, arriving in the fall.

In the following spring, the mill was ready for operation, with two single sash saws, to which two more were added a year later. The dam was built of logs which were cut from the adja¬ cent islands, which were covered with a forest of sugar maples.

In 1848 the population had increased to about three hundred, and Air. Cheever platted his land, and laid otit a town by the name of St. Anthony Cit3\ Alessrs. Steele and Bottineau employed William R. Marshall, who afterwards became Governor of the State, to survey their lands, and laid out the town of St. An¬ thony-. The lots were made sixty-six feet in front, and one hundred sixty-five feet deep, each containing a quarter acre of land ; and the streets were laid out eighty feet wide, exce^Dt Main sti'eet, which was made one hundred feet.

With the abilit\^ to secure land titles and lumber for building, a substantial growth commenced. The Territorial Government was organized in 1849, and Judge Bradlev B. Meeker held the first Court in the old mill, on the west side, Franklin Steele being foreman of the

Grand Juiw ; John Rollins was elected to the Territorial Council, and William R. Alarshall and William Dugas of Little Canada, to the House of Representa¬ tives. A post-office was established with Ard Godfrey as post master, al¬ though he had to send to St. Paul for the mails as best he could, there beingno mail carrier, until the following 3^ear, when a daily line of stages was put on between St. Paul and St. Anthony.

During this 3"ear a school was opened in a log cabin, which was replaced dur¬ ing the fall by a public school house in which Rev. E. D. Neill, a Pi'esbyterian minister, who had settled in St. Paul, preached ever3^ alternate Sunday after¬ noon. A library association was in¬ corporated, and 200 volumes were placed on its shelves, and a course of lectures was instituted. Among the lecturers during this first winter were Hon. Morton S. Wilkinson, Gen. R. W. Johnson, then a lieutenant at Fort Snelling. Rev. E. G. Gear, chaplain at the Fort, Rev. E. D. Neill, Elder Chavmcey Hobart, and Putnam P. Bishop.

The Baptist and Methodist churches were organized during the 3^ear, the First Presbyterian the next 3'ear, which in 1851 was merged with the First Con¬ gregational church under the charge of Rev. Charles Secombe, and the Episcopal church was established in 1851.

Steele and Russell's addition to St. Anthony and Marshall's addition were surveyed and platted during the 3"ear 1850. Orth's addition and Bottineau's second addition were platted in 1855, and Bottineau's first some time before, but the plat bears no date.

To provide for the entertainment of the rapidly increasing traveling public, Anson Noi'thrup built the St. Charles Hotel, on Alarshall sti'eet and Sixth ave¬ nue, in 1850, with accommodations for sevent3'-five guests.

Building Suspension Bridge

The permanent population was in¬ creased 1)y tlie arrival of Allan Harmon, Edwin Hedderl3', Isaae Atwater, C. W. Christmas, Joseph Dean, Peter Ponein, Thomas Chambers, Edward Murphv, Ceorge W. Chowen, Simon Stevens, Heniw Chandiers, William W. Wales, John Wensinger, Warren Bristol, Joel B. Bassett and William Finch.

During the following winter the State Universitv' was located at St. Anthony, and a subscription amounting to $3,000 was raised among the citizens for the erection of a building.

Prior to IS-IT, the onlv means of crossing the river was b\' fording on the ledge at the head of the Falls. One old squaw kept a canoe for ferr\dng foot passengers, crossing opposite to Boom island. In this \'ear Franklin Steele established a ferr3q at the point where the suspension bridge was afterwards located, which was operated first bv one William Dube3', and then bv Edgar Fol¬ som, and finalh' by Capt. John Tapper. In 1854 the Minneapolis Bridge Compan3q with Franklin Steele, H. T. Welles, and others as cor]) orators, was incor¬ porated, and undertook the bviilding of the first structure of the kind across the Mississip|)i River. It was built under the supervision of T. J. Griffith, an en¬ gineer from the East, and after having been once nearU' destro3'ed by a tornado, was finalh' completed and thrown open for public use on the fourth of Juh', 1855. It was supported 1)3' cables of wires resting on towers erected ui)on each bank of the river, and spanned the rapid current in a single graceful arch.

with II. T. Welles, Ma3'or, and Benjamin N. Spencer, John Orth, Daniel Stanchfield, E^dward Lippencott, Caleb D. Dorr and Robei't W. Cummings, Aldermen.

During all these 3'ears St. Anthon3' had been growing in po|)ulation and business. The dam had been raised and re-built, the mills enlarged, stores and various manufactories of wood and iron established, and a newspaper started; so that when the sus])ension bridge oi)ened communication with the west side, St. Anthon3' had become a thriving village with considerable trade.