Minneapolis City (part 3 of 80)

Never once, in the history of Min¬ neapolis, since she donned the robes of municipal responsibility and dignity, has any extraordinary occasion arisen when the wives and mothers, the sisters and daughters have not enthusiastically ren¬ dered valuable and efficient aid. To the sweet and beautiful womanhood, as much as to the strong and noble man¬ hood of Minneapolis, should all these tributes of praise belong.

Chapter Xxvii

The medical history of Minneapolis, from the standpoint of the regular prac¬ titioner, begins with the year 1850, when Dr. J. H. Murphy, fresh from the halls of Rush Medical College, arrived at St. Anthony. He was but 24 years of age, blest with youth, health and a noble am¬ bition, when he chose as a promising field for his life-labor, the broad lands of this vast Northwest, then beginning to attract so much attention, and settled in the little community of St. Anthony, which at that time numbered about 700 souls. For a little more than a year he held the field alone, but in the fall of 1851 we note the arrival of Dr. A. E. Ames, also a graduate of Rush Medical College, and a practitioner of several years experience in Roscoe, Winnebago, Co., Ill. A partnership was soon formed between them, which proved mutually satisfactory, and lasted for some years.

A few words may not be out of place here touching the life of the pioneer phy¬ sician at the period of which we are now spealsing - 1850-1860. The practice of medicine was by no means then what it is to-day. The life of the well-established physician, in a good general practice, is no easy one, under the best of circum¬ stances; but at that early day it was hard work indeed; incessant, unmitigated hard work, and none but strong, brave, resolute men could endure it. The field of practice was by no means confined to the little settlement of St. Anthony, now East Minneapolis. Calls were to be ex¬ pected from patients scattered all over the sparsely settled county, from St. Paul on the East to Ft. Snelling on the South, or the summons might be to Sauk Rapids, 75 miles away, or to the almost inaccessible regions of the lumber camps on the North. The territory tributary to St. Paul and Minneapolis at this time has been defined as including "all of Min¬ nesota, the northern half of Wisconsin, and part of Dakota." Add to these dis¬ tances, the utter absence of good roads and bridges, and indeed in the woods, of any roads at all; the severity of the win¬ ter climate, the fatigue of the long jour¬ neys in the saddle, andthe fact thatafter all had been done and dared, the doctor's fee, like the parson's, must often be taken in such farm produce or commodity as the patient could offer, and some little idea may be formed of the primitive and heroic mould in which the life of our pio¬ neer physician was cast. All honor to them and a loving tribute to their mem¬ ory. Men of large heart they were, and aetive brain; sagaeious, unselfish, untir¬ ing, they exerted a lasting influeneeupon the eommunities in which they lived and wrought, and their names are held in tender, grateful memory in many hearts in our midst to-day.

No more worthy heading could be found for a list of the physicians and sur¬ geons of Minneapolis than the names of her two pioneer physicians, Drs. J. H. Murphy and A. E. Ames. Those were the days when the foundations were be¬ ing laid upon which have since been builded the noble state and prosperous communities of to-day, and our young physicians threw themselves heartily in¬ to every movement of a progressive na¬ ture. Their names appear prominently in the records of the times in connection with the legislature, the constitutional convention of 1857, and, in a word, with all matters affecting the public welfare and development. The story of their lives is too closely interwoven with the general story of the city and of the state to be condensed into the short limits of this sketch, and will receive more adequate treatment elsewhere. We can only touch in passing upon Dr. Miirphy's valuable and patriotic services during the whole war, and his deservedly high rank both as a surgeon and as a medical practi¬ tioner. At the close of the war, he re¬ moved with his family to St. Paul, where he still resides in the active practice of his profession, beloved and honored by all.

The story of the life of Dr. A. E. Ames is also that of an energetic, public-spirit¬ ed man, a valuable citizen, as well as a beloved physician and friend. He early took a prominent part in the develop¬ ment of Minneaj)olis, removing to the West side in 1852, when the little settle¬ ment was in its infancy, the population of the year before being estimated at 15 souls. Dr. Ames soon became prominent in village affairs, andin 1854wefind him representing his district in the legislature. The winter of 1854 was spent by him in Washington, as chairman of the delega¬ tion sent by the legislature, to secure the rights of the settlers upon the lands comprising the townsite of Minneapolis, which were about to be thrown open to the public. The mission was successful and serious complications were thus averted. In 1856 Dr. Ames drew up the bill for incorporating the village of Min¬ neapolis, and was appointed postmaster. In 1857 we find him in the Constitutional Convention, of which his partner. Dr. J. H. Murphy of St. Anthony was also a member; and so the record of his busy life runs on, bringing him prominently be¬ fore us in public enterprises of all kinds; a leader in the medical fraternity, an en¬ thusiastic mason, a useful citizen, and an ardent promoter of all educational enter¬ prises. In 1868 Dr. Ames left Minneap¬ olis for California, but returning after a short absence spent the remaining 3'ears of his life in active practice, in associa¬ tion with his son. Dr. A. A. Ames. He died in 1874. Up to 1854, Drs. Murphy and Ames seem to have constituted the sole medical staff of St. Anthony and Minneapolis, but now, others began to arrive, and the rapidlj^ increasing popu¬ lation brought in its due proportion of medical men. Man\" an old resident of to-dajq recalls with warmest sentiments of friendship and gratitude the names of Drs. C. L. Anderson, C. W. LeBoutillier, W. D. Dibb, A. Ortm.an, G. F. Townsend, A. E. Johnson, AI. R. Greek}', Wheelock, Ward and Lowenbei'g, all of whom settled during these \'ears in St. .4nthon\' or Alinneapolis. Some of these are still with us,enjo3'ing in their ripening 3'ears, the confidence and esteem of the man}' into whose homes their skill has brought healing and relief, during the unremitt-

Dr. C. L. Anderson came in 1854 to St. Anthony and at once took a high po¬ sition in the community. As a physi¬ cian he combined all the energies of a pains-taking, conscientious disposition, with the methods obtained from a thorough medical examination. During the war he removed to California, where he has since been most successful.

Dr. C. W. LeBoutillier was a French¬ man, highly educated, ardent, impetu¬ ous. Together with Drs. Murph}^ Stewart, Levi Butler, Moses R. Greely, W. H. Leonard, A. A. Ames, and others, he went "to the front" in 1861 when the call came for volunteers in defense o the Union, and after the battle of Bui Run, refusing to obe\^ the colonel's com¬ mand to retreat with their regiment - the First Minnesota - both he and Dr. Stewart remained upon the field to care for the wounded. Taken prisoner to Richmond, he remained there many months on parole ministering to friend and foe alike, until exchanged, when he returned to Minnesota and received an appointment as surgeon in a new regi¬ ment just forming, but died of heart disease at St. Peter in 1863.

Dr. A. E Johnson came to St. Anthony from Beloit, Wis., in 1853, and soon after entered into partnership with Dr. LeBoutillier. He is one of the very few left of the old pioneer physicians, and since the removal of Dr. Murphy to St. Paul, he stands as to length of residence at the head of the list. Of sturdy frame and physique he carries his long years of labor lightly, and wears the appearance of a much younger man.

Dr. Adolph Ortman located in St. Anthony in 1857, and has the record of a long and busy career. He was actively employed during one or two visits of smallpox in the earlier years ot our city's history, and has done much public service as city and county physician, oc¬ cupying a high position for medical skill and good practical sense. Dr. Ort¬ man is one of the oldest members of the State Medical Society, and in token of the esteem of his brother members, and in recognition of his active services in past years, he was placed on the hon¬ orary list of the society without dues - a ti'ibute as graceful as it was well merited.

During this early period we note the organization of our first medical asso¬ ciation, "The St. Anthony and Minne¬ apolis Union Medical Society," organized in 1856, with Dr. A. E. Ames, president; Dr. C. L. Anderson, vice-president; Dr. Wheelock, secretary, and Dr. C. W. Le¬ Boutillier, treasurer. A more extended sketch of this society will be given later. It well deserves honorable recognition, not only as the pioneer among the many sister societies of to-day, but also be¬ cause of the efficiency with which it served its purpose during those import¬ ant formative years, and the high char¬ acter of its members.

During this period we find many fa¬ miliar names added to our list of physi¬ cians. After the depression of the war was over, the population increased at an ever accelerating rate, drawn to one common centre by various motives. Many came at first in search of health, attracted by the fame of the life-giving climate of this favored region; others by the magnificent water-power and the brilliant prospects already discernible to the practical eye of the intelligent capi- talist. Yet for a while this increase was shifting and tentative; there was coming and going, and this is as true of the pro¬ fession as of the public at large. There were doctors of all sorts; with diplomas and without, doctors by education and doctors "by courtesy." Many came, opened an office, remained a year or so, and then left. During the earlier years of this period, when the number of in¬ habitants was yet small, and every one knew every one else, new-comers upon the field were told discouraging stories of the extraordinary healthfulness of the climate and the faeility with whieh a young physician could sit in his office and quietly starve for want of patients. One of our well-established praetitioners whose years of active service, both in private practice and in public office, date baek to 1865, recalls with lingering smiles how, in order to make an im¬ pression upon him, he was regaled soon after his arrival with the trials of the " old resident," who, feeling that Minne¬ apolis though endowed with one or two churches, schools, hotels, banks, &c., eould hardly be eonsidered properly equipped until provided with a cemetery, himself donated an appropriate site; then impatient at the length of time in¬ tervening before his gift came into re¬ quisition, determined to seek from out¬ side sources a start for his new cemetery. He was met by a friend, so the story ran, while on his way down the river to St. Louis, and when expostulated with for going so far and urged to turn back, he shook his head sadly and replied, "It's no use, I must goon - unless a man has been dead two weeks that climate up there will bring him to life!" Such were the stories told to cheer the spirits of the young praetitioner as he sat in his office and - waited ; and it is a fact that the directory of I860., among other hopeful statistics inboasting of the salu¬

Drs. N. B. Hill and W. H. Lindley were among the well-known and leading partnerships of those days. Admirably adapted to one another, and possessing in a high degree the confidence of the community, they enjoyed a large prac¬ tice and endeared themselves to a wide circle.

Dr. Hill will long be lovingly remem¬ bered; his superior education, natural ability and kindly traits fitted him ad¬ mirably for the life of the general prae¬ titioner. His sudden death in 1875, just after his election to the presidency of the State Medical Association, produced a profound impression.

Dr. W.H. Lindley, the associate of Dr. Hill, came to Minneapolis from Virginia shortly after the breaking out of the war in 1862, a man of mature j^ears, of the highest integrity and character. Like his partner. Dr. Hill, he was of the Society of Friends, and possessed of all that benignant gentleness and refine¬ ment of manner that seem to be so pe¬ culiarly the heritage of the Friends. As a physician he was well educated, relia¬ ble, conseientious and suceessfnl. He was the first health officer of the citv, being appointed in 1867, and for many years thereafter we find his name prom¬ inently interwoven with all the sanitary interests of the city, and all movements in the direction of medical advance and development. From the first he was a firm believer in the future of his adopted city, and his frequent and judicious in¬ vestments in real estate, handsomely im¬ proved from time to time, have amply justified his confidence. Dr. Lindley is still engaged in the practice of his profes¬ sion, enjoying in his ripening years the love and esteem of all who know him.

Dr. Jas. J. Linn was born in Browns¬ ville, Pa., in 1826. He studied medicine at Uniontown and at Jefferson College, Pa., and after a few years practice, in 1858, he came to Minneapolis, and is as¬ sociated with the earliest history of the city. He was one of the original mem¬ bers of the Union Medical Society, after¬ wards the Hennepin County Medical Society, and was interested in the St. Barnabas Hospital in its earlier years. His long years of residence have made his name one of the familiar ones in our city.

Dr. Albert A. Ames was born near Belvidere, Boon Co., Illinois, on thel8th day of January, 1842, and came to St. Anthony with his father. Dr. A. E. Ames, October 12, 1851.

After graduating from the Minneapo¬ lis High School as one of the members of the first class ever graduated, he began at ths age of sixteen the study of medi¬ cine in his father's office, and steadily prosecuted such study until 1860, when he entered Rush Medical College in Chi¬ cago. He graduated with the highest honors from this institution in February 1862, one month after arriving at the age of twenty years and immediately entered upon the practice in Minneapolis in his father's office. In August, 1862, he was commissioned assistant surgeon of the Seventh Minnesota Volunteers In¬ fantry and forthwith entered upon the duties of that position. In 1863 Dr. J.

E. Finch, surgeon of the Seventh, resigned his commission, and was succeeded by Dr. L. B. Smith. On the battle field of Tupelo, Miss., Dr. Smith was killed while attending to the wounded, and Dr. Ames was soon after promoted to surgeon of the Seventh with the rank of Major. He was barely twenty-two years of age when this distinguished rank was con¬ ferred upon him, and was known as "the boy surgeon of the Seventh.'' At the. close of the war he returned to Minneap¬ olis and entered into the practice in con¬ nection with his father.

Dr. O. J. Evans is a native of Oneida Co., N. Y., and studied medicine with Prof. Ormsby , of Albany Medical College. In December, 1862, he graduated from Albany Medical College and went imme¬ diately "to the front,'' as assistant sur¬ geon of the Fortieth New York Veteran Volunteers, a regiment that had already had fifteen months experience, and was always in active service whenever the army of the Potomac was active. The following summer Dr. Evans was com¬ missioned as surgeon of the regiment and detailed upon the operating staff for the Brigade, which duty he discharged until the close of the war, when he was de¬ tailed as chief medical officer of the de¬ partment of Farneville, Va., where was a cluster of Confederate hospitals, filled with Union and Confederate wounded. Here his duties were important and re¬ sponsible; the general supervision of all the hospitals, drawing and distributing of supplies, ete. In June, 1865, he took part, with his regiment in the celebrated "Grand Review'' at Washington, and was mustered out soon afterwards, and in September of the same year he came, first to St. Paul, and two weeks later to Minneapolis, giving it the preference over its saintly neighbor. Still a young man, and corning out of all the activity and stir of such a life, it is not surprising that Dr. Evans threw himself at once, most heartily into all the medical life of the young community, and we find him closely associated with the men of that earlier day in the Hennepin County Med¬ ical Society, in which from the date of its re-organization in 1870, he took an ac¬ tive part, serving repeatedly as treasurer, secretary and vice-president and in 1880 as president. He has also taken a keen interest in public matters affecting the welfare of the city he has chosen as his home, having served her well as health officer for two terms, alderman, member of Board of Education for three years, and also member of the Legislature. Of late years he has not sought to do much practice, though he still visits the fami¬ lies of his earliest friends, but he is active in his interest in public matters, and loves to talk of scenes and manners and men as the^^ used to be in Minneapolis in the '60's.

The influx of population brought with it many valuable additions to the ranks of the profession, and they began to put forth their strength in new directions. Needs that had long been felt, were now more boldly and hopefully discussed, and we find ourselves entering upon an era of organizations. Not that these were easily established; each one of them stands, not only for progress, but for un¬ wearied patience, unswerving effort, un¬ counted sacrifice, on the part of those who founded it.

Pioneer of them all stands St. Barna¬ bas' Hospital, organized as the Cottage Hospital in 1870, through the energy and perseverance of the Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, D. D., the first Episcopal clergy¬ man of this city, and rector of Gethsemane Church. The hospital was first located in a rented building, corner of Washington avenue and Ninth avenue north, and was opened for the reception of patients in March, 1871. This insti¬ tution did a most excellent work, but was cramped for want of room, and in 1881, through the indefatigable and praiseworthy efforts of Dr. Knickerbacker, and the liberality of the citizens, it was removed to the corner of Ninth avenue south and Sixth street, and re¬ christened St. Barnabas.

St. Barnabas Hospital is under the control and management of the Protes¬ tant Episcopal Church. Its founder. Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, is now Bishop of the Diocese of Indiana. *

Free Dispensary. The next step in the line of medical organization was, like St. Barnabas' Hospital, also a work of charity. The Minneapolis Free Dispen¬ sary was founded in 1878 by Hon. C. A. Pillsbury, Geo. A. Brackett, C. M. Loring, A. B. Barton and E.S. Jones. Itwas intended to meet the necessities of a large class of deserving poor, who, while in need of medical assistance, were yet, not subjects for hospital care. Supported by the unflagging generosity of its directors, supplemented by donations of money and supplies from friends whom they suc¬ ceeded in interesting, it was enabled to extend relief to thousands, and do a noble work - the pioneer dispensary of ourcit}', where dispensaries now abound. It was located at 208 Second street south , where it remained until 1882, when it was in¬ corporated into and became a depart¬ ment of the Minnesota College Hospital just established on the East Side, in the building formerly known as the Winslow House.

The Minnesota College Hospital was established in 1881 in the large stone building, well known at the time asMacalester College, formerly the Winslow House, on thecomer of Bank and Second streets S. E. This mammoth hotel had been erected in the days before the war to accommodate the hosts of wealthy Southerners coming yearly in search of health or pleasure, and was admirably adapted to the purpose for which it was now purchased. Superbly located, on the highest point upon the riverside above the university, it commanded an unobstructed view of the river, the Falls of St. Anthony and the entire city of Minneapolis, and from its numerous verandas the convalescent patients could enjoy at once the pure and invigorating river breeze and a panorama of most entrancing beauty.

The College Hospital owed its exist¬ ence to the energy and persistent labor of Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor. Enlisting the hearty co-operation of Drs. George F. French, A. W. Abbott, C. H. Hunter, and Judge Vanderburgh, as a board of directors, with Mr. Thos. Lowry as president, while he, himself, occupied the position of Dean, he succeeded, by their united financial aid and untiring efforts, in carrying out the enterprise. The in¬ stitution was organized on the plan of the Long Island College Hospital, and aimed to secure to the students the best facilities for clinical instruction - by the combination of college, hospital and free dispensary, all under one roof and man¬ agement. The plan was a most com¬ plete one, providing for a college of med¬ icine and surgery, with departments of dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine.

The new institution offered advan¬ tages, the want of which had long been felt. It was managed according to the best principles of the day, and the proxi¬ mity of instructors and students to the clinical teaching made it popular from the first. The hospital department was well patronized ; the first day eight patients presented themselves and others followed fast. It was a common thing to have as many as 100 beds occupied at a time. But as the years went by it was found that this department threatened to become a weight upon the college. The material available for clinical pur¬ poses, being drawn from the class of non-paying patients, far from proving any source of revenue, became instead a heavy tax upon the funds of the in¬ stitution, and it was deemed best, for pecuniary reasons, to reorganize and effect a complete separation between the hospital and the college. In 1885 the ground and buildings occupied were sold to the committee in search of an eligible site for the great Exposition Hall, and the institution, under its new name of The Hospital College, was removed to the west side, and located at the north¬ east corner of Ninth avenue south and Sixth street, where a large and finely equipped building had jtist been erected for its occupancy. The hospital depart- ment was dropped, but the free dispen¬ sary was retained and assumed large proportions, averaging 50 patients a day. Here the college under its new name entered upon a new and prosper¬ ous stage in its career, increasing contin¬ ually its facilities for instruction, to keep pace with the steady advance in its standard of requirements and length of term, and attaching always the utmost impoi'tance to its clinical and pathologi¬ cal studies. Under these conditions it rose rapidly into prominence and favor, and was the leading medical college of the Northwest, until in 1888, a commis¬ sion consisting of Drs. Hunter and Dunsmoor, of the Hospital College, and Drs. Wheaton and Fulton, of the St. Paul Medical College, met with the representatives of the board of regents of the University, and uniting the two institutions, established the medical de¬ partment of the State University.

Th Northwestern Hosp/ta/ for women and children was organized in 1882 and removed June 10, 1887, to its present location on Chicago avenue and Twentyseventh street. This fine property was the gift of Hon. L. M. Stewart, and the building now occupied was erected at an expense of $36,000, of which $20,000 was the gift of Mrs. Jane T. Hai'rison. The hospital was erected from plans drawn by the ladies themselves, which contemplate successive additions .as need may arise and the funds be provided. The buildingis now thoroughly equipped with a complete operating room, and its dispensary is doing a good work. P'rom the beginning Mrs. T. B. Walker has held the position of president of the board of managers, and has freely de¬ voted time and means to the work. Dr. Mary G. Hood has during the whole per¬ iod discharged the duties of senior physian on the medical staff, while Dr. Emily Fifield has, during the last five years, served faithfully as house physic¬ ian. This hospital does a large amount of charity work, and it has required the most sagacious management, the most self denying efforts on the part of the ladies, as well as the most kindly and generous sympathy on the part of their friends, to keep the institution out of debt, which they have so far nobly suc¬ ceeded in doing.

St Mary's Hospital, under the charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph, is the most extensive institution of the kind in the city. The location and grounds are un¬ surpassed for healthfulness and natural beauty. Away from the noise and bustle of the business center, it is readily ac¬ cessible in five minutes by the Riverside electric car line. Situated on the high river bank the air and drainage are per¬ fect, and the view down the river and across to the University campus charm¬ ing. The spacious property now occu¬ pied, and valued at $60,000, was pur¬ chased by Archbishop Ireland in 1888, and the large mansion already upon the grounds, was utilized for a general hos¬ pital, but in 1890 the ArchbishojD ex¬ pended $30,000 more in erecting a com¬ modious and modern building for wards and rooms, and the old structure was converted into an adminstration build¬ ing. As our cit}' makes provision for the indigent sick, the sphere of private hos¬ pitals is no longer exclusively, or even chiefly, the care of the homeless poor. Wonderful advances in medical, and par¬ ticularly in surgical, science have opened a new field in hospital work. The best results can in many cases only be secured in properly constructed hospitals with an efficient corps of assistants and nurses and a complete outfit of appliances, which cannot be extemporized in anx'^ private home however affluent or well regulated. This is becoming so well understood that the best medical men hesitate to undertake the treatment of many serious maladies without proper hospital facili¬ ties, and the most intelligent persons of all classes when obliged to undergo operations of great gravity, or special forms of treatment, gladly enter a well regulated hospital. With all this in view the authorities of St. Mary's in constructing their new building provided a large number of cheerful private rooms and the most complete operating room in the Northwest. The hospital accom¬ modates comfortabh" 100 patients, and it is designed to add wings and exten¬ sions as they may be needed.

St. Anthony's Hospital was organized in 1886 as a co-operative institution on the mutual benefit plan. It was first lo¬ cated on Second avenue south, between Fourth and Fifth streets, in the building formerly the home of Mr. Harlow Gale. In 1888 it was removed to thehandsome residence and spacious grounds of the J. K. Sidle estate, on Second avenue south, between Seventh and Eighth streets, a brick wing being added to increase its capacity. About this time, or soon after, the insurance feature of the orig¬ inal plan was abandoned, being disposed of to the Northwestern Hospital and Ac¬ cident Assurance Co., and St. Anthony became a private hospital for general purposes, with Dr. Geo. E. Smith as su¬ perintendent, Dr. C. H. Hunter as sur¬ geon, and Dr. Nelson Marshall resident physician.

The Minneapolis City Hospital, de¬ signed only as a charity institution, was established in accordance wdth a resolu¬ tion of the City Council, passed July 1st, 1888, and placed under the management of the Council Committee on Health and Hospitals, Dr. Jas. H. Dunn, then city physician, being its first superintendent. The securing of a suitable building was impossible, and the city rented, as tem¬ porary quarters, the frame houses at the corner of Eighth street and Eleventh av¬ enue south, which will accommodate some fifty-five patients. Since its organ¬ ization a daily average of forty -two pa¬ tients has been maintained.

Dr. Jas. H. Dunn was succeeded in January, 1889, by C. A. Chase, M. D., the present incumbent, and in July 1st, 1891, the management, which had orig¬ inally been vested in the Council Commit¬ tees was transferred by act of legislature, to a Board of Charities and Corrections, consisting of Mayor P. B. Winston, mem¬ ber ex-officio, and Messrs. O. C. Merriman, Bernard Cloutier, H. B. Martin, and F. R. Woodard, M. D. On Decem¬ ber 22d, 1891, Prof. J. Moore was ap¬ pointed to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of O. C. Merriman. This Board, in the management of the Poor department and the city hospital, per¬ forms the duties of the former Supervis¬ ors of the Poor, and the Committee on Health and Hospitals.

It is gratifying to know that the erec¬ tion of a suitable and commodious build¬ ing in the near futvire is contemplated by the Council. Bonds to the amount of $25,000 have been issued to serve as a nucleus, by the purchase of a suitable site upon which to construct a city hospital, which when thoroughly furnished and completed in all its details, shall compare favorably with the many other costly and magnificent public buildings, of which our city is so justly proud.

Asbury Methodist Hospital, the lat¬ est addition to our list, was organized during the summer of 1892. Fully im¬ pressed with the belief that the sufferings of men should afford a wide and impoi'- tant field for the activities of the church of Christ, the Methodists determined to take up the work already so nobly prosecuted by the Episcopalians at St. Barnabas and the Roman Catholics at St. Mary's.

Medicine And Surgery

The property owned and formerly occupied by the Minnesota Hospital College was about to be vacated by the medical department of the State Uni¬ versity, after three years occupanc3^ The building was designed for medical purposes and with a little change could be admirably adapted to hospital work, and Dr. Dunsmoor, one of the principal promoters of the Hospital College, learn¬ ing of the intention of Mrs. Sarah H. Knight to erect and endow a Deaconess Home and Training Institute, proposed to her to so modify her plan as to unite with those who were already owners of the property just about to be vacated, and by its purchase open the way for the establishment of a general hospital to be under the management of the Metho¬ dist Church. Aftercareful consideration of the plan Mrs. Knight concurred in it and donated $10,000 toward its inaugauration. This sum, with what was already on hand in donations of stock from the several holders, was found to be sufficient to accomplish the transform¬ ation of the Minnesota Hospital College into the Asbur^' Methodist Hospital. It was then refitted handsomely for its new purpose, and formally dedi¬ cated by Rev. Bishop Fowler of the Methodist Church, and thrown open to the public early in September, 1892. The changes wrought have made the hospital commodious and attractive, while the plans permit of additions which will at least double its present capacity, and which, it is hoped, may be made in the near future.

The first floor is occupied by the Dea¬ coness Institute, the dispensary and the quarters of the resident staff". On the second floor are the private rooms, 10 in number, attractively' furnished by' friends and patrons of the new institution. The operating room also opens from this floor as well as from the floor above.

It is most complete in all its appoint¬ ments, from the preparation room, con¬ taining all supplies necessary for the surgi¬ cal procedures, to the recovery room, with its stretchers, hot and cold water and all other conveniences, and the elevator just at hand to give rapid and easy communi¬ cation with all the floors. The operat¬ ing room itself consists of an arena, its cement floor furnished with center drain to allow of constant flushing with anti¬ septic fluids, while conveniently near is a long table, anti-septically prepared and furnished with all such supplies as may' be needed. Here, too, are the emergency and cautery batteries, ster¬ ilizers, etc., while beyond rise the tiers of seats used by the training school nurses at lectures twice a week, and by the clinical students. On the third floor are medical and surgical wards, six in num¬ ber, with two emergency wards, the diet kitchen and bath rooms, while the kitchen proper and the laundry have been relegated to the seclusion of the fourth floor, whence their steam and odors can never reach the apartments of the patients below, being still further excluded by heavy double doors. A training school for nurses is carried on in connection with the hospital and dea¬ coness work, two lectures a week being given by members of the staff and other prominent medical men of our city, and the course demands not only attendance upon these lectures but practical work in the hospital during two years as well.

Besides these hospitals there are other institutions whose scope is more or less limited to peculiar needs, or form only incidental, though necessary^ features in various lines of religious or eharitable work, such as : Maternity Hospital, opened November 30, 1886, incorpora¬ ted July 29, 1887, of which a fuller ac¬ count will be found elsewhere.

Institute also maintains a small hospital in connection with its principal work at the corner of Fifteenth avenue south and East Twenty -third street.

The Rebecca M. Harrison Deaconess Home, under the auspices of the Metho¬ dist church, was founded August 17, 1891, by Mrs. Sarah H. Knight, as a me¬ morial to her mother, Mrs. Rebecca M. Handson. It is located at the corner of Ninth avenue south and Sixth street, and works in harmony with Asbury Methodist Hospital, with which it is closely connected, the work done in the training school department of the hospi¬ tal furnishing the necessary instruction for the visiting deaconesses.

Medical Societies

Hennepin County Medical Society. Mention has already been made of the St. Anthony and Minneapolis Union Medical Society. This pioneer medical association was organized in 1855 at the residence of Dr. A. E. Ames, opposite where the old Court House now stands. Dr. A. E. Ames was president, Dr. Wheelock,seci'etary and Dr. C. W. LeBoutellier, treasurer. Among the members at that time we find the names of A. E. Johnson, her full quota of physicians to the Union cause, and the meetings of the society languished, but on June 7th, 1870, it was re-organized as the Hennepin County Medical Society, and has since grown steadil}^ and filled an important place in the community. The objects of the soci¬ ety are the cultivation of confidence and good feeling between the members of the profession, the eliciting and imparting of information upon the different branches of medical science, and the elevation of the standard of professional educa¬ tion. It is the largest county med¬ ical society in the Northwest, embrac¬ ing, as it does, nearly every mem¬ ber of the regular profession in good standing in the county. The meetings are held upon the first Monday of each month at the Public Library, and its sci¬ entific papers and discussions are regularl}' published in the Northwestern Lan¬ cet.

Unfortunately, the records of the soci¬ ety were destroyed in some way in 1889, and a complete list of its successive pres¬ idents cannot be obtained. The follow¬ ing is a partial one, beginning with the date of re-organization:

W. H. Leonard, A. Ortman, A. J. White, W. D. Dibb, Lowenberg and Ward. This first organization seemed to have afford¬ ed the nucleus for the present state med¬ ical society, which was formed the next year, with Dr. Ames also as president. During the war Minneapolis contributed

The Society of Physicians and. Sur¬ geons was organized Oct. 31,1882, with objects very similar to those of the Hen¬ nepin County Medical Society : The dis¬ cussion of medical topics for mutual benefit; the promotion of mutual esteem and personal friendship ; and the eleva- tion of the dignity of the profession through a representative body in rela¬ tion with similar organizations through¬ out the United States.

About fifty-five names were enrolled during its existence. The society met in Ma3''s Parlors, 412 Nicollet avenue, for three years, and subsequently in the rooms over the Citizens' Bank, 416 Nicollet avenue. Occasionally it was entertained at the houses of the mem¬ bers, a pleasant feature being a collation after each regular meeting. Able papers were read at different times by Drs. French, Byford, Hand, Abbott, Hunter, and many others, followed by presenta¬ tion and discussion of interesting cases which had occurred in the experience of the members.

In the year 1886, many members hav¬ ing joined the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, the objects of which society were to promote the same ends in a larger field, it was thought best to discon¬ tinue the local society, and it was dis¬ banded.

The Minnesota Academy of Medicine was organized in October, 1887, and has maintained a vigorous existence during the past five years. It was the offspring of two or three medical minds who saw in such a society an opportunity to foster a closer professional fellowship than medical associations usually per¬ mit, to stimulate personal research and to cultivate a literary as well as an orig¬ inal cpiality in medical authorship.

It started with a charter membership of forty, chosen in equal numbers from the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Its completed organization provided for an active membership of fifty derived from these two cities, an associate mem¬ bership of fifteen from the state at large, and an honorary membership of ten, to which both residents and non-residents of distinction in the profession may be elected. In its associate membership the cities of Winona, St. Cloud, Stillwater, Rochester and Howard Lake are repre¬ sented.

The academy has lost by resignation or removal six members, and by death Dr. D. W. Hand, Dr. Jay Owens, Dr. G. H. Perin, and Dr. E.C. Spencer, of St. Paul.

Barring the vacancies thus created, its active membership has been continu¬ ously filled, and there are now three times as many applications for entrance as there are opportxinities to enter. The conditions of candidature are suflftciently strenuous to determine a careful selec¬ tion. The applicant must be recom¬ mended by three members. He must be approved by a governing board in respect to his legal and professional standing. He must submit a thesis for approval to the executive committee, and he must run the gauntlet of a ballot in which three black balls suffice to reject.

The academy meets alternately month by month in the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, at 6:80 p. m. for business session and the presentation of specimens or reports of interesting cases. After an hour spent in friendly intercourse around the social board, the papers of the evening, two in number, are pre¬ sented and discussed and every member is expected to take his turn in the contri¬ bution of papers to the programs.

Its limitation of membership, high qualifications required for entrance, and the respect of its members for this un¬ written law of obligation to share in the literary labors, have sustained its interest, and bid fair to establish it upon a permanent footing for the future. Its present total membership is fifty-six.

The Minneapolis College of Physicians and Surgeons was organized in 1883, and the first session opened in September of the same year. Its object was to pro¬ vide a thorough course of instruction in medicine, surgery and allied branches. The requirements, both for admission and for graduation have steadily ad¬ vanced in order to keep in advance of, rather than abreast of, the general re¬ quirements of other schools throughout the United States. Beginning with the session of 1893-4 the standard will be raised still higher, and a certificate of one years's study with a private tutor, and three sessions of six and one-half months each, will be required for admis¬ sion to the final examination, at which 75 percent, is required for graduation. One hundred and fifty-three students have received instruction in this school, and twenty have graduated.

In 1887 the new pharmacy law was enacted in this state, when it was decided to provide a special course for students in this branch. Forty-one students have attended this department and ten have graduated - the requirements for gradu¬ ation being, attendance upon two ses¬ sions of six months each of graded study, and a certificate of four years' practical work in a drug store, previous to appear¬ ing before the Examining: Board.

Although large numbers have not been enrolled in either department, yet the officers and professors feel that good thorough work has been accomplished, and an impetus given to the requirements for a higher medical education in the Northwest. Dr. Edwin Philips has been president and Dr. J. T. Moore, dean of the faculties, sinee their organization. The course of the school, in both depart¬ ments, will be extended as rapidly as the evolution of educational requirements will allow, and the erection, in proper time, of a building specially adapted to the purpose required is contemplated. Its prospects were never brighter than to-day, and it will yet be an institution of which Minneapolis will be proud.

The Department of Medicine in the University of Minnesota. The original act creating the University of Minnesota was adopted by a vote of the people of the Territory in 1853. Among its pro¬ visions was one for the establishment of a Department of Medicine.

The first faculty of medicine was ap¬ pointed in 1883. The immediate factor leading to the appointment of this faculty was the provision of an act of the Legislature providing for the regula¬ tion of the practice of medicine in the state. The provisions of this statute enacted that parties desiring to practice medicine be examined, by a State Board of Medical Examiners, consisting of the faculty of medicine of this university.

In creating this faculty of medicine, the regents limited their duties to the examination of candidates for degrees in medicine, and the performing of the du¬ ties provided by the State Board of Med¬ ical Examiners. The faculty consisted of seven members. The officers were: W. W. Folwell, L. L. D., president exofficio, and Perry H. Millard, M. D., sec¬ retary.

This department of medicine existed for a period of five years, or until the re¬ peal of the old act and the establishment of the new medical practice act by the Legislature. The work of the first faculty of medicine was most salutary in its effects upon the profession at large, particularly in the duties pertaining to the State Board of Medical Examiners.

In April, 1887, a committee of the ex¬ isting faculty, consisting of Drs. D. W. Hand, C. N. Hewitt and Perry H. Mill¬ ard, waited upon the Board of Regents and urged the propriety of establishing a teaching school of medicine in direct connection with the university proper. The question of the propriety of estab¬ lishing this department was referred to a special committee of the Board of Re¬ gents. In July, 1888, the regents were tendered thelease of the properties of the Minnesota Hospital College and the St. Paul Medical College for a period of five years, at a rental of one dollar per year, providing that a department of medicine be established at once.

A similar proposition was submitted by the College of Dentistry of the Min¬ nesota Hospital College, and the Min¬ nesota Homeopathic Medical College. This generous action on the part of the above named faculties permitted the establishment of the depart¬ ment of medicine at this time without financial embarrassment. It met with the approval of the respective professions, and the regents at once organized and established a department of medicine, consisting of three colleges, to-wit: The College of Medicine and Surgery, the College of Homeopathic Medicineand Surger3',and the College of Dentistry. A fourth college was estab¬ lished in 1891 - the College of Pharmacy.

In the fall of 1892 they moved into their new and commodious buildings on the university campus, just completed and thoroughly equipped b\' the state, at a cost of $70,000.

The faculties of the various colleges were nominated b\' committees ap¬ pointed by the regents, a majority of the faculties being selected from members of the former colleges that had ceased to teach upon the creation of the new Uni¬ versity Medical Department. The advanttiges to the various professions and to the general public in this centraliza¬ tion of professional education became early apparent. In the five \'ears since its organization the success of the various colleges comprising the depart¬ ment has been phenomenal. The present registration of students is as follows :

C\'rus Northrop, L. L. D., president; Perry H. Millard, M. D., Dean of the De¬ partment of Medicine and the College of Medicine and Surgery; H. W. Brazie, M. D., Dean of the College of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery; W. X. Suddith, M. D., D. D. L., Dean of the College of Dentistry'.

The new medical department starts with the most flattering prospects of success. With the generous funds wisely placed by our j^oung and vigorous state at the disposal of the university of which she is so justly proud, and with a medi¬ cal faculty' selected with care from two cities where the standard of professional excellence is unusually high, both for character and attainments, a brilliant future is before it. It is the declared in¬ tention of the Board of Regents to make the instruction in this department equal to that given in the medical colleges of the highest grade in the United States. The new buildings are substantial, elab¬ orate, and complete, in their appoint¬ ments; arrangements for clinical instruc¬ tion made with the hospitals in Minne¬ apolis and St. Paul, insure ample and varied advantages in this direction, whilst the location upon the campus of the University Free Dispensary affords to the students also opportunity to wit¬ ness the examination and treatment of patients. Lalioratorv work in all its branches will be made a leading feature, and for this the university' is thoroughh' well equipped. A high standard has been set and the course has been exten¬ ded to cover four years of study, includ¬ ing three courses of lectures of eight months' duration each. Provision is made for special courses of study, and clinical instruction will be made a prom¬ inent and important feature.

Board Of Health

The climate of Minnesota is widely and justU' famed for its bracing and health-giving qualities. The very at¬ mosphere is prophylactic ; surcharged with ozone, every inhalation is life-giv¬ ing, and in cases of phthisis pulmonalis or pulmonary consumption, and other forms of bronchial affection, cures from climatic causes alone, are frequent, abso¬ lute and permanent. Here, too, we are exempt from the presence of that noxious influence we call malaria, so prolific a source of disease, so persistent and baffl¬ ing ofttimes in the war'' of complication.

And 3'et, although greatly favored in point of location and climate, and well adapted b3' natural advantages to as¬ sume the role of a health resort, Minne¬ apolis is still much indebted to her medi¬ cal fraternity for the high position oc¬ cupied by her to-day in vital statistics.

There comes a time in the history of every communit3' when it is suddenly, often rudel3', awakened to the fact that it has out-grown its first natural and simple hygienic conditions, and that, ab¬ sorbed in the problem of commercial de¬ velopment, it has failed to give due at¬ tention to the problem of sanitation. The city fathers are intent uponmaterial things ; they have little time for, it ma3" be, little patience with, theories. To the medical profession alone can the people look for that vigilance, that intelligent knowledge, that faithfulness, which shall apprecia te the danger, indicate its source.

Medical And Surgical

and urge persistently its removal. Happy the community whose medical men are an influence and a power, not only to urge, but to secure efficient measures. How faithfully they labor in this field of unremitting agitation against public and civic ignorance and inertia, may never be fully realized, but at ever3^ step of progress the gratitude of the citizens is due to such associations as the Hennepin Count}" Medical Society and kindred fraternities, as well as to the Board of Health and its ofttimes soreU" tried health officer.

The Minneapolis Board of Health was organized in 1867, immediately upon the incorporation of the city. This first board, or sanitar}" committee as it was called, consisted of Drs. A. E. Ames, N. B. Hill, and A. H. Bindley, with Dr. Bindley as health officer. Since that time the following well-known physi¬ cians have occupied this responsible po¬ sition ;

During all these years the health of the city has been above the average. Visited b}" the. cholera in the early '50s, and b\" small-pox and dii)htheria more than once, and sometimes in serious form - it has always seen them brought speedily under control and checked, partly by the prompt and well-directed efforts of her medical men, and her municipal authorities, and partly by the direct influence of her magnificent cli¬ mate. Such diseases do not take root and spread and fester here, as in less fav¬ ored latitudes.

During the years of her phenomenal growth Minneapolis suffered several se¬ vere visitations of typhoid fever, in 1877-8-9, and again in 1882, but prompt action, and a wide and vigorous exten¬ sion of the sewerage system, with other sanitary measures soon restored the city to her normal condition of health. From the first the death rate has been low, ver}' low, when account is taken of the large and steady influx of invalids, or semi-invalids, already alluded to; many of whom come too late to be restored by any earthly agency. But as the years have passed, even that low rate has been decreased by judicious measures, until now Alinneapolis stands in the very fore¬ front of American cities in vital statistics, and far in advance of European cities of the same or greater rank.

The year 1889 witnessed the re-organ¬ ization of thedepartmentot health under a special act of legislature. This expan¬ sion was made necessary by the unex¬ ampled growth of the city, the work of . the department having become too vari¬ ed and complex to be covered by thegeneral legislation afforded by the health laws of the state. Prominent among the important sanitar}' measures of this period is the improvement in the quality of water, supplied to the citizens. While the question of water-suppl_vis,andmust ever remain one of the weightiest, costli¬ est and most vexatious cpiestions that rise from time to time to confront our larger cities, and while it must also re¬ main trvie that neither the Mississippi nor any other large river can ever be re¬ garded as an ideal source of supph', v'et the transference of the principal intake to the North side pumping station, in 1889, must be looked upon as a long and ver}- important step in the right direction.

prevalence the year before of that pecu¬ liar epidemic known as the winter chol¬ era, secured to the city a supply of water drawn from a source above, and, as yet, beyond the reach of pollution

This last decade has added largely to our list. Keeping pace with the rapid growth of the city, the number of physi¬ cians has swelled from some fiftj^-five names in 1880 to three hundred and fifty or more at the present day ; names of men, many of whom have been valuable acquisitions because of their high per¬ sonal character, professional skill and thorough preparation for the grave re¬ sponsibilities which confront the physi¬ cian and the surgeon.

With her rapid development along all lines of modern progress, Minneapolis has not failed to catch the spirit of the times in professional matters as well, and this last period has seen the intro¬ duction specialists into the field of medical practice here as elsewhere.

As a whole, the medical fraternity of Minneapolis to-day is emphatically a body of men to command respect and confidence. Many of them, men of fine ability; most of them in the prime of life, just at the point where ripening ex¬ perience stands ready with quick appre¬ ciation to seize and apply all the latest discoveries of the schools. They are, as a class, earnest, conscientious, temper¬ ate, even abstemious, to a degree unsur¬ passed in any town or city in the land.

Within the circle of the brotherhood the feeling of fraternity is strong and growing ever stronger, the spirit of good fellowship being most marked.

The ranks are being continually re¬ cruited by new and valuable men coming in from the outside as well as by num¬ bers of bright and promising young graduates of our own medical shools and of the medical department of the State University. Among these, our own graduates, we note: Drs. C. T. Allen, Mowry Bell, J. E. Benjamin, H. L. Darms, Jas. Davidson, Godfrey Deziel, G. W. Dysinger, C. E. Dutton, E. A. Ed-

A full list of the physicians and sur¬ geons of Minneapolis comprises some 350 names. Among so many there are undoubtedly those which have not been touched upon in the short limits of this sketch, which has dealt more with the "beginnings of things" than with their full delineation as they are to-day. And yet as the names of men who have already won more or less of success in the practice of medicine, they should have at least passing mention. Among such we note the names of Drs. I. D. Alger, J. R. Barber, H. M. Bracken,

Hutchins, A. J. Murdock, W. M. Newhall, W. F. Nye, H. N. Orton, E. S. Rogers, C. G. Slagle', L. M. Sharp, F. E. Tow¬ ers, all of whom are actively engaged, while Drs. T. L. Laliberte and J. W. B. LaPierre practice extensively among our French fellow citizens; Drs. J. Koehl, J. M, Kistler, Joseph Mark, L. A. Nippert, and C. F. Nootnagle are favorites with the Germans, and Drs. P. A. Aurness, Karl Bendeke, P. Lauritzen, C. J. Ring¬ nell, Haldor Sneve, Tonnes Thams, Hugo Toll and the brothers Skaro are greatly in demand among our large Scandinavian population. *

Nor must we close without mention¬ ing those members of our medical fra¬ ternity who are of the gentler sex. There are not many of them, but those we have are good; regularly educated, thoroughly in earnest even to the point of enthusiasm, yet quiet and dignified in the steady performance of professional duty, they are doing a noble and emi¬ nently womanly work in many a shelt¬ ering " Home " or " Woman's Hospital " or by the bed-side of the sick. Such names as those of Drs. Emily W. Fifield, Mary G. Hood, Mrs. J. M. Jacobson,

John Henry Murphy, M. D: Dr. Murphy, though now a resident of St. Paul, was one of the pioneers in Minne¬ apolis. He settled in St. Anthony-^ in 1849, then a young man of twentythree, and continued to reside there until the close of his brilliant service in the war of the rebellion. He was not only a pioneer in settlement, but also in the medical profession. There was not an¬ other physician between him and the Rocky Mountains, and he was called to visit the sick at Sauk Rapids, seventyfive miles north, and made many lonely trips on horse back through the big woods, where no wheeled vehicles could follow the faint trails, obstructed by fallen trees and bottomless sloughs. The first settler in the place had taken up his abode there only four years before, and the entire population at the time of his arrival did not reach five hundred, - a small constituency for a physician - but the young doctor had a prophetic eye, which took in the advantages of the location, and readily sawin anticipation a rapidly augmenting population.

Dr. Murphy was born in New Bruns¬ wick, New Jersey, January 22d, 1826. His father, Capt. James Murphy, was boi'n in Ireland, but cametothis country in early life, and had borne a commission in the United States service in the war with Great Britian of 1812. The family removed to Quincy, Ill., in 1834, where young Murphy had the advantage of a high school, after which he studied med¬ icine with Dr. Hall, at Lewiston, Ill. Having married in 1848 Miss Mary A. H03T, of Fulton Count}^ Ill.,he brought his bride to Minnesota and made a be¬ ginning in practice. But he returned the following winter, and took a course of lectures at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, aud having secured his diploma of doctor of medicine returned to St. Anthony and resumed practice with full credentials.

The only recorded instance of his early practice is thus mentioned b3' Col. John H. Stevens in his "Recollections." "The morning of the 30th of April, 1851, was the coldest for the time of the 3"ear ever known in the country. The wind was blowing from the north like a hurricane. The air was full of snow. The river was bank full and the waves were high. It was deemed almost im¬ possible to cross the river, either in a batteau, skiff or canoe. It was necessary' that I should have communication with St. Anthony, for the services of Dr. Murpln', who resided there, which were required in my family-. The aid of three as good boatmen as ever swung an oar, with Capt. Tapper at the head, was secured. The question was anxiously discussed. ' Can any water craft at our command withstand the fierce wind, high waves and swift current? Capt. Tapper thought our large batteau would weather the storm. But we were short of hands. Fortunatel}' Rev. C. A. New¬ comb, of the Methodist Church on the East Side, joined us. The water craft was towed up the river in the face of the wind to a point above Nicollet Island in order to make the landing on the East Side above that Island. With much difficulty and much danger the crossing was made, and the^'safelj' returned with Dr. Alurph^". About noon on that bleak, cold, eventful da_v,my first child, and the first born white child on the west bank at the falls, a little girl babjq was added to mj" happ3^ household."

The medical practice must have in¬ creased considerabW on his hands, for in 1851, Dr. A. A. Ames arrived and was taken into partnership. The same year

Dr. Murphy was elected to represent St. Anthony, then a precinct of Ramsej^ countjq in the territorial house of representitives, his colleague being Sumner W. Farnhani. He was a Whig, and was nominated by that party as its candi¬ date for the council the following vear, but withdrew befoi'e the election. During the succeeding 3'ears, until the beginning of the war. Dr. Murphy was actively engaged in the practice of his profession, but his name appears in the narrative of most social and local events which marked the period. He was a genial companion, a public spirited citizen, and an enthusiast in all that pertained to the growth and prosperity of the communit\'. Thus in January, 1852, he was upon a committee to tender a public dinner to Frankliti Steele, in recognition of his effort to develop the water power of the Falls, and at the banquet, which was served at the St. Charles Hotel, he was one of the speakers. In late years he has seldom missed attendance on like occasions, having an aptness for post prandial speeeh making, where his jollity and abundant humor never fails to set the table in a roar. A few months later his name is mentioned in the local records as member of a committee appointed by the citizens to secure a cemetery, - the appointment we may be sure had no reference to his calling. The need of such a place was sadly brought home to him, for before thesummer had ended, a dearly beloved daughter, Littor Ella, was laid to rest. In the fall of 1854, upon the organization of the first fire company in the little town, he was elected its secretar\' and treasurer. At the opening of the suspension bridge, in 1855, a grand celebration was held, with a banquet at the St. Charles, on which occasion Dr. Murphy officiated as marshal of the day and led the procession through the streets of the town and across the new bridge to the solitary West Side. The proeession is said, but doubtless with some exaggeration, to have been a mile long. Capt. John Martin was the stand¬ ard bearer on the march.

The Whig party gave place to the Republican in 1856 by a formal and quite enthusiastic public meeting in St. Anthony, at which William R. Marshall presided, and Dr. Murphy was an active participant. Perhaps it was in recogni¬ tion of his zeal in the new party that he was made one of its candidates for dele¬ gate to the constitutional convention of 1857, and served in the Republican wing of the double convention ; his seat, with others in the sameelection district, being contested, was claimed by his Demo¬ cratic opponent. The split in the con¬ vention was caused by this contest.

On the first day of March, 1859, a notable meeting and bancpiet took place at the Nicollet House, ostensibly as a re-union of settlers from the Middle, Western and Southern states. It was in fact an offset to the pretentious meet¬ ings of New Englanders, which were fre¬ quent in those days. Dr. Murphy was one of the vice-presidents representing the state of New Jersey, and as usual succeeded in convulsing the table by his witty sallies.

When the Rebellion broke out Dr. Murphy abandoned his now large medi¬ cal practice and offered himself for the service of his country. The surgeon of the gallant First Minnesota regiment. Dr. J. H. Stewart, having been captured at the first battle of Bull Run, Dr. Murphy was appointed to fill the place and served about six months, until Dr. Stewart's release. He was then ap¬ pointed surgeon of Col. John B. Sanborn's regiment, the Tenth Minnesota, being mustered in Dec. 4, 1861. He accom¬ panied the regiment through its brilliant campaign in the South, and continued with it until July 9, 1863, when he tendered his resignation. His services were so valued that upon the organiza¬ tion of the Eighth Minnesota he was appointed its surgeon, serving with it from May 27, 1864 to July 12, 1865. The regiment formed a part of Gen. Sulley's expedition in the Indian war, proceeding as far west as the Yellow Stone. On its return in the fall of 1864 it was dispatched to the South where it was in active service.

It would be invidious when so many skillful surgeons were employed to say that Dr. Murphy was the most distin¬ guished of Minnesota's medical staff in the war. Suffice it that he acquitted himself with great credit, and returned with a brilliant reputation in surgery. He took up his residence in St. Paul, and thenceforth enjoyed not only a large local practice, but one co-extensive with the state, and was in request even be¬ yond the limits of the state. He was taken into the service of several railroad companies, and became first vice-presi¬ dent of the National Association of Railway Surgeons, and now is president of that organization. There are few capital operations in surgery that he has not performed, not once or twice but repeatedly. He is a bold operator, timid men would characterize it as termerit^^ ; but a large measure of success has at¬ tended his practice, and given him an en¬ viable reputation throughout the North¬ west.

He has enjoyed all the honors of the profession. Space does not allow an enumeration of medical societies of which he is an active or honorar3' member, but his position is such as an\' man might be justly proud of. He has been president of the state pension board for twenty years, and surgeon general of the state

As he was a public spirited citizen of Minneapolis, so he has been in St. Paul. His name is prominently connected with whatever is undertaken to forward the interest of the city. In commerce, in ed¬ ucation, in art, in philanthropy, he has been a frequent and effective promoter. For ten years he served as a member of the school board of St. Paul - a gratui¬ tous service. Even in politics he has had no inconsiderable influence. In 1885 he was elected a member of the legisla¬ ture, an honor which has fallen upon few stalwart Republicans in that city, where the democracy is so predominant. The honors which he has declined far outnumber those which he has accepted, as the urgency of professional life pre¬ cludes a large engrossment in public affairs. Among the declinations was a nomination for the chief executive office of the city of St. Paul.

In person. Dr. Murphy is tall and portly. His temperament is cheerful, and he is an inspiration to good humor, and good fellowship in the social circle. That he is charitable is assured by his membership in the Masonic fraternity, in which he has passed all the degrees.

His family consists of four daughters and a son. The eldest, Emma, widow of the late David G. Blaisdell, with two children, resides with her father. The youngest is the wife pf Robert Gale, of St. Cloud. Ada G. and Mae, the other daughters, are at home. The son, John W., Jr., at the age of eighteen, is yet at school.

Asa Emery Johnson. Doctor Johnson was born in Bridgwater, Oneida county. New York, on the 16th of March, 1825. His father was Martin Johnson. His grandfather, John Johnson, had come from Connecticut on foot in the last cen¬ tury and taken a piece of wild land, on which , under laborous cultivation , ' 'Hard Scrabble Hill," in that town, furnished a scanty living for his family. The grand¬ father was of English and his grand¬ mother of Scotch descent. The great grandfather had served in the Revolu¬ tionary war, and the grandfather in the war of 1812. The sturdy qualities, inbred in a laborous and patriotic ancestry, were the inheritance transmitted to this first born of a family of four sons and one daughter. The town was strictly agricultural, with rugged hills skirting one of the upper tributaries of the Unadilla river. The home life offered little to the boy but labor, with short winter sessions of the district school. The small library of the district school contained some books of elementary science, and on the hill slopes were many forms of ani¬ mal and vegetable life, to the rude farmer boys only vermin and weeds, but to j'oung Johnson open books of nature to be studied with minute scrutiny and constantly increasing interest. He had from boyhood a scientific taste, inclining to the study of the latent qualities of herb and plant, and insensibly leadingto the choice of his life profession and work.

At the age of twenty he left the ances¬ tral farm, as his grandfather had reached it - on foot, and tramped to the then far West, ostensibly to visit an uncle who had made a home on an Illinois prairie, but with a vague purpose to find work. At Buffalo passage was taken on a lake vessel to Detroit, and there the tramp was resumed. At Ypsilanti he tarried long enough to earn a few dollars in the hay field, and then walked to New Buf¬ falo, thence on the deck of a steamer to the infant Chicago, and again on foot, except as chance travelers ''gave him a lift " to Jacksonville. Here another stop was made to earn expense money in the hay field, his emplo3'er being the father of Miles Hills, one of the earl\' settlers of Minneapolis. At last Lisbon, Kendal connt^', Illinois, was reached. Near here the uncle was found. Here, stimulated b\' the kind suggestion of his relative, he took a forty acre field and put in a crop of wheat, which turned out well, and which he hauled to Chicago for sale, in the meanwhile attending a winter term at the Lisbon Seminar^'. With finances recruited, and taste for study sharpened, he returned to his native town and at tended a session of the Bridgwater Seminaiw. He then commenced a course of medical study, first in Homeopath^', but that school not satisfying his scientific ideas, he entered the office of Dr. Erastus King, of Unadilla Forks, Otsego count\', N. Y., and spent three years in the stud\', according to the regular school. The professional study was completed bj^two courses of lectures at the University^ of New York City, in connection with Col¬ umbia College, where he earned his degi'ee of AI. D. in the session of 1849-50.

Retracing the route which he had learned five years before, he finally settled in the village of Beloit, Rock count}', Wisconsin. Here he I'emained for the next three 3'ears, gaining some experience in medical practice, but making a better accjuisition in the acquaintance of a lad}-, who became his wife, Aliss Hannan Rus¬ sel, whom he married on the IGth day of March, 1853, and who soon accom])anied him to his new' and permanent home.

The practice at Beloit not meeting his ambition, he opened a correspondence with a young physician at the Falls of St. Anthony, whose aequaintance he had made while attending lectures in New' York, Dr. A. E. Ames, who, with unsel¬ fish interest, advised him to come here and "grow' up with the country ; " and, although Drs. Alurphy, Anderson, Kings¬ ley and Jordan, besides Dr. Ames, were already settled there and dividing the slender practice of a new' and healthful town, he accepted the advice and took up his residence at Cheevertown, below St. Anthony Falls, in the spring of 1853.

At this time the military reservation covered the lands adjacent to thefallson the west side of the river, where the only inhabitants were the occupants of a few claim shanties, built under permits from the militai'y authorities at Fort Snelling. A little settlement occupied St. Anthony City, as the plat popularly known as "Cheever town'' was officially named, and another clustered about the saw mills adjacent to the falls, and still an¬ other in the vicinity of the St. Charles Hotel. The entire population did not exceed eight hundred, of whom many stahvart loggers were absent during W'inters and springs in the pineries.

One physician to each hundred of the popidation afforded a liberal supply, but immigration was bi'isk, the future was bright, and hope as ever "sprang eter¬ nal'' in the breast of the poor and pati¬ ent doctors. Doctor Johnson soon se¬ cured his share of calls, and his skill and attention to his patients as time w'ent on drew to him a satisfactory practice. He soon removed to the corner of Fourth street and Fourth avenue, and afterw'ards opened an office on Alain street, near the Tremont House. His practice was a general one, in medicine and sur¬ gery. In the latter branch he has per¬ formed many capital operations, besides innumerable ones in minor surgery. His inquiring and scientific mind was contin¬ ually investigating the perplexing prob¬ lems of therapeutics and w'ith caution and close adherance to established prin¬ ciples, adopting such varied treatment as scientific theories, sanctioned by close observation, commended to his mind. He w'as the first physician to introduce, if not to suggest, a liberal use of sulidiate of quinia in typhoid. During an epi¬ demic of that fearful malady in 1881, his diary shows that of one hundred and twenty-six cases treated, but two in his own practice were fatal, with two others where he was called in consultation. For the last five years Dr. Johnson has retired from active practice, not from loss of prestige, but through a sciatic trouble which has made it painful to visit his scattered patients. He is the oldest (in practice) physician in the city. Of the five who were his contemporaries in 1853, Dr. Anderson is living in California and Dr. Murphy in St. Paul, while Drs. Kingsley, Jordon and Ames have passed away. During these years Dr. Johnson has received his full share of professional honors. He has been a member of the State Medical Society, and of the Henne¬ pin County Medical Society, of which he was an officer. He was county physician in 1858, and has been a member of the Boai'd of Health of the city. He has been a frequent contributor to the literature of the profession. One of his theses was upon the effects of blood letting, a much mooted question in by-gone years; and another upon the recondite cjuestion of vital forces.

The life of a practicing physician is not a conspicuous one before the world ; unlike his brethren of the other profes¬ sions, he occupies no forum orpulpit. He is found amid the hush and gloom of the sick room, where pain and anguish repel the wordh^ visitor. The ethics of his calling forbid him access to the columns of the newspaper, or blazoning his name and achievements by the wayside Only quacks and charlatans indulge in dra¬ matic situations and sensational epi¬ sodes. It is only in the memories of grateful patients, rescued from pei'ilous maladies, or restored to activity and duty, from beds of languishing, that his name is cherished. At the extremities of life - its beginning and its close - his ministrations are unrecognized by the subjects, and, in too many cases are for¬ gotten when the pulses of health course freely through their channels. Into these tender and delicate ministrations the biographer can not enter. But Dr. John¬ son's life has been more than profes¬ sional. He is by taste and devotion a naturalist. Not alone by study, but by original investigation, he has earned the title; and although his modesty has re¬ strained his adding his own name to any of the many species which he has discov¬ ered, it is most probably by this employ¬ ment that he will longest live in memory of coming generations of men. Palentolog3q Anthropology and Mycological botany are the departments to which he has been most addicted.

In his investigations in the former in 1856, he discovered the remains of a Orthoserus, nearlj" four feet in length, in a rock blasted from the ledge below the falls, which occupied about the middle stratum of the upper magnegian lime¬ stone. It was a rare- fossil. He also dis¬ covered a Trilobite - the Asaphus Gigas which are preserved in tne museum of Harvard University. With his co-laborer. Dr. Simpson, he opened a mound at Palmer hike, and was rewarded bj' findthe well-preserved skeleton of a mound builder, which is preserved in his cabinet. But the most prolonged, minute and pains-taking investigation in natural history was amongthe Fungi. To study these humble forms requires the impell¬ ing force of scientific enthusiasm. Dr. Johnson identified and catalogued by their scientific names over eight hundred species, among which were seventeen species which had never before been ob¬ served, and to which he gave the names by which they are known in scientific catalogues.

toryled him to suggest earh'in 1873 the formation of a scientific body, which, when organized in January following, was christened the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. He was its first president, and occupied the chair during several years. Its beginnings were hum¬ ble, meeting in the office of the piojector, and its early collections were stored and cared for by him. Among the founders, were, besides Dr. Johnson, Prof. N. H. Winehell, A. P'. Elliott, A. E. Ames, W. H. Leonard, Charles Simpson, M. D. Stoneman and S. C. Gale. Moving to the West Side, the academy occupied rooms in Kelly's block, on Hennepin ave¬ nue; and on thecompletion of the public library, the second floor of that fine building was devoted to its use, where is open for public inspection and stud}', its fine museum of collections in many departments of science. The scope of the academy, as outlined by Dr. Johnson in its constitution, is "to observe and investigate natural phenomena ; to make eollections of specimens illustrating the various departments of science ; to name, classify and pi'eserve the same; also, to discuss such questions as shall come within the province of the academy.''

In taking the chair. Dr. Johnson de¬ livered an address in response to the inquiry, "Did life originate by a law?'' It was published by the academy and occu¬ pies thirty pages of the transactions. It was a masterly paper, sketching the his¬ tory of opinion, leaning to the evolu¬ tionary hypothesis, but with a reverent recognition of a creative power. We have only space to quote from its con¬ cluding paragrai^hs a specimen of its rich diction and reverent spirit. :

" In conclusion, we challenge any one to point out a single principle of science which docs not, in some way, illustrate the perfections of the Deity; that does not put into our hands a thread of a common cord that will carry us towards infinite wisdom ; and that the investigations of the works of God will not constitute the emplo3'ment of men in the world of spirits. If this were not so, I for one, would as lief be chipping m}^ flint axe, after the manner of primitive man a few hundred thous¬ and years ago, as perplexing myself with the end¬ less malady of thought and investigation. * * * The finger of God shines in ever^' sunbeam, and His foot prints are upon the Silurian rocks. His wis¬ dom is manifest in everj' blade of grass and every drop of water. All nature manifests Him, from the elements of matter to the organization of a star. In wisdom the3' were all created, and through the silver cord of science infinite wisdom is revealed to finite ni in. Hence, I will search for the wisdom of the Lord, as revealed in his words, as long as I have my being."

On retiring from the presidency of the academy. Dr. Johnson delivered another masterly address, on the " Geological and Archeological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man." It fills forty pages of the trans¬ actions. Its conclusion is thus summed up:"

We cannot close our eyes against the revelations of geology, archeologv and paleontolog3', and attempt to explain them away in favor of any pre¬ conceived opinions as to the antiquit3' of man, and be true to the dignity of our nature, true to reason, and true to common sense. To do this W'ould be to disregard the clearest revelations of science, and disregard the clearest legitimate deductions, as well as wilfulb' and untruthfulh' to resist convic¬ tion."

Other papers read before the academy had for themes : Biolog}' ; the probable whence of man; Evolution evidenced by transitional forms revealed by paleon¬ tology in the paleozoic age; Can we account for life and its phenomena by correlation of forces? or, in other words, are inorganic forces metemorphosed into vital form, plastic power or vital j)rinciple? Man's genetic relations; Man's teleological relations, and Mycological botany.

The latter is evidence of a vast amount of study and minute care in a little val¬ ued department of science, in which are catalogued the many hundred species of fungi identified Idv him in the vieinity of the Falls of St. Anthoiw, whieh, he testi¬ fies in one of his addresses, from personal experience "is a magnificent field for the scientific botanist."

Dr. Johnson's bodilj^ infirmity pre¬ vents his active pai'ticipation in the transactions of the academy' in the latter \^ears of its great prosperity; but it must be a satisfaction that the institution which he founded, in a disinterested love of science, will continue to instruct and amuse the ^Deople of his cit}', as the gen¬ erations come anc go, long after the other labors of his life are submerged by the ever rolling flood of years.

Dr. Johnson resides at present (1892) on Second street, near Central avenue (N. E.), where the companion of his life," and a married daughted, Mrs. Rosina A. Hunter, with her small famih^, share his home. He is to be found at most busi¬ ness hours, in an office building in the yard, surrounded by his books and speci¬ mens, smoking the solacing pipe, in some congenial study, or enjoying with genial temper the society of some old neighbor or late made friend.

Alfred Hadley Lindley. Doctor Lindley is a native of the state of North Carolina, born .\Ia3" 3, 1821, at the vil¬ lage of Cane Creek, in Chatham County. His parents were Thomas and Alary (Long) Lindle\L The Lindley s had re¬ sided in the place for three generations, having emigrated about the middle of the last centui'y from Pennsylvania. They were attached to the Society of Friends, and probabH came from Eng¬ land with the Quaker colonists following the train of William Penn. Thomas Lindlej' was a farmer and country mer¬ chant. He had a family of eight children, but all died in infancy or early life except Alfred.

No common school s^^stem existed in North Carolina, but the village main¬ tained a good subscription school, which he attended until sixteen j^ears of age. He then entered the Friends New Garden Boarding school of Guilford County, where after two j'ears attendance as pu¬ pil, he became a teacher, continuing for two 3'ears longer in the institution. Re¬ turning to his native village, he entered the office of Doctor Abner Holton, where he studied medicine, and in the winter of 1843-4 entered Jefferson Aledical College at Philadelphia. The next six 3'ears were spent in the practice of medicine, in Chatham and Alamance counties. In the winter of 1849-50 he took a second course of lectures at Jefferson College, and graduated at the conclusion of the course in the spring of 1850. Gradua¬ tion was followed by marriage on the 2nd of May, 1850, to Miss Eliza J. Hill, of Uharie, Randolph County, N.C. Mrs. Lindle3'- was a sister to Doctor Nathan B. Hill, who was a resident and medical practictioner in Alinneapolis from 1861, until his death in 1875. Dr. Lindle3" con¬ tinued the practice of his profession, at his native place, with the usual incidents of the life of a doctor in a rural communit3" until the summer of 1861. Then a crisis arose which compelled a stern de¬ cision. The war of the Rebellion had broken out, hostilities had commenced, and his state had joined the Confederac3L He belonged to a sect which abhorred war, and believed bearing arms to be a breach of Christian obligation. He was attached to the old ffag, and saw no suf¬ ficient reason for breaking up the Union. The decision involved the sundering of life long attachments, and the sacrifice of his inheritance and years of labor. It would introduce him among strangers, to begin life anew. Already the lines of communication with the North were ob¬ structed, and it was doubted if the Hans- lev could be made. But the eall of duty was imperative and the removal was de¬ termined on. So exchanging his patri¬ mony" for wild lands in Minnesota, he converted what valuables he could dis¬ pose of into gold, leaving his credits uneolleeted, and taking his surviving mother, and his own family, he made a detour through South Carolina, and reached the border by way of Chatta¬ nooga. He suffered no personal deten¬ tion but was searched in crossing the lines, and relieved of correspondence and papers. After a short tarry in Indiana, he joined his- brother-in-law. Dr. N. B. Hill, who had also made his escape from North Carolina, and they came together to Minneapolis, arriving here September 10, 1861.

A partnership was soon formed be¬ tween Drs. Hill and Bindley, in the pi'actice of medicine, extending likewise into other business relations, and eontinuing until the death of the former. Sinee that time Dr. Bindley has continued in active practice until the last seven or eight years. His large property interests have latterly oecupied much of his time, and he has surrendered his medical practice to yoimger men, though still called in eonsultation by' old friends or former pa¬ tients.

From the time of their establishment in Minneapolis Drs. Hill and Bindley' oc¬ cupied a leading position in the medieal praetiee of the city', of the regularschool, and enjoyed the entire confidence and es¬ teem of the eommunity.

The life of a physician is less conspicious than that of the other learned pro¬ fessions, and in proportion that he is de¬ voted to his calling, he is withdrawn from those conneetions which bi'ing pre¬ ferment. The esprit de corps of the laeulty forbids notoriety, and almost sup¬ presses eom petition. To speak of one as the "beloved phy'sician" implies that he

Dr. Bindley has revisited his native state, in 1866, 1871 and 1881. Thefirst occasion was a melancholy- one. The war had but just elosed. Many' of his early' friends had been swept away bythe easualties of war, families broken up, property' depreciated, and social relations disturbed. The credits whieh he left, were never paid. If not confiiscated they were licpiidated by- the solvent of war. The gradual rehabilitation ofsociety- and business which the last visits showed made them more eheerful, and gave promise that the war in its final results was not an unmixed evil.

Mr. and Mrs. Bindley- have a pleasant home at 1920 Stevens Ave. Their onlysurviving son, Clarkson Bindley- is a respeeted and well known man in social and business eircles.

They are pi'ominent members of the Society- of Friends, which, though not numerous, is a very respeetable conneetion, occupy-ing a plaee of meeting on Hennepin avenue, and making theireharities widely felt in the community-.

Mrs. Bindley- has been foremost among the ladies devoted to benevolent work, and is a highly- educated and influential member of the society-. She is president of the Woman's Christain Association of the city-, and a leading promoter of the Woman's Boarding Home, a very- suc¬ cessful institution; as well as of Bethany- Home, for the reformation of a neglected class of women ; Jones-Harrison Home, and Northwestern Hos])ital for Women and Children.

Dk. H.^nniual Ha.mli.x Kimball. The life of a phy-sician is not calculated to win public notoriety-. He who enters the medical profession must forego the alluring hope of reeciving a grateful j)eople's commendation for pains-taking and skillful service. True, the public is exact¬ ing enough of medical practioners, but when they have done all that scientific skill and willing hands can do, the pub¬ lic often sits quietly and complacently back with folded hands, contented, if success crowns the phj'sician's efforts, but with no words of praise. Even the sick and unfortunate, the recipients of the physician's skillful and tireless care, cannot know all his self-denials, eager anxieties and personal dangers. When an opportunity is offered to record the story of a life full of all the experience a successful phr'sician is heir to, we accept it cheerfully. Such a life is that of Dr. Hannibal Hamlin Kimball.

Away back in the early forties there lived "down in Maine'' a man whom Maineites love to honor, and who later became known and honored by the whole commonwealth. This man was Hannibal Hamlin, vice-president of the United States from 1861 to 1S65. In 1848 Mr. Hamlin was a member of the government council, and John Kimball, Dr. Kimball's father, was in the State Senate. Besides being associated to¬ gether in public affairs. Councilman Hamlin and Senator Kimball were close personal friends ; so that when Mr. Hamlin learned that the Senator had a boy who had not been christened, he asked that he might be named for him, promising in return a year in college to the boy when he attained to the proper age. The request was granted, though the " year in college '' was not different from the other years of the boy's college life; and young Hannibal Hamlin Kimball grew into the Dr. Kim¬ ball, so well known and respected in Minneapolis and in Minnesota.

Dr. Kimball was born in Carmel, Pen¬ obscot county, Maine, August 18, 1843. His early education was received at the district school, Hampden Academy and

Lewiston Seminary (now Bates College.) He began the study of medicine with Dr. Paul A. Stackpole at Dover, New Hamp¬ shire, with whom he read for a short period. He afterwards studied at Pitts¬ field (Mass.) Medical College, and pur¬ sued a thorough course at Bellevue, New York. Although Dr. Kimball was still a young man when the war closed, he had served eighteen months as contract surgeon to Dr. S. B. Morrison, a surgeon of the regular army. Fresh from the study ot medicine and surgery, and eager to become thoroughly skilled in their jmactice. Dr. Kimball here found an op¬ portunity such as few men of his age have had. That he was entirely success¬ ful in improving that opportunity, and particularly in surgery, is shown b3^ his subsequent career. After the war was over he continued his studies at Bowdoin College, from which institution he grad¬ uated in 1866, having filled the chair of prosector of surgery during his senior year. The following year he came to Minneapolis, where he has built up such a reputation in his practice that his name and surgery have been almost synonj'mous for a great many years, while he stands peer to the best in general practice.

It sometimes happens when a man attains to success that his biographer paints in vivid clearness the diffi¬ cult portions of the way over which he has come, leaving in dim outline the more easy and agreeable part ; for there¬ by he magnifies the sturdier and strongly perseverent c(ualities calculated to com¬ mand admiration and mark the posses¬ sor as an individual strong in person¬ ality. But real success is often farther removed when opportunities are favora¬ ble, than when the road to fortune leads over manj- steep and rugged ways. Dr. Kimball has a good line of ancestry and has had every advantage for thorough preparation. His father was a law3'er of distinguished ability and learning, and was associated politicalh' and profess¬ ionally with the leading statesmen of Maine during the thrilling period prior to the Rebellion. His mother, Abigail, whose maiden name was Homans, is of Spanish ancestr\', and a woman of extra¬ ordinary talent and loft\" principle. The doctorfeelsthatitistoherhe owes what¬ ever success he ma^^ have acheived, and it is his especial delight to recount her in¬ spiring counsels and deeds of useltdness. She is still living at Bangor, Alaine, and every 3^ear the doctor visits her in her Eastern home as a slight token of the deep veneration and respect he feels for her who has done so much for him.

When Dr. Kimball came to Minne¬ apolis in 1 8()7, he found a town of about 5,000 inhabitants, surrounded with about all the disadvantages common to a western city. But this new "West Side" town had just been granted a charter b3' the State Legislature, and Dr. Kimball, along with many others who have come to be " old stand-b3's,'' saw great prospects ahead, so he opened an office and quietly bided his time. Those were the days when the "trunk lines'' entering Minneapolis numbered something less than they do now, and street car service was 3'et unknown. The winters, too, were extremely cold, and high water not uncommon in spring¬ time; and as a practitioner was expect¬ ed to care for the sick in the surrounding countr3' within a radius of twent3' or thirty miles, long cold rides over bad roads were quite common for the doc¬ tors, and Dr. Kimball had his share. The doctor's practice, however, was not burdensome, his wa3' of describing it be¬ ing that he had "an abundance of leisure.'' Dr. Kimball enjo3^s the compan¬ ionship of keen, bright, humoroush' in¬ clined fellows, too well to sjjend his

'leisure' alone; so when Thomas Lowr3q then a tall, gaunt, uncouth young lawyer from Illinois, asked to share his office room one day in Septem¬ ber, '67, the doctor consented and helped him put in the partition. Later, lawyer J. M.Shaw was taken in, and the doctor and two law3'ers passed the ' leisure ' hours quite as jdeasanth', no doubt, as their busy ones.

But Dr. Kimball's leisure hours were not destined to continue long. His thorough preparation, love of scientific investigation and sincere devotion to his profession, soon brought him to the no¬ tice of the best people in the city, while his frank and courteous manner, affable and jovial disposition, and his strongpersonal magnetism made him a favorite wherever known. In the spring of 1868 he and Thomas Lowry purchased the lease, practice and office fixtures of Dr. A. E. Ames in the Harrison block, and this office has been occupied 133- Dr. Kim¬ ball ever since. The following vear he formed a partnership with Dr. C. O. Goodrich which lasted nearh- five 3'ears, and with this excejition Dr. Kimball has always practiced without a partner.