Minneapolis City (part 45 of 80)

Onh' the earlv childhood of Mr. I'letcher was spent in his native town, as when he was but a lad of twelve his father removed to St. Johnsbuiw, atown onh' a few miles distant, but one of the most attractive in the state, not onl3' be¬ cause of Fairbanks scale renown but pos¬ sessing in an eminent degree rare educa¬ tional facilities and a high standard of intelligence. After acquiring an acadeipic education su])plemented 1)3" a preparator3' course, at the age of sixteen he entered staunch old Dartmouth, but was constrained to abandon his studies with¬ out completing the course 1)3" reason of ill health. Upon deciding to lead a busi¬ ness life and finding that of wholesale flour and grain, in which his father had been engaged and had most successfully and abU' managed since 1856, most con¬ genial to his tastes, he entered the gen¬ eral office, first as bookkeeperand a little later as manager of a branch house es¬ tablished in Newi)ort upon Lake Mem- ])hremagog, oJic ol the most thriv- ing and popular summer resorts in Northern New England. After a most successful business career of a few years Mr. Fletcher removed to Chicago in 1867, engaging in milling under the firm name ot Marple & Fletcher, and just when the business outlook was most en¬ couraging and the bow of promise hung high in the cloud of success, in a moment all hopes were blighted. A terrible ex¬ plosion, a disastrous fire, and his entire investment was gone.

Early in the spring of 1869 Mr. Fletcher was recalled to Vermont by the failing health of his father. He immedi¬ ately took charge of the business, there¬ by enabling his father to make a change of climate, when he at once sought the invigorating air of the Northwest. The climatic change proving beneficial, his last 3'ears were spent in Minnesota, measurabl}" in banking at Lake City and subsecpienth", the last eighteen months attending to varied interests in and about Minneapolis. On the 16th of Feb¬ ruary", 1875, while 'on a visit to his fam¬ ily in Vermont, without the slightest pre¬ monition, he was stricken with apoplexyand ])eacefully" passed away.

During the years Mr. Fletcher re¬ mained at St. Johnsbury" he not only- ex¬ tensively enlarged the business estab¬ lished by" his father but becamemoreand more identified with varied interests in town and state. He was vice-president of the Merchants National Bank of St. Johnsbury from its organization, June, 1875, until he left the state in 1879.

While on frequent trips to Minnesota he became impressed with the wonderful resources of the Noi'thwest and the com¬ mercial and manufacturing importance of Minneapolis, and in December, 1879, removed to that city".

favorite pursuit of the manufacture of flour, and immediately" the Arm of Sidle, Fletcher, Holmes & Co. was organized, erecting one of the best known mills in the far famed Flour City (the North west¬ ern), now owned by the Consolidoted Milling Co.

In 1882 he retired from the active management of the business, allowing his name and interests to remain until 1886. During these y"ears he was also extensively" engaged in the lumber busi¬ ness under the firm name of Fletcher Bros.

He was elected president of the North¬ ern Pacific Elevator Co. in 1886, and upon his retirement one year later left the business in a most prospei'ous condi¬ tion.

In 1887 one of the largest and most important industries to the business growth of Minneapolis, viz, the Minne¬ apolis Stock Yards & Packing Co., was organized. Air. Fletcher being one of its projectors and prime movers ; was also elected its first president, which ])osition he held until the fall of 1890.

When the Minneapolis, Sault St. Alarie and Atlantic railroad was projected in 1883, Mr. Fletcher was one of the incor¬ porators, giving much of his time and attention to its construction. He was also ti'easurer and a director of the Alinneapolis and Pacific railway, incorpor¬ ated in 1886. These two roads were subseciuently" consolidated as the MinncaiDolis, St. Paul and Sault St. Marie, and in 1889 Air. Fletcher resigned his direc¬ torship, severing his connection there¬ with .

He has also been president of the Green Alountain Stock Ranching Com¬ pany since its organization in 1883. This company" has large live stock inter¬ ests in Montana.

In ]X)litical sentiment, Air. Fleteher is a Rei)ublican, but lie has never asjiired to an\' public office, merely dischaigin^ at the polls his dnt\' as a citizen.

On the 18th of December, 1866, at Newport, Vermont, Air. Fletcher was united in marriage to Aliss Rebecca A. Smith. Two children, a son and a daughter were born to them, both d\dng in infancy.

Air. and Airs. Fletcher are members of Plymouth Congregational Church. For four yeai's Air. Fletcher was president of the Young Alens Christian Association and his efforts in bchalfof that deserving cause conti ibuted much to its prosperous condition.

The career of Air. Fletcher can be sum¬ med up in very few words; it is charac¬ terized by great earnestness and an un¬ wavering determination to succeed, and it affords a happ\^ illustration of the ])ower of jicrseverence and conscientious effort in elevating individual character, and of those virtues and principles em¬ bodied in a consistent and well defined life.

Earl 3' in 1 881 the great Pillsbury "A" mill wascomjileted, on theeastsidcof the riverat the corner ofThird avenuesouthcast and Alain street, at a cost of $500,- 000. The mill was commenced in 1879, and the size of the building was 115x175 feet on theground, and seven stories high. This was one of the last flouring mills built at the Falls of St. Anthony". It has a capacity of 7,200 barrels per day. It is a magnificent structure, com])lete in everv part, with the most modern and improved machinerA', with acres of floor s])ace, and a capacity for grinding wheat which would astonish a man with an ordinary bank account. The mill was built by Charles A. Pillsbury & Co., and is the largest flour mill in the world. Its fame has gone out over the Uni Led

States and European countries. The building of this mill has ])robabl\' adver¬ tised the manulacturiiig industries of Minneapolis more than any other one enterprise connected with the cit}'.

With the purchase of the Palisade mill in 1884, and the building of the Lin¬ coln mill at Anoka, the Washburn mill Co., composed of Wm. I). Washburn and Win. I). Hale, commenced the manufac¬ ture of flour, Air. Washburn having pre¬ viously been a member of the firm of Washburn, Croslw & Co. He had long been jrrominent in the manufacturing in¬ terests of AIinnea])olis, being a large owner in the Minneapolis Alill Co., and extensivch' engaged in the manufacture of lumber. He became identified with the growth and ])rosperity of manufac¬ tures at an earh^ day and has lieen continuoush' engaged in their upbuilding ever since. He took an active part in the consolidation of the Pillsbuiw and W. I). Washburn mills and their sale to the syndicate conprosing the Pillsburv- Washburn Flour Alill Co., and with that sale Senator Washburn quit active o])erations in flour manufacture, but remains one of the resident directors of the new compan\^ Air. Hale retired from business with the sale of the mills.

In 1882, J. B. Bassett, Earnest Zeidler, Fred 1). Zimmerman and Horace S. Wade built the Columbia flour mill, with a capacit}' of 1,000 barrels per da\'. The company was organized and incorjiorated under the name of the Columbia Alill Co., with J. B. Bassett president. After running the mill for two \'ears its ca])acit\' was increased to 2,000 barrels per da\'. The same compain' continued to run the mill until 1891, when it be¬ came the ])ro])ertv of the Northwestern Consolidated Alilling Company.

the three flour mills of Charles A. Pillsbury & Co., the Pillsbury "A," Pillsbury "B"and Anchor, also all their elevators, together with the Palisade mill at Afinneapolis and the Lincoln at Anoka, owned by the Washburn Mill Co., and known as the W. D. Washburn mills. Also the entire water j)ower of the Falls of St. Anthonr^, owned by the Minneap¬ olis Mill Co. and the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co., the stock of the last named company being owned b_v J. J. Hill and his associates. This entire prop¬ erty, consisting of water power, eleva¬ tors and mills was sold to an Englisli syndicate incorporated as the Pillsbury- Washburn Flour Afill Co. For a time the citizens were fearful lest this sale should be a misfortune to Minneapolis, as the former owners of the property were among our most loyal and enterprising citizens, whose genius had built ipD an immense business, and their severing their connection with the manufacturing intei'ests of Minneapolis would l)e little short of a calamity. But after finding that the former proprietors wotdd be active in the ownership and management of the new compain^, all cause for alarm was dissipated, and the new company has well demonstrated that no cause for alarm should exist. The properties ha ve been put in first class condition and the mills have been operated to their full capacit}^ and the company contemplates improvements in the water power which will greatl v add to its capacit3^also, and be of immeasurable benefit to Minneapo¬ lis; and this alone demonstrated the fact that the consolidation of the two water power companies was a lasting benefit to the citv', as it was almost impossible lor two companies to work in harmonv with their necessarih^ conflicting inter¬ ests. Fortunately for the cit3% Chas. A. Pillsbur3-, ex-Gov. John S. Pillsbury and Senator Wm. D. Washburn remain in the company as resident directors, with Chas. A. Pillsbury as managing director. The company has the largest flour milling capacity of any in the world (14,500 barrels per day ) , and enjoys a world wide reputation for its products.

John Martin. Captain Martin, as the enterprizing lumberman and active business man, whose career is here sketched, has been known in Minneapolis for nearl3^ forty years, earned his title on the inland navigation, as the chief officer of steamboats. Entering active life on his own account at the age of nineteen, he has pursued many lines of business, with uniform success. Whether on the paternal farm in Vermont, on the rivers of New England and the South, amid the golden sands of California rivers, or among the pines of Minnesota, what¬ ever he has undertaken has been pursued with such persistence and good judg¬ ment that unaided Iw fortune or fi'iends the farmer's boy has risen 1)3' sheer force of his indomable character, to the head of one of the great lumber manufacturies of the countr3', and of the second largest milling business in the world.

He was born at Peacham, Caledonia Count3^, Vermont, August 18, 1820. His father, Eliphalet Martin, and hismother, Alartha (Hoit) Alartin, were settled on a farm in Peacham, having emigrated in earl 3^ life from Woodbury, Connecticut. John was one of a family of ten children. His earl3' life differed little from tluit of the sons of New England farmers, who won a scant3' living b3Mhe cultivation of their rugged and not over productive soil. From infanc3' he shared such work of the farm as falls to the lot of boys, attending for a few weeks of each winter the district school. But he felt the long¬ ing for a wider field and more independ¬ ant life, and at the age of nineteen bought

The Connecticut river is not far from Pcacham, and was at that period the chief avenue of internal commerce in that part of the country. Young Alartintook employment as fireman on a steamboat navigating that river, and in cotirse of time became captain of the boat. After five years of steamboating on the Con¬ necticut his boat was sold to go South, Captain Martin was engaged to go with her and for the next five 3'ears as captain of the "Wayne" and "Johnson," navi¬ gated the watei's of the Neuse river, in North Carolina, bringing down the tar and resin and returning with vaidous merchandise. His wages, though not munificent, were saved and carefulh^ in¬ vested, mosth' in farms among his native hills. After ten years of steamboating he returned to Peacham, where he was married, but alone he joined the procession that was moving to California, after the disco ver\' of gold in the alluvial deposits of the coast. Leaving in December, 1849, b\' way of the Isthmus of Panama, he reached the golden coast in February, and at once took a placer on the American idver. After a laborious \'ear in digging and panning, he sold his placer, and with the dust accumulated (a goodly supply) re¬ turned to Vermont. But the rocks and hills had lost the fascination with which the reminiscences of \^outh had invested them ; and the farms lacked the stir and excitement which the deck and the mining camp had made him accus¬ tomed ; and after two years he deter¬ mined to explore the West, and visited Illinois and Iowa. At the Mississijjpi he saw vast rafts of logs floating with the current and determined to go up the river and find where they came from. This led him to St. Anthony, where his practiced eye soon took in the possibili¬ ties of the lumber business, and return¬ ing to Vermont he sold his farms and movables, and early in the year 1855 removed to St. Anthony. That has been his home from that time to the i)resent. The village has expanded into a metro¬ politan cit}". The growth of centuries in the ordinai*3" way, has been condensed into a generation. In the bewildering development which has been going on. Captain Martin has been an important factor. Confining himself to business, his life has been a happj' one ; and while accumulating wealth, which in his native town would have placed him far in ad¬ vance of the foremost, he has co-oper¬ ated in all public enterprizes, and con¬ tinued a life of activity in a simple and unostentatious st vle of living to a period of life when most men find themselves exhausted of ambition and vital force.

Settling in St. Anthon\', he entered heartily into the enthusiasms of the am¬ bitious community". On the 23d of Januaiw, 1855, a banquet was served at the St. Charles Hotel to celebrate the com¬ pletion of the suspension bifidge. The procession, which, according to Col. Stevens, was a mile in length, was led by Dr. J. H. Murph\', marshal of the day, and Captain John Martin as standard bearer, and with music and cannon marched through the streets of both towns.

The same year the citizens formed a steamboat company for the navigation ot the lower river, and raised a cai)ital stock of thirty thousand dollars. From his experience in the business. Captain Martin took great interest in the enter¬ prise, and was one of the stockholders, and subsec[uentl\' became captain of the ways with the Itiinher trade. From time to time he purehased pine timbered lands, the stnmpage from whieh is a souree of large revenne. He built and operated saw mills and opened lumber yards, and finalh^some eight or ten years ago ineorporated his lumber business as the "John Martin Lumber Company," with yards at St. Paul and saw mill at Mission ereek, on the St. Paul & Duluth Rail¬ road.

But he did not eonfine his attention exelusiveh" to the lumber business. He earl}' engaged in flour milling and was a proprietor of the Northwestern flourmills at Minneapolis. He is now jjresident of the Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company at Minneapolis, operating flve large mills, with a daily eapaeity of ten thousand five hundred barrels of flour, being next to the Pillsbury -Washburn Compam', the largest manufaeturers of flour in the world.

Captain Martin has been adii'eetorof the First National Bank of Minneapolis sinee its organization about 1864. He was a director and vice president of the Minneapolis & St. Louis road from its completion until its incorporation into the Rock Island system, and contributed in no small measure, both of his capital and business sagacit}', to the success of these vital avenues of the prospei'ity of his city. He was likewise a director and vice-president of the Minneapolis, Sault Ste Marie & Atlantic railwa}-, and of the Minneapolis & Pacifle railway - enter¬ prises which opened up a new and shorter route to the Atlantic seaboard, and placed the milling business of Minneap¬ olis independent of hostile railroad com¬ binations.

The details of a business life furnish few conspicuous points which arrest the prfljlic attention ; but they engross the activities of life, and are the stepping stones by which the successful man mounts to fortune, and through which he adds his quota to the sum of human achievements. Thus Captain Martin's life, in a private and unostentatious way, has been full of labor, inspired by sagac¬ ity, reaching success, and contributing to the common w^eal.

His marriage in 1849 was to Aliss Jane B. Gilflllan, of Peacham. His wife has shared his life and prosperity in Alinneapolis, making his home bright and occupying a high and influential social position until March, 1886, when she was called away. A daughter, the only fruit of the marriage, remains to cheer the life of the father.

True to his Pilgrim ancestry. Captain Martin is attached to the First Congre¬ gational church, and among the most liberal supporters of the activities of that leading and oldest church of the city'. He has been a staunch Republican since the organization of the party, though never seeking its honors. His large influence among the people has been freely' used to pi'omote the ambition of friends and secure the adoption of his favorite measures. He enjoys in fidlest measure the respect and confldenceof his neighbors and acquaintances, and has occupied a large place in the growth of Alinneapolis.

In July, 1891, the Northwestern Con¬ solidated Alilling Company was organ¬ ized with a capital of $2,250,000. The company was formed by six of the large flouring mills joining their capital and interests. The names of the mills forming this company are as follows :

The Crown Roller, Columbia, North¬ western, Zenith, Pettit and Galaxy, the "Pettit" intended to be used as an elevator for the other mills. John Martin was elected president; J. B. Bas-

Capacity

Although the number of flour mills did not inerease during the year of 1891, yet the eapaeity of the mills already built did increase, even after deducting the two mills owned and managed in Minnea])olis but located outside, as can lie seen from the subjoined table.

Corn Mkal. Graham Flour

There is no such profit in the nuinufaeture of flour at the present day as there was during the great growth of the business (following the introduction of the new method of purifying middlings and the use of chilled iron rollers for re¬ duction) from 1870 to 1880. Comj)etition among themselves, and also with outside millers has brought the nmrgin of profit so close to the cost, that the millers must look sharply after their busi¬ ness or they will come out behind at the close of the A'ear. Nearly all the flour mills ai'e now eciuijjcd with steam power to supplement the water ])ower, so they can operate during seasons of drought, when the water power is insufficient for all the mills, otherwise some would have to lie idle. An immense sum of money is needed to handle the wheat required the Minneapolis flour mills, and deliver it to the eastern markets in the form of Hour, but the cheerful miller goes calmly on, and talks of millions of dollars as the ordinar}^ man does of thouscinds, and his success seems to warrant and justify his assurance.

The development of the cooperage industr\^ of Minneapolis was co-extensive with that of the flour manufacturing in¬ terests. An annual output of flour rang¬ ing up, within a decade, from a million to seven millions of barrels calls for the manufacture of an immense number of packages. The demand for barrels has been supplied by about half a dozen shops, most of them conducted on the co-operative plan; in fact, this co-opera¬ tive feature is one of themostinteresting phases of Minneapolis industrial pro¬ gress.

The tremendous development of the flour milling industiw afforded a market for an ever increasing number of barrels, and certain journeymen coopers saw an opportunity for bettering their condition b}^ applying the principles of co-opera¬ tion. The scheme was entirely success¬ ful. As a consequence some eight or ten co-operative shops have since been organ¬ ized, at least half a dozen being still in existence. The general principle of organ¬ ization is equal shareholding in the capi¬ tal stock, and apportionment of profits in proportion to work done. Initial pay¬ ments on stock and weekl3^ assessments thereafter accumulated the capital. The s\'stem has prospered phenominalh'. Through periods of businesss activitjq the coopers (having disposed of"bosses" and middlemen) accumulated profits rapidl\q and were enabled to secure some real estate and commodious shops fitted with proper machiner3^ In hard times the\^ have been able to earn fair wages when the unorganized journeymen were out of work. The eo-o^Derative shops have net assets aggregating approximatel3^ $150,000, while many of the members have secured homes of their own. Of late 3'ears the cooperage business has declined to some extent on account of large ship¬ ments of flour in sacks instead of barrels, but the condition of the "co-operatives" has always been better than that of the journe3mien employed in the "boss" shops. As an educational influence the co-operative cooperage industi'30ias been most valuable to wage workers. Probabh" not less than 2,000 men have been from time to time connected with these organizations and cognizant of their ad¬ vantages. Numerous co-operative insti¬ tutions have grown out of the parent movement, some to fail through lack of proper appreciation of the eonditions re¬ quisite for success, others to go on prosperoush'.

Previous to 1868 there were no cooper shops of importance in Minneapolis. Half a hundred journe3anen were able to produce all the barrels needed in the busi¬ est times. They worked in small shops under loosses and were not certain of regular or continuous employment. In 1868 C. W. Curtiss, a journeyman cooper who had some experience in co-opera¬ tion, organized a co-operative shop with Wm. H. Reeves, George W. Sargent and Joseph Combs. The experiment was suc¬ cessful and onl3^ ended with a time of en¬ forced idleness when the mills were shut down for a protracted period.

The introduction in the earl 3' '70s of the new methods in the manufacture of flour wonderfull3^ stimulated its produc¬ tion, and in consequence the eooperage industiw revived and great numbers of journe3'men flocked to the cit3q over sup¬ plying the market for labor, forcing down wages and rendering emplo3'ment nncertain. Mr. Curtiss perceived tliat the time was ripe for a new co-operative trial, and in November, 1874, he, with F. L. Bachelder, Peter Kenne\\ J. W. Overacker and H. E. Roberts organized the Co-operative Barrel M a n n f a c t u r i n g Compan}'. This was the parent orgtinization. All later co-operative shops have been off-shoots orcopies. The new enterprise was fostered by Charles A. Pillsbnrx', who gave it its first contract and showed his friendliness in main' other waA'S. A capital stock of $10,000 was contemphited in the organization. T en \'ears of prosperous business brought the paid in capital up to $30,000. As a co-operative success the company has been a model to the coopers, as well as all other wage workers the country over.

Other organizations followed closeh' upon the demonstrated success of the first company. Some were successful ; others failed, usually because of lack of adherence to the true principles of co¬ operation. The North Star Barrel Com- ])an\' was formed in October, 1877, b}' Peter Kenne}'', Daniel G. Wentworth, F. L. Bachelder, John O'Donnell, H. W. Burroughs and C. W. Curtiss. Its pro¬ gress was quite, as rapid as that of the first compan^^ In March, 1880, the Hennepin County Barrel Compan\' was incorporated. It was the outgrowth of a strike in the "boss '' shops, none of its original members being from the other co-operative shops. In six j'ears it ac¬ cumulated assets of $38,000. One j'ear after the " Hennepin '' came the Phfjenix Barrel Alanufacturing Compaii}', a small but successful enterprise.

The Northwestern Barrel Companv was organized in December of the same \'ear - again the outcome of a strike in a "boss" shop - and ])rospered from the start. The Minnesota Barrel Companv

These were the co-operative enter¬ prises which maybe classed as most siiccessful. Of those organized from time to time, a number whose names ai'e not now known among the business concerns of the citv, were simph' absorbed b}' older institutions for the purpose of econom\' or convenience.

Of the non-co-operative barrel shops the most important organization was the Hall & Dann Barrell Compan\', in¬ corporated June 12, 1880. The name was afterward changed to the Harwood Alanufacturing Company. This concern began with ample capital, erected large buildings at the corner of Third avenue south and E'irst street, equipped them with the latest machineiw and com¬ menced the production of barrels at the rate of 6,000 per da3', when running at full capacit3'. Emplo3'ment was given to 175 men, the number having since been increased at times.

Among the cooper shops doing an ex¬ tensive business in joast years, but now out of the business, ma3' be mentioned P. Daly, who started a 1)arrel factor v in 1872; A. M. Anson, who began to oper¬ ate in 1873, and A.Bumb & Co. in 1874, and other minor establishments. The manufacture of barrels in Minneapolis is now carried on bv the following con¬ cerns, all but three being conducted on the co-operative ])lan ;

Early in 1854, Orin Rogers built the hrst furniture factory located at the Falls of St. Anthon3^ The factoiy was built on the east river bank near the foot of Third avenue southeast, at the end of the bridge leading to Hennepin Island. In 1855 Mr. Rogers sold out to L. 0. and J. C. Johnson, who operated the factory for a number of years, and then sold it to Thos. Barnard & Bro., who continued the business. Mr. Thos. Barnard and Wm. H. Shuey soon suc¬ ceeded to the ownership under the name of Barnard & Shuey. The factory burned in 1873. Mr. Shuej- retired and Mr. Barnard built a new factoiw on Fourth street and Second avenue north¬ east, and took in as a partner, Mr. Cope of Philadelphia, and thereafter the firm was styled Barnard & Cope. Mr. Thos. Barnard has for several years been out of the business, and living on the Pacific slope, but his sons have succeeded to his interest in tlie concern and are now running it under the same firm name.

Thomas Gkimball Barnard. The linn of Barnard Brothers and Cope is proinfietor of a wholesale furniture man¬ ufacturing business, at the corner of Fourth street and Second avenue, N. E. in Minneapolis. Its specialty is chamber suits, and extension and center tables, which they sell in all the territory west of the Mississippi river to the Pacific coast. As many as one hundred and forty workmen areconstantl3^ employed. Two million feet of lumber are annually worked up, and the manufactured pro¬ duct turned out reaches a value of $250,000 per year. The plant is oper¬ ated by steam with machinery working almost autoniaticall3', and its operations are adjusted with wonderful minuteness and precision. Among the appliances is a machine for wood carving, on which as many as four blocks are simultaneous- I3" carved into intricate patterns by the guiding hand of a single expert carver. The furniture when it has received the last touches shines with the kistre of plate glass, and is solid and substantial, and is sold at prices so low, when com¬ pared with that produced b3" old fashioned hand processes, as to seem fabulous - a result onh^ attained by modern methods of division of labor, and perfection of mechanism. The business which has developed to this magnitude was established thirty-five 3"ears ago by Mr. T. G. Barnard, father of the three young men who with Mr. Henr3'' Cope constitute the present firm.

Thomas G. Barnard is a native of Charlottetown, Prince Edwai'd's Island, B.N. A. His father, Jabez Baimard was an Englishman who migrated to the col¬ ony in the first years of the present cen¬ tury, He was a carpenter and builder, living in Huntingtonshire, before an en¬ gagement in the line of his trade brought him to America. The son was the sixth in a family of eleven children, and was born Sept. 28, 1826. He was placed in a pi'ivate school at an early age, but tiring of the restraint and monotony, at the age of eleven he left school and commenced with his father to pick up the carpenter's trade. At the age of nineteen he pushed out into the world to earn an independent living, going to Boston. There he worked for a year and a half in an organ factor3y at wages. Then he went to work in a cabinet shop, where painted and hard wood sets were manufactured on a large scale, and largely by machiner3a Remaining here for five and a half years, he had become thorough^ conversant with the furniture manufac¬ turing business as it was then being conducted. In 1849, while living in Boston, Mr. Barnard married Miss Eliza H. Hayes, of Rochester, New Hampshire.

From Boston he went to Norway, Oxford County, Maine, where he establislied himself in the furniture mannfaetnring business, devoting his attention ehiefly to bedsteads and eondueted the business for four \"ears.

A married sister, Mrs. A. B. Fall, had settled in St. Anthony, and through her Air. Barnard learned of the advantages ^vhieh that new town presented for manufaeturing and he resolved to es¬ tablish here a business for manufacturing furniture by machinery which had been so successful in Boston. Three young men joined him in the enterprise. They pui'chased machinery, a stock of mahogaii}' and veneers, and embarked with it for St. Anthony where it arrived early in Alay, 1857. The firm of L. G. & J. S. Johnson had been for some time engaged in the furniture business at St. Anthony'. This shop was on Alain street just below the bridge leading to Hennepin Island. Fearing the effect of competition, the Johnson's sold their manufacturing business to the young men, who formed the firm of Noyes, Waldron & Co. Air. Barnard and a Air. Pingree constituting the Co. They went to work with energ}', emplo\dng from twelve to fourteen men, and turning out furniture suited to the times. In the fall of that year the financial crash came, affecting seriously their bright prospects. As aconsecpienee the firm sold out to Air. Pingree, who continued it, Air. Barnard going to work for him. In the following \'ear Air. Barnard built a house on Sixth street and made himself a permanent home.

In 1859 he was joined by his brother, John F. Barnard, and the firm of Barn¬ ard Bros, was formed. They took a shop on Hennepin Island where they had a water j)ower from the Chutes, and set up the business of scroll sawing and turning. Soon the Johnson's sold them their original manufaeturing plant, and the Chutes, the building which they occupied, and the Barnard Brothers commenced manufacturing various kinds of furniture. They worked themselves and employed one man. As business revived and their orders increased they made a better class of work. For several succeeding years the_v turned out some of the finest fur.niture ever made here. They had orders for furnishing some of the better houses that were built at that period both here and in St. Paul. Not infrequently thej' turned out sets for which they received $500 and even more. In fact the best furniture to be found in the elegant new residenees came from their shop. '

In 1865 Air. William H. Shuey was taken into the business, which became Barnard Bros. & Shuey. The next 3'ear John F. Barnard sold out and the business continued as Barnard & Shuey, In 1870 Edward C. Clark joined the firm, which became Barnard, Shue\^ & Clark. Soon afterwards the factor v was burned with a considerable loss, and Air Shuey retired.

Air. Henry Cope, a 3'oung man from Philadelphia, son of Air. Thomas P. Cope, an old quaker familv of that city, joined the firm in 1 873, and brought to it a considerable accession of caifital. The firm became now Barnard, Clark & Cope. The faetoiw was rebuilt in its present location, at the corner of I'ourlh street and Second avenue, north east, and steam was put in for motive power. Here were excellent facilities for ship¬ ping, as the factoiy was located along side the track of the St. Paid N: Pacific railroad.

About 1875 the business was divided. Air. Clark taking the retail deiiartment on the West side and Alessrs. Barnard (N Cope retained the manufaeturing. The firm of Barnard & Cope continued until

1 884, gradually inci'easing their business and systematizing and perfecting their methods. Mr. T. G. Barnard, during all these changes, had charge of the mechan¬ ical work, and superintended the manufacture, with a skill born of a practical knowledge of the trade, and a perseverance that overcame all obstacles which were often serious and almost disheartening.

Mr. Barnard met with a serious accident about the first of Feburary, 1884. He was driving a pair of horses through the streets of Minneapolis when thcA" became startled b}" the passage of a streetcar, and threw him out, breaking his thigh. For a time there was fear of a fatal result, but a vigorous constitu¬ tion and good health, with attentive nursing brought him thi'ough. He was however, disabled, and thought it best to retii'e from active business. His interest in the business was assumed by his three sons, Fred H., Harr3^ A. and Frank S. Barnard and by Mr. Cope, who under the stjde of Barnard Brothers & Cope have continued it with great success until the present time. Mr. T. G. Barnard after two A^ears spent in at¬ tention to building up his shattered health, removed to the Pacific coast. He located at Los Angeles, Cal., where he built a pleasant home, enjoying the milder climate and the fruits and flowers of that prolific region. He makes fre([uent visits to Minneapolis, and suffers no abatement of his pifide in the business which the unwearied labor of his best years had built up. The wife who had accompanied Air. Barnard to Minneapolis in 1857, died in 1872, leav¬ ing the sons above mentioned, and two others, Edward G. and Arthur H., also two daughters, one the wife of H. G. Blake, of St. Paul, and the other married to T. L. Ford, but now deceased.

In 1868 M. C. Burr started a small furniture factory on Second street be¬ tween Fifth and Sixth avenues south. The next y^ear he took in Mr. Alorris as a partner, and continued under the st3deofBurr& Morris, until the sumof 1873 when D. M. Gilmore bought into the firm, and the firm name was changed to Burr, Alorris & Co. They built a large building on Lake street, near the track of the Chicago, Milwau¬ kee & St. Paul railwa^^ and occupied it with their machinerjy In 1874 Air. A. S. AlcCulloch bought out Air. Morris, and the firm name was changed to Burr, Gilmore & Co. In a few years Air. Burr sold out to his partners, and the firm name was again changed to Gilmore & AlcCulloch, who continued the business until 1881 when the en¬ tire plant was destroyed by fire, and the firm dissolved. Mr. D. Al. Gilmore then bought a sight on Western avenue near the Great Northern tracks and erected a large brick building and pro¬ ceeded to manufacture furniture on his own occount. In 1882 Chas. Evans Holt became a partner in the firm under the style of Gilmore & Holt. In 1883 the company became incorporated as the D. M. Gilmore Furniture Co. Air. Donald Kennedy and Benj. Beverage, Jr. bought into the company" and Air. Holt retired. Donald Kennedy was elected president; D. M. Gilmore, vice-president and general manager; and A. G. Ken¬ ned}^, secretary and treasurer. The}^ continued to own and operate the busi¬ ness until Januaiw 15th, 1891, when D. Al. Gilmore sold his stock to Donald

In 1877 Salis1)ury, Coots, Rolph & Co. commenced to manufacture spring beds, mattresses, etc. In 1887 Mr. Coots died and the hrni became Salisbur\', Rolph & Co., and has since re¬ tained that title. The factory is located on Main street between First and Second avenues southeast, and the\' are doing a lai'ge and constanth' increasing business.

In 1882 the Minneapolis Furniture Co. was organized, and James T. El well was elected president; Ceo. H. Elwell, .secretary and Carlos Burcon, treasurer. The company built a factory on Division street southeast, and did a good busi¬ ness from the start; their works have been enlarged several times and the business is growing ever\' \'ear. The present officers are Ceo. H. Elwell, president and treasurer; and Chas. i\I. Way, vice-president and seci'etaiw.

The Minneapolis Office and School Furniture Co. was incorporated in 1888 with a capital of $50,000. The factory operated In' the compan}' is located at the corner of Eighth street and Eighth avenue southeast. As indicated b^' the name, the compan}' manufactures school furniture and does a large and growing business. The present officers in man¬ agement are E. M. Johnson, ])resident; I*. J. Murphy, secretaiw and A. C. Aus¬ tin, treasurer.

Mr. Orrin Rogers also had the honor to be the ])ioneer in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds at the Falls of St. Anthony. In 1854 he operated in a small wa}' in a building on the river bank at the foot of Third avenue southeast, and in 1855, Rogers, Stimpson & Kent, of which firm he was the senior partner, built the first exclusive sash, door and blind factory located at the I'alls. The building was erected in St. Anthoiu', on the west side of Hennepin island, and was a substantial stone building, and was operated by them for several 3'ears as a sash, door and blind factorv. It was then sold to Cutter & Secombe, who fitted it ip) as a paper mill. The main building was 50x75 feet, with an ell 40 x40 feet. In 1880 the building burned, leaving the walls standing, when the building and ground were sold to the city of Minneapolis, and the standing walls remodeled and the building fitted up as the east side station of the citv water works, and is now used for that purpose. But few of our citizens know that the old building was once a sash, door and blind factorv'.

Until 1857 there had been no sash and door factory on the west side of the river, but during that 3'ear Mr. IMoixw built a factor3' on the south side of the sawmill platform for their manufacture. He operated it until 1862, when he sold it to Joseph Dean, who was at that time a carpenter and builder. Mr. Dean con¬ cluding to go into the lumber business, he sold it to J. G. Smith the same 3'ear. It was operated Iw Mr. Smith for two 3'ears, when he took in H. F. Lillibridgeas partner, and run under the firm name of Smith & Lillibridge. Mr. Lillibridge retired in 1866, and Mr. Smith con¬ tinued the business alone for two 3'ears, when, in 1868, E. 1). Parker, who had been previousU' connected with the firm of Rocke3' & Parker, became a ])artner with Mr. Smith, and the firm became Smith &; Parker.

JoTn.vM Gk.wks Smith was born at Westminster, in the town of Canterburv, Windham count3', Connecticut, on the 23rd (lav (jf Xovember, 1815. He was the eldest of a family of six children. The father, Asher Smith, was a farmei', of exenpilaiw life and industrious habits, whose narrow income from a rnggecl farm, did not permit the expenses of a ]il)era] education for his children, who were obliged to content themselves with such instruction as the countiw school afforded. The son took the name of his maternal uncle, Jotham Graves, who was a leading man of his time in Holy¬ oke, Mass.

Young Smith picked up the carpenter's trade which he followed for some years. His earnings up to his majority were contributed to the famih^ exchecpier. His industrv and skill prospered him. Soon after becoming twenty-one he visited Kenosha, Wis., where he worked at his trade for two years and became a contractor and builder. Later he joined his brother-in-law in starting a woolen mill in Stafford, Conn., which he built, and afterwards managed, having an in¬ terest in the business.

While living there he met Miss Almira Converse, whose mother, Martha Alden, was of the seventh generation in lineal descent from John Alden, of Phmiouth, and the Ala3"flower. The3^were married October 20, 1845, and eontinued to re¬ side at Stafford for the next ten 3^ears, where Air. Smith was industrioush' conducting the business of the satinet factory in which he was engaged, living with econom3" and la3'ing 1)3" a small capital for future investment.

In 1855 he came west to look for a location in the newl3" settled countr3", and at Minneapolis found prospeets w"hich pleased him. He spent a part of the summer in looking over the town and adjaeent eountry, and made some small investments. Among these were a traet of land suitable for two farms west of Lake Calhoun, somewhere near the present St. Louis park, and some lots, a part of a bloek then being sur¬ veyed, but not yet legally platted, on Sixth street and Oregon, now Third avenue south. Returning to Connecti¬ cut, he brought his famiW, then eonsisting of Mrs. Smith and two children, H. Alden and M3"ra, to Alinnesota. Falling in wdth Air. Z. AI. Brown, he was indueed to take an interest in the town site of Alontieello, Wrighteounty, where he took up his residenee. Here he built a house and engaged in the management of a real estate business, chiefly the sale of lots in the new town. He took an active interest in publie affairs, was Dep¬ uty County Treasurer, and was ehosen County Attorney and Judge of Probate of Wi'ight count3^ When the proposition to loan five million dollars in State bonds was submitted to a vote of the people, he was one of the few who fore¬ saw the evil results of the measure, and made an active opposition to it.

About 1861 the death of one of her brothers called Mrs. Smith to her old home in Conneeticut, where they re¬ mained for a year or two. Soon after their return in 1863, the3" took up their residenee in Minneapolis. Mr. Smith built a house upon one of the lots which he had bought in 1855, where the famihresided until within a few 3"ears. The plaee is now occupied with manufaeturies and business houses. In 1863 Air. Smith bought the XDlaning mill and sash and door factory of Joseph Dean, which stood upon the brink of the falls below the platform of the Minneapolis Alill Compan3'. It was a wooden structure, and was operated by water that had passed through the wheels of the saw mills located on the dam above. Here he eommenced the manufacture of doors, sash and other house fixtures, and soon enio3^ed a good patronage. Not longafter he took into pai'tnership Mr. L. D. Parker, who was an exeellent car¬ penter and joiner, and an industrious and most able man. In proeess of time Air. Smith's son, Alden, was taken into the firm, and then J. T. Wyman, who liad long been employed in the mill, and the business was conducted under the st^de of Smith, Parker & Co. It became a lai'ge and profitable business, and was conducted until the mill was burned in 187(), when J. G. Smith I'etired, leaving the business to be prosecuted in new cpiarters by Alden Smith and J. T. Wy¬ man, who are still conducting it.

Mr. Smith did not re-engage in busi¬ ness, except to improve and manage his ])ro])crt\'. He still held the lots on Fifth street adjoining his residence, upon which he erected a number of tenement houses. His son Alden had t.akcn the manufacturing business off his hands, and was well started in life.

His daughter Myra, married John U. Clark, a young man who had been brought up in Minneapolis, and had graduated at Amherst College. After further study and residence in Furope, he was ai)])ointcd to the chair of histoiw and ]iolitical science in Smith College, Mass., and has recently accepted a call to a like jirofcssorship in Amherst College.

Both Mr. and Mrs. Smith, as well as the children were members of Plymouth Congregational Church, in which thev have been active and most devoted workers. While careful in his business affairs, and economical in personal exjicnses, Mr. Smith has opened his heart and his purse in liberal offerings to char¬ itable a])peals. He contributed large amounts to the endowment of Carlton College, and to Chicago Theological Seminary, and to the building of the Bethel Mission of Plymouth Church, and to the building of the Young Alen's Christian Association, as well as to the acadamies at Salt Lake City, Utah and Montevideo, Minn. He is one of those who, nurtured in the evangelical faith of New lingland, and inheriting the s])irit and principles of the Pilgrims, brouglit to the west this heritage of faith, and erected again beyond the Mississi])|)i, the institutions of education and religion which have blessed the land i)f their birth and made it great.

In 1872, Mr. Smith's son, H. Alden Smith, was taken into the firm, and iji 1874 James T. W^-man bccamea partner also, and the name of the firm was changed to Smith, Parker 8z Co. Mr. Smith, Sr. retired in 1870, and Mr. Parker in 1881, and the name of the firm became Smith & Wyman, consisting of H. Alden Smith and James T. Wyman, who still conduct the business.

The old mill built in 1857 on the Falls burned up in the spring of 1870, and was never rebuilt. Immediately after the burning of the old mill the firm moved to the two-story stone mill south of and adjoining the Humbolt Flour mill, which they operated until 1878, when the explosion of the three flour mills oc¬ curred on May 2nd of that year and the stone mill occupied by Smith, Parker & Co. was blown to the ground, there not being a piece of the wall left three feet high, and fii'e completed the destruction. The mill at present occupied by the compain' is located on Eighth sti'eet and Second avenue southeast, and was built by Stetson & Nelson, but was purchased and enlarged by Smith & W\'man, and with one exce])tion is the oldest sash, door-and blind factory in the city; that cxcci)tion being the old Jesse Cojjcland factoiw on the corner ofThird street and Third avenue south.

In 1858 Mr. John McCabe l)uilt a small sash, door and blind factory just north of Bridge Scpiare, on the river bank near Suspension bridge. He sold it to L. I). Parker, and in 1800 it 1)urncd and was not rebuilt.

Russell's planing mill on First street between Fifth and Sixth avenues south. Thej" continued until 1866 when Mr. Duncan sold out to L. D. Parker and the firm became Rocke\' & Paidter. Mr. Parker retired from the firm in 1868 to become a partner in the business of J. G. Smith, and Mr. Rockey soon sold out to Mr. R. P. Russell, the owner of the building. Mr. Russell continued the business until he decided to remove the building and build a flotir mill on the site which he did in 1877.

In 1863 Geo. Wheaton and C. E. Reynolds started a sash, door and blind factory in the Ames building, located on the east side nearly opposite the Pillsbury "A" Mill. Air. Wheaton retired in 1864 and Geo. A. Wheaton, his son, and Alfred Francis, came into the firm, and the firm was styled Wheaton, Reynolds & Francis. In 1866 Mr. Francis sold out to his j)artners, who continued the business until 1872, when the building burned and the\' moved to Sixth street and Second avenue northeast, occupying a building built by Stetson & Nelson, and J. F. Wilcox became a partner, the firm being strded Wheaton, Reynolds & Co. In May, 1882, the mill burned and the firm bought the sight and put up the large brick mill at present occupied by them. Mr. Wilcox retired from the firm in 1884, and started a planing mill in North Minneapolis. Alessrs. Wheaton & Rejmolds continue the business to the present day. Mr. Reynolds has had a longer continuous service in the sash, door and blind business than an\^ other man now engaged in that line of manulacture in Minneapolis.

Ward Brothers and Wentworth ran a small sash and door factory over Alorrison's planing mill, from 1866 to 1878, but retired from business at that time.

Third street and Third avenue south in the year of 1865, the firm consisting of Jesse Copeland and his son, B. F. Cope¬ land; the}^ continued to operate the factory until 1871, when F. L. Johnson became a partner and the firm name became Copeland & Johnson. Mr. Jesse Copeland retiring from the busi¬ ness. In 1876 B. F. Copeland retired also, and Air. Johnson became sole proprietor, and operated the factorv under the name of the F. L. Johnson Co. until 1880, when B. C. Hurd became interested in the business and the name of the firm was changed to Johnson & Hurd, and has so remained to the presset time. The factory is located in the heart of the city and has become a landmark to the old settlers, being the oldest sash, door and blind factory in Minneapolis. But as the firm has in¬ corporated recently as the Johnson & Hurd Co. with the purpose of building a new factory in northeast Minneapolis and moving their business to that loca¬ tion, this old landmai'k will undoubtedly soon disappear.

J. R. Ross operated a small sash and door factor}', for several years, in Barn¬ ard & Shuey's furniture factory on the east side, he afterward moved to a building on Hennepin Island; but this factory was destroyed by fire in 1871, and he quit the business.

During the year of 1868 Moffitt & Co. built a sash, door and blind factory at the foot of Fifth avenue north on the river bank. The company confined itself principal!}' to stock work and did a large business until 1871, when the factory was closed and the building rebuilt as a saw mill.

The year of 1872 brought another sash, door and blind factory into opera¬ tion, the firm operating it being styled Witbeck, Potter & Co. They occupied a stone btiilding at the corner of Second street and Seventh avenue south, after¬ ward occupied by Smith, Parker & Co., and destroyed in the mill explosion of 1878. Messrs. Witbeck, Potter & Co. operated the mill until 1875, when meet¬ ing with financial reverses, they closed out the business.

In 1873 L. C. Bisbee and C. S. Bardwell built a sash, door and blind factory on the east side, in the vicinity of where the Pillsbur3^ "A" mill now stands. In 1876 the building burned and they moved to the West side and erected their fac¬ tory, locating on First street and Twelfth avenue south, and Mr. P. P. Eddy came into the firm, and the firm name became Bisbee, Bardwell & Co. In 1877 Mr. S. C. Robinson bought out Mr. Bisbee, and the firm became Bardwell, Robinson & Co. Mr. Eddy retired in 1879 andChas. N. Robinson became a partner, the same firm name remaining. In 1885 they built extensive works in North Minneap¬ olis, near the west end of the Northern Pacific railroad bridge, dismantled their -old factory and moved to theirnew loca¬ tion, where they still continue. In 1890 Mr. R. R. Clark became a partner in the concern, the firm still being styed Bard¬ well, Robinson & Co.

In 1879 Peter Frazer and B. F. Hol¬ brook started a small sash and door factory on the East Side, near First ave¬ nue southeast and Main street, under the firm name of Frazer & Holbrook. Their business soon outgrowing their quarters, they purchased a site and built a factory on Fifth street and Fifth avenue north. Mr. Holbrook soon re¬ tired from the firm and Nathan Shepherd became a partner, under the style of Frazer & Shepherd. In 1886, their fac¬ tory was entirely destroyed by fire, but they immediately proceeded to build the brick factory now occupied by them, and have operated it ever since.

and door factory on Division street ' southeast in 1882. Mr. Brackett sold out in 1884 to Lorin Graves, and the ^ firm incorporated as the Church & Graves Manufacturing Company. Meet- i ing with financial reverses, the firm went out of the business in 1888, and Mr. C. D. Eougee purchased the factory, which is now rented to the Minneapolis Furni¬ ture Company.

In 1884, Carver, Young & Clark built a sash and door factory at the foot of Twentieth avenue north, near the river bank. After operating it until 1889, they sold out to Johannin & Hansen, who have continued to operate the fac¬ tory since that date.

The years from 1880 to 1885 inclu¬ sive, were years of high prices and large profit to the manufacturers of cash, doors and blinds. But few questions were asked as to prices, but such was the rush of trade that the important ques¬ tion was " Can you fill the order? " The large influx of population to the North¬ western States and the Province of Man¬ itoba, and the wonderful growth of' Minneapolis, created such a demand for finished material that the manufacturers were scarcely able to supply it. This unusual state of affairs caused a large number of sash, door and blind factories to be started, resulting in a stagnation of trade and an over supply of the market, from which it has taken years to recover. But the country tributary to this market has grown so rapidly during the last five years that the demand now equals the supply, and it looks as if a brighter future awaits the manufacturer of sash, doors and blinds. During the period of prosperity referred to, factories were put in operation by the following firms : and the State Sash & Door Co. all located in South Minneapolis. Frazer & Shepherd, Johannin & Hanson, and Carver, Young & Clark located in North Minneapolis. Church & Graves Manufac¬ turing Co., Flour Cit^' Sash & Door Co., John F. Wilcox, and Minneapolis Sash & Door Co., located in East IVIinneapolis. McDonald & Delamater, and R. Alexan¬ der, located on Nicollet island.

Besides these, there were several short lived establishments which it is not nec¬ essary to enumerate; there being at one time twenty factories, large and small, in oi)eration. In addition to the new fac¬ tories, the old firms had all increased theircapacit^', and in most cases doubled their outimt. As a residt, from 1885 to 1 890, Minneapolis had more machinery engaged in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds than any other city on the continent. But recently Church & Graves Manufactui'ing Co., the Flour City Sash & Door Co., and Carver, Vouug &; Clark have gone out of busi¬ ness ; the Minneapolis Sash & Door Co. have closed their factory and confine their business strictly to jobbing; Carl)cntcr Bros. & Co. and Fulton, Libbey N: Co. also conduct a jobbing business. The twelve firms now engaged in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds in Minneai:)olis are as follows, their n.'imes occurring in the order in which tlieir business was established ;

There are a great many planing mills also, mosth' belonging to the lumber manufacturers, that business having al¬ most entirely passed into the hands of the lumbermen, where it naturally be¬ longs, and where it will probably stay hereafter.

The earliest manufacturer at the Falls in the line of iron work and mill ma¬ chinery was E. Broad, who commenced to make edged tools in St. Anthony in 1855. His business soon increased and he built a stone building on the east side of Hennepin Island, where he con¬ tinued until 1870, when he abandoned miscellaneous manufacturing and gave his entire attention to producing a jjatent cant-hook. He pursued this Hue of manufacture until his death in 1872, when the manufacture of the cant-hooks was taken up by E. K. Smith, and is car¬ ried on by him at the present time.

In 1856, Messrs. Scott & Morgan built the first iron foundry and machine shop located at the Ealls of St. Anthony . The establishment was located on the east river bank, directly across Main sti'eet from the Pillsbury A mill. The building was a std3stantial wooden structure, four stories in the rear and two stories in front, and for man}' years was the pride of St. Anthony ])eo])le, as being a prosperous manufacturing es¬ tablishment. Messrs. Scott & Morgan continued to 0]3erate the foundry until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when the junior partner. Geo. N. Morgan, went into the Union army, the partnershi]) dissolved and the building burned, and none but old residents remember that there was such an establishment.

In 1857, H. C. Butler opened an es¬ tablishment for the manufacture of mill- ])icks and other iron work. He first occuiiied a small shop on Eighth avenue south. His business was developed through a series of disasters, including the total destruction of his shop at the time of the great flour mill explosion in 1878, when he moved to his present location on Sixth avenue south.

The St. Anthony Iron Works began business in 1865, under the ownershii) of Snow & Co. They wei'e located on the St. Anthony side immediately upon the river bank between Central avenue and First avenue southeast. The plant occu¬ pied extensive wooden buildings. After operating the works for two years. Snow & Co sold out to Bushnell & Co., after¬ ward Bushnell & Hayes. Messrs. Bush¬ nell & Hayes increased the capacity of the works and operated the plant until it was destroyed by fire in 1880.

I. L. Penney" started the Minneapolis Drill Manufactory in 1865, and graduall_v developed the business until the making of tools became a specialt3"j and he named his establishment the Novelty Iron Works, which is now located on Third avenue south between Third and Fourth street.

The North Star Iron Works were es¬ tablished in the \'ear of 1866 by W. AI. Harrison, A. E. McGaughe\^ and R. H. Depew. The^' were located on the St. Anthon\' side of the river in a large brick building pxirchased ofD. Edwards. Two years later the woi'ks were moved to the west side of the river, the extensive plant occup\nng a tract of land on the river bank at the foot of Seventh avenue north. Mr. AIcGaughe\" and Mr. Depew soon retired from the business, and in 1870, J. W. Johnson, the son-in-law of Mr. Harrison, became a ])artner, and their business was greatly increased, their product going to all the North¬ western states. Air. Harrison d\dng in 1877, Air. Johnson became sole proprie¬ tor, and successful!}^ run the works until 1880, when his health failing he sold the plant and tools, and all the movable machiner}' was moved out of the city.

William M. Harrison was the old¬ est of the Harrison brothers, who settled in Minneapolis in the year 1860. He was born in St. Clair county, Illinois, January 24, 1809, and was the third of a famil\" of nine children born to his father. Rev. Thomas Harrison, who was a local pi'eacher of the Methodist Epis¬ copal church, a pioneer in the settlement of Illinois, and extensivel}' engaged in milling and other business at Belleville, Ills. A brief account of his father, and of his enterprises at Belleville, will be found in the sketch of his sons, Thomas A. and Hugh G. in another chapter of this histor}^ and need not be repeated, hei'e. He was twenty-one years old when the family removed to Belleville, ' having before that time lived upon a ) farm in the same county. With an older j brother, William engaged actively in as- * sisting their father to build his mills, i and in their ojieration when built. The first mill was run by ox power, after¬ wards steam was introduced. The business was enlarged, and became one of the largest of the merchant mills in j the vicinity of St. Louis. These mills | were in full operation at the time of the ' breaking out of the Crimean war in, 1853. The blockade of the Black Sea ports by the allied fleets so obstructed the exportation of grain from the south of Russia that prices of grain and flour ' I'apidH increased. The period of the war which was pi'oti'acted through three years, was a golden opportunity for the millers of America. The Harri- . sons were in condition to reap great ' benefit from the tmusual condition of afl'airs. The value of their stock greatly increased on their hands, and the}" con¬ tinued to make flour on a constantly rising market. So satisfactory were their ])r()fits during this period, that they felt themselves in condition to re¬ tire from the business. With a foresight characteristic of the brothers, they sold their milling property, which not long afterwai'ds ceased to be profitable. It was in the fall of 1859, that H. G. Harri¬ son with one of his sisters visited Alinneajjolis, and upon their return, with a glowing account of the beauW and the advantages of the place, the brothers whose business interests had for a long time been held in common, determined to remove here. In the spring of 1860 the removal was made, each bringing his famih" and effects. The^' at once made preparations for permanent homes, the first and most important of which was to build houses, William purchased an entire block lying between Second and Third avenues and Eighth and Ninth stx'eets, upon which he built a home¬ stead which still stands on that jxart of the block at the corner of Second avenue and Eighth street. It was, for the time, an elegant house. The ample grounds were put into cultivation, trees were planted and the square soon became one of the attractive places in the town. Air. Harrison had a taste for rural occupa¬ tions and spent much time in his garden and grounds. He entei'ed into various business engagements with his brothers, whose interests remained for many years as they had before been a joint interest. Thus thej^ took interests in banking institutions, especially' in St. Paul, which at that time was the finan¬ cial center of the State. When the St. Paul and Sioux City railroad was started they became large stockholders in the company.

They joined with Joseph Dean in 1862, in the lumbering firm of J. Dean & Co., which for a ixeriod of fifteen years carried on the most extensive lumber business on the iqiper Alississippi.

It was independenth' of his brothers, that in 1867 he founded the North Star Iron Works, which became under the wise management of his son-in-law. Air. ]. W. Johnson, the largest establishment of the kind in the State. At first the business was started in St. Anthony, but was afterwards re-opened in Alinnea])- olis. Earge stone shops were built on the river bank, just north of the St. Paul and Pacific railroad crossing, which were equipped with the best machinery for general machine work. Here all des¬ criptions of machinery were manufac¬ tured, including steam engines, saw mills and flour mills. Though not en¬ gaged in the mechanical management. Air. Harrison contributed the capital, and gave to the business his good judgment and careful methods, with the strict integrity which characterized all his operations.

Air. Harrison attached himself to the Centenary AI. E. church, for the prosper¬ ity of which he not only felt a very deep interest, but was abundant in labors to secure it, contributing of his means in a most genei'ous and liberal way. "In his relations with the membership," testifies the pastor, "he was so gentle, unobtrusive, genial and kind, that all were bound to him in vei'y strong ties, and prized his fellowship highly. With the jiastors of the church he was always carefid to maintain such intimate and tender cordiality' as to make him a most highly' ])rized friend; in him they had a counsellor judicious, wise and safe, and for their comfort he was always tenderly' and unostentatiously' careful. As a Christian and member of the church his life and conduct was always, and under all circumstances such as to be not only' an honor to the church, but such as made him to be in a very large measure a light to the world." family and clntrch, Mr. Harrison made warm and lasting attachments. He was agreeable, frank, friendl3^ and unpre¬ tentious. There existed about him an air of friendliness and cheer. He loved nature and loved to meet common people and talk about common, but not trivial things.

While yet in the full exercise of his physicial and mental powers at the age of sixty-six years, his life was In'- a sud¬ den attack of sickness, terminated on the second day of May, 1874.

Five children, all of mature age, except one survived their father. The}' are Mrs. Melinda E., wife of J. W. Johnson; Wm. Henry, of New York; Mrs. Anna M., wife of Jesse G. Jones; Thomas, who died in infancy, and Dr. James McKendree Harri¬ son, of Bryn Mawr, Pa.

Mrs. Harrison survived her husband about twelve years. At her decease a liberal portion of her estate bequeathed to her by her husband was devoted to charitable foundations of this city. In its distribution, the Home for Women, established by the Women's Christian Association, the North western Hospital, and the Home for Aged Women and Ministers, received liberal sums. The fortune gathered through years of labor and patient devotion to business, by this man of Christian nurture and per¬ sonal consecration after provisions for the famih', remains a perennial fountain of beneficence through the 3'earsto come.

In 1867, John Hinton commenced the manufacture of saws on First avenue south, betweet First and Second streets. The firm was originally Richardson & Hinton, but Mr. Richardson retired in 1869, and Mr. Hinton soon moved to a location on Second street, between Fifth and Sixth avenues south, where he con¬ tinued business until his death, which occurred a few years later.

Lee & Hardenbnrg commenced the manufacture of iron work on the east side of the river early in the '6()s. In 1865 they decided to build on the west side. The firm was composed of W m . H. Lee and C. M. Hardenburg. They put up extensive buildings on the site now occupied by the Crown Roller flour mill, and named their establishment the Min¬ nesota Iron Works. The buildings were large and well adapted to their business, considering the time at which they were built, and represented an investment of nearly $80,000. The establishment Wcis completed and in running order in Aug¬ ust, 1865. The firm operated the works until Mr. Lee died in 1870, and C. M. Hardenburg continued to run the works alone until 1879, when the buildings were torn down to make way for the Crown Roller mill.

In 1866, John Webster and Otis A. Pra}', under the style of Webster & Pray, formed a partnership and established the Minneapolis Iron Works, for the purpose of manufacturing mill furnishings. Their first shop was a brick building on Wash¬ ington avenue, between First and Second avenues south. From this time Mr. Pray was prominently identified with the iron working business of the city. After several years the Minneapolis Iron Works were consolidated with the Min¬ nesota Iron Works, owned b}' Lee & Hardenburg, but Mr. Pra}' soon with¬ drew and commenced anew, leaving his old business with Messrs. Lee and Hard¬ enburg. He soon sold out his new busi¬ ness to the North Star Iron Works, who were to manufacture his goods, while he managed their sale. But this arrange¬ ment becoming unsatisfactory to both parties, Mr. Pray commenced again on his own account. In 1873 he began to operate on a larger scale, and on June 1st, 1876, the firm of O. A. Pra}' & Co. was formed, which was soon incorpor- ated as the IVay Maiif'g Co.; the mem¬ bers of the eompaiiv were O. A. Pra}', A. L. Miner and Charles Evans Holt. Large buildings were erected on the corner of I'irst street and Fifth avenue south, and a very extensive business was carried on and continued until 1888, when the firm retired from business, having met with financial reverses.

Soon after the closing out of the Pray Manufacturing Co., Mr. Pray, with his son, A. F. Pra}^, established the Minne¬ apolis Foundry Co., the plant being located in the northern part of the city, on the line of the " Soo " I'ailroad. Mr. O. A. Pray died March 17th, 1890, and his son succeeded to the business and continues to operate the Alinneapolis foundr3^

In 1869, Philip Herzog opened a small shop for the purpose of manufacturing iron fences ; and a most ra})id develop¬ ment of his business followed. In 1876 the building occupied by Air. Herzog burned and he moved to the East Side, locating on Third avenue southeast and Second street, and added ai'chitectural ii'on and bridge material to his product. In 1882, Mr. Herzog incorporated his business as the Herzog Alanufacturing Com])any, and his son, Philip Herzog, became a stockholder and active partner. In 1886, Air. L. S. Gillette bought out Air. Philip Herzog, Sr., and with Air. Herzog's son continued the business until 1889, when Philip Herzog, Jr., also retired, and Mr. Geo. AI. Gillette, Peter Lees and P'rank J. Llewellyn be¬ came stockholders and partners in the business. In 1890, the old plant becom¬ ing too small for the firm, the}' built ex¬ tensive works, oceup3'ing two blocks of land on Second street and seventh ave¬ nue southeast, and the name of the cor¬ poration was changed to the Gillettc- Herzog Alanufacturing Compaii}', with the following officers conducting the business; L. S. Gillette, president; Geo. AI. Gillete, .secretary ; Peter Lees, super¬ intendent; Fi'ank J. Lie well}'!!, chief en¬ gineer. The Gillette-Herzog Alanufact¬ uring Co. is the largest ii'on working establishment in the city of AIinneai)olis, and does a business all over the North¬ west, reaching as far east as Aliehigan and west to the Pacific coast.

In 1872, J. F. Lockwood opened a machine shop on the site of the present Humbolt flour mill. Three years later he moved to J. B. Bassett's mill, where he operated for four years. In June, 1879, C. H. Upton and Niles Nybcrg became partnei's with Air. Lockwood, and the firm name was changed to Lockwood, Upton & Co., and the establish¬ ment was moved to the east side of the river, and located at the corner of Second avenue southeast and Alain street, and became the Union Iron Works, where they still continue the business on an extensive scale and under the manage¬ ment of Alessrs. Lockwood, Upton & Co.

The Alinneapolis Boiler Works were established also in 1872, by C. H. Hardenberg, Emmerman & Hardenberg havingcommenced the manufacture ofboilers as early as 1867. In 1878 the works were purchased by AI. W. Glenn and operated by him, and also by AI. W. Glenn & Co., until 1887, when AI. W. Glenn sold out to J. H. Aloorhead, John Rowan and J. W. Glenn, who still operate the plant. The location of the works is at the corner of Fifth avenue south £ind Second street.

G. Alenzel & Co. started the North¬ western Foundry, at the corner of Thinl street and Tenth avenue south, in 1874-. The firm was composed of Gregor Alen¬ zel, Chas. G. Alenzel and I). C. Howard. Air. Alenzel was a machinist of long ex- ])erience, having for years been superin¬ tendent of the North Stfir Iron Works.

They commenced the maimfactni'e of car wheels, and soon did a large business in supplying the rapidly multiplying north¬ western railroads, and now rank as one of the leading iron working industries of the cit3^

Gregor Menzel was born in Bielendorf, in the province of Silesia, Prussia, August 21st, 1826. His father died be¬ fore Gregor's birth, but his last request was, if his offspring was a boy and lived, he should learn a trade. When five r^ears of age his life came very near being lost in a flood which swept awa}^ their little home and nearl^^ all the property" his mother possessed. At the age of ten years he crossed the mountains on foot to Friedeburg, Austria, to live with an uncle and fulfill his father's last wish. Here he leaimed the locksmith trade, which was accomplished July 26th, 1842. He re-crossed the mountains on foot into Prussia, and went to work in Lindheim's machine shop near Glatz to learn the machinist trade. After this he considered it necessary to travel and work in different places in order to per¬ fect his knowledge as a mechanic. He walked to Breslau, Frankfort, Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen, being employed in different shops. While working in Blumenthal, near the latter city, he married Henrietta Dorothea Roesner. They started February 13th, 1847, for this countr3q stopping for a short time in London, arriving at New York, April 7th, 1847, on the sailing A'^essel Northumberland, which made the trip in twenty-eight da3^s. He at once commenced work with James Bogardus, the celebrated inventor (see Vol. H, page 780, American Encyclopedia), whom he assisted in constructing his factory of five stories, entirely of cast-h'on,it being the first complete cast-iron building in the world, and was the first to be repi'esented in the Illustrated London News. He remained with Mr. Bogardus until August, 1850, when he concluded to go West, choosing Milwaukee as his desti- j nation. . |

He was made foreman in the machin- > ery department of the Menominee Loco- j motive Manufacturing Co., holding this position until Dec. 1st, 1854, when he went into partnership with L. Keuck, and carried on steam-engine building, under the firm name of Menzel & Keuck. In 1855, M. and M. Stone bought Mr. ; Keuck's interest and the new firm of Menzel, Stone & Co. wei'e also exten¬ sively engaged in manufacturing thresh¬ ing machines, and in 1855 built the first ' threshing engine used in the West.

The following year he took an active part in politics, helped organize the Re¬ publican party, was president of the Young Men's Fremont Club, and was the presidential elector from the first dis¬ trict of Wisconsin, casting his vote in the electoral college for John C. Fremont and William L. Da3ffon, Feb. 1st, 1857. The concern was consolidated with the Badger Iron Works, and business car¬ ried on under the name of Menzel, Cum¬ mings & Goodrich. The same year the first elevator was built in Milwaukee by Angus Smith & Co., for which he manu¬ factured all the machinery and iron works, including the engine and boiler. He also built the first mash machine driven by power in the cit3", for V. Blatz's brewery. But after 3rears of prosperity came also reverses, and in the financial crisis of 1857, which swept the whole countr3q the firm went under and he lost all of his hat'd earnings, including his homestead. He then for a time devoted himself to inventions. On April 5th, 1859, he obtained a patent on a steam boiler (see Patent Office Report of 1859, and for cut see Scientific American of Oct. 1st, 1859), also on a fire and burg- lar proof safe Aitril 24tli, 18(50 (see Pat¬ ent Offiee Report of 18(50), one of his large safes being now in possession of Cataract Lodge, No. 2, A. F. and A. M., of Minneapolis. On the 24th of May, 18(50, he took an eight stamp steam (piartz mill to Colorado for W. S. Candee, of Milwaukee, pnt it in operation, and returning Feb. 22d, 18G1 , with the inten¬ tion of building another cpiartz mill to work the claims he secured in Coloi'ado, but the Rebellion broke out, and his plans were frustrated.

October 29th, 1861, he took charge of the elevator engines of Angus Smith & Co., remaining with them until June 11th, 1864, when he accepted the posi¬ tion of superintendent of the Bay State Iron Manufacturing Co., at that time the largest concern of the kind in Alilwaukee. His first work there was to build a five hundred horse power low pressure beam engine for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway's new Elevator A, it being the fii'st of that kind of engine built in that city. In 1866, the steam engines, boilers, etc., were built under his supervision for J. Dean & Co.'s Pacific mill, and August 14th he came to Alinneapolis to supei'intend putting the machinery in position. His work was completed October 12th, and was so well a])preciated that the firm presented him with one hundred dollars. He liked this city so well that he determined to make it his home in time.

July 1st, 1868, he bought an interest in the Ci*eam Cit^" Iron Works of Alilwaukee, and the business was cai'ried on under the firm name of Alenzel, Stowell

Co. until November, 1870, when he withdrew from the firm to accept the position offered him as superintendenFof the North Star Iron Works of Minncfipolis. While in this position he designed and constructed the engine and machin¬ ery for the celebrated W. 1). Washburn &;

Co. saw mill at Anoka, Isaac Staples' mill at Stillwater, engine and machinery in the Cit}' Hall, including passenger and freight elevator, the first in the eit\\ The building was occupied at that time by the Tribune compaiu', and maiu' other important machinery outfits were de¬ signed b\^ him and constructed under his direction. April 1st, 1874, he formed a l)artnershii) with his son, Charles (5. Alenzel, and U. C. Howard, and estab¬ lished the Northwestern Foundry, in its present location, corner Third street. Ninth and Tenth avenues south. The first grey iron castings -were made July 13th, and the first car wheels, first in the city, were cast October 12th, 1874.

September 1st, 1874, L. V. N. Blakeman bought out the interest of C. (5. Alenzel and 1). C. Howard, and the busi¬ ness was continued under the firm name of G. Menzel & Co. On the first of Sej)- tember, 1882, S. T. Ferguson bought Mr. Blakeman's interest and the business has since been carried on under the name of Menzel & Ferguson. April 9th, 1881, he was appointed b^^ the Hon. Alayor A. C. Rand as water works commissioner for a term of four ^^ears, but he found that his ideas about water works were too far in advance to harmonize with the other members of the board, he being decidedl3" in 'favor of changing from the direct pressure to the reservoir and stand¬ pipe system, etc., so he resigned October 11th, 1881.

Owing to impaired health he has of late \^ears been obliged to travel consid¬ erable, ci'ossing the ocean several times, which has ])roven of great benefit to his health. His famih' circle until their arrival in Minneapolis, November 30th, 1870, was unbroken, and ])revions to the death of his wife, Henrietta Doro¬ thea, who passed awav Jannarv 22d, 1891, and Maggie 11., theireldest daugh¬ ter, who j)assed awa^' Jannarv 24th,

1872, and was the first person huried in Lakewood eeinetery, eonsisted of his wife Henrietta D., Maggie H., Carrie M., Charles G., Minnie A. and Emma D.

The Variety Iron Works, now doing an extensive business, grew out of a small machine shop started in a base¬ ment on First avenue south, between Washington avenue and Second street, Iw Hashaw, Maisli & Davis, in 1878.

Like many of the prominent manu¬ facturing establishments of Minneapolis, the Diamond Iron Works sprang from small beginnings. In 1885, Messrs. Smith & Richardson established a small repair shop in connection with their saw mill employing at first only ten men. Within a year the capacity of the plant was doubled, and in five years the concern had one of the largest iron working es¬ tablishments in the Northwest, and was producing all kinds of saw mill, flour mill, elevator and wood working machin¬ ery'. Their plant now covers several cicres in extent, and is a growing estab¬ lishment.

The first iron comice works ever estab¬ lished in Minneapolis was started by Frank Grygla in 1878. The works were located in an old wooden building on Third street, between First and Second avenue north. After running the works in a small way for three years Mr. Grygla concluded to take in a partner, and in 1880 H. E. Selden bought a half interest in the concern, and the firm became Giwgla & Selden. They soon found their establishment required more room, so the\r X:)roceeded to build extensive works on Mary Place, between Eleventh and Twelfth sti'eets, and L. H. Selden became a partner. The fimi is still doing an extensive business at that location.

1880, Mr. Laird sold out to Mr. J. B. Bushnell, and the firm became Busin nell & Spear. In 1882, the company was incorparated under the name of the Northwestern Stove Compan3q and the business has been continued under that title since that time. This company^ yvas the pioneer in stove manufiieture in Alinneapolis.

H. M. Crittenden & Son have an ex¬ tensive plant on Fifth street and Sey^enth avenue south for the manufacture of iron cornice work, which they hay^e success¬ fully' operated lor sey'-eral y'cars. J. B. Starkey is also manufacturing in the same line, his w^orks being located at 1412 South Seventh street.

In 1884 the Crown Iron Works began operation, the organization groyydngout of the business formerW conducted by^ Malmsten, Nelson & Co. This company^ yy'as incorporated with a capital of $100,000. E. K. Smith was elected president and treasurer ; August Malm¬ sten, manager, and J. W. Hernlund, sec¬ retary'. On January 1st, 1886, E.' K. Smith retired from the company', and August Malmsten was elected president and manager; A. H. Nelson, vice-presi¬ dent, and J. W. Hernlund, secretary and treasurer. The company operate exten¬ sive yvorks on Second avenue southeast and Second sti'eet.

Sam T. Ferguson. To hav'e been a pioneer in the development of the manu¬ facturing interests of this city, to have labored yvith his hands in raising some of her early tenements, to hay'e brought an important branch of manufacturingindustry from the small beginning of hand craft to a great corporation em¬ ploying manifold machinery' and sending its finished product to break the sod, till the soil and soyv the seeds on multitudes of farms throughout the Northwest, and finally to maintain a complete iron foun- dry, with its varied ])rodiicts of utility and ornament, eonstitnte the patent of nobility with which the trnthfnl historian wonld ennoble this useful and industrious life.

Tradition assigns to the ancestor of the family a Scotch origin. Authentic records show that Daniel Ferguson died at Kitteiw, Maine, in 1676, where he had resided more than ten years upon a farm. After him succeeded in regular generations James Ferguson, James Fer¬ guson, Jr., Reuben Ferguson and Ivory Ferguson, who was the father of S. T. I'erguson. His mother was Abigail (loodhue. He was born in the town of Uixmont, Penobscot Count3", Maine, Dec. 29, 1835, being the seventh born of a famih' of nine sons and daughters. Un¬ til his ninth 3'ear he attended the district school of the neighborhood, and from that time until his seventeenth year aid¬ ed in the farm work through the sum¬ mers, continuing at school winters. At this age he entered the academ3' at Hamjjden with the purpose of preparing to enter Bowdoin college. Winters he engaged in teaching school and working as a joiner in the ship 3'ards at Rockland and Belfast. Having completed his pre¬ paratory studies in 1857 he was com- ])elled to relinquish his purpose to enter college by premonitions of pidmonarv disease, which forbade a sedentary life. He therefore turned his face westward, following the large tide of emigration which at that time was setting from Northern New England to the North¬ west, and made a pre-emption claim near Monticello, Wright Count3q Minn. The outdoor life through the siimmer, so re¬ cruited his health that he went to Madi¬ son, Wis., where a school mate had set¬ tled, and after working for a few months as a ear])enter he thought his health sufficientlv restored to continue his studies.

He entered the State Universitv at Madison in the second term of the I'rcshman class, but after a term at study the old symptoms returnetl, com])elling him to give up his plans of stud3\ He now returned to Minnesota, and in the s[)ring of 1857 formed a partnership with Djiniel Young at St. Anthony, in the business of contracting and building. Fortwovears the firm was constanth" emplo3'ed, put¬ ting up several stores and dwellings. In the spring of 1859 he had a severe hemorhage from the lungs, which so dc])leted his strength that he was compelled to abandon his prosperous business.

Repairing again to Madison and then to Cincinnatti and Chicago, he spent the next two 3'ears in attempts to regain health, with intervals of labor at his me¬ chanical trade. At Cincinnatti he spent sometime with J. A. Fa3' & Co., manu¬ facturers of wood working machiner3o

With strength regained he returned to Minneapolis and formed a partnership with Charles Brown, a practical black¬ smith, for the manufacture of plows. In the spi'ing of 1861 he occupied a small shop on Alinnetonka street (First ave¬ nue south) between First and Second streets, where the infant business was started. The3' made wrought steel plows. Air. Ferguson designing and mak¬ ing his own patterns. Soon after com¬ mencing the business his partner volun¬ teered in the famous First Minnesota regiment and Mr. Ferguson bought his interest and continued the business. In the fall he took Air. C. K. Perrine, who was a blacksmith into partnership, and the new firm built a shop at the corner of Utah street (First a venue north) and I'irst street. In 1863 Air. Ferguson bought out his partner and continued the busi¬ ness until 1865, when his shop was burned. He now removed to the corner of Itasca street (Second avenue north) and First street, and resumed and con¬ tinued the business until 1869, when lie took as a partner Mr. John B. Clark, now jirofessor of political economy in Amherst College. Afterwards E. H. Hol¬ brook acquired Air. Clai'k's interest, and when the late W. B. Jackson entered the firm in 1871, the business was incorpor¬ ated as the Monitor Plow Works. The liopularitjr of their plows had steadily increased, the business had greatW en¬ larged, so that with additional capital, and much improved machinery, their products were multiplied. Mr. Fei'guson invented and patented improvements in the gang plow, the horse rake, and corn jilanter, as well as the old walkingplow, which were introduced into their imple¬ ments and sold throughout the North¬ west; the Monitor plow and Monitor breaking plow having great popularity. Air. Fei'guson remained as mechanical manager of the works for ten years. When the business was thoroughly estab¬ lished, occupying a large plant which had been built in the westerly part of the city, he withdrew. He now bought the interest of Mr. L.V. N. Blakeman, in the firm of Alenzel & Co., and associating with Air. Gregor Alenzel, formed a part¬ nership in the foundr3^ business, under the style of Alenzel & Ferguson, which still exists. Their works are situated at the corner of Tenth avenue south and Third street, on the line of the Alilwaukee railroad. For a long time the^-made a specialt}^ of car wheels, but now are largely occupied with architectural iron and general castings. The works are vei'}" complete, equipped with all needed maehinei'y, and employ a large capital.

Air. Ferguson married in 1886 Aliss Clara Murch, of Redwood Cit\q Califor¬ nia. The^^ have three ehildren. The pleasant residenee is at No. 1412 Stevens avenue. They are membei's of the con¬ gregation of Park Avenue Congrega¬

Air. F'erguson in his busy life has not been unmindful of social obligations. He is a charter member of the order of Good Templars, and is connected with the Alasonic fraternity, having attained the thii'H'-second degree of Scottish Rite. Other manufactuiing interests than the one with which he is personally connect¬ ed engage his attention. Heis a director of the Minneapolis Plow Works and president of the Coffin Box and Lumber Company.

In person Air. F'erguson is a quiet, dignified and agi'eeable gentleman. He thoroughly understands his business, giving to it close attention, while indulg¬ ing a taste for literature, especial!}^ as connected with practical arts.

The first attempt to produce farm machinery in Minneapolis was made in 1860, when S. T. Ferguson estab¬ lished the Monitor Plow Works. The company was incorporated in 1872, and started with a capital of $30,000, which was increased in 1874 to $75,- 000, and sulk3" rakes were added as a part of their line of manufacture. The shops and grounds becoming too small for the extensive business of the concern, the Alonitor Plow works were moved to a tract of land near the St. Louis railroad shops located in the western part of the city on the Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad. The company did an extensive business until the works were burned in 1888 and for a while the business was discontinued; but the corporation was re-organized in 1891 and have commenced business un¬ der the new administration.

In 1868 John DeLaittre retired from the North Star Woolen mill and beeame a partner \Yith Mr. Griswold nnder the style of Griswold & DeLaittre. The firm eontinued the business for two 3'ears when Mr. DeLaittre sold out to his part¬ ner, and Mr. Griswold moved the works to a buildinjif at the corner of Fourth street and Seventh avenue south, where he continued the business until 1875, when he retired and thebusiness wasdiseontinued.

In 1868 Messrs. O.M. Larraway and C. K. Pcrrinc, opened the Minnea])olis Flow Works nnder the firm nameofLarrawciy & Ferrine. Their works were lo¬ cated on First avenue north and High street, sometimes called River street, be¬ ing one-half block from Bridge Scjuare. In 1870 the firm increased its business and took in another partner, and became Larrawa3% King & Ferrine. In 1877 Mr. Ferrine retired from the firm and o])ened a plow factory on his own ac¬ count, and Messrs. Larraway & King continued the business until 18'^2, when the ground occupied b^" the works was sold to the Great Northern Railroad Co., the road being under the necessity of pur¬ chasing the same for track purposes, in connection with building the -Union sta¬ tion and making other imjn'ovcments at the westerh'end of thesus])ension bridge. Messrs. Larraway' & King retired from the business upon the sale of their site, and the Minneapolis Flow Works were discontinued.

1873 with $15(),()()0capital. N.G. Hub¬ bard was superintendent and Nelson Williams, secretary and treasurer. J. L. Spink Co. o])erated the works from

1874 to 1876, and in September of that year a new company was organized from the old compaii}' with 1). Morrison as ])resident, Clinton Morrison, vicc-])resi¬ dent, and R. H. Jones, secretaiw and treasurer. The works were desti'oved b\- fire soon after but were immediatehrebuilt and in 1878 the capacity' was doidiled. Mr. D. Morrrison and his son, Clinton Morrison, having been long and prominenth' identified with the mamifacturcs of Minneai)olis, became owners of the entire stock of the corporation, and conducted an extensive business in the manufacture of harvesting machinery until 1891, when the entire ])lant w.ns purchased Iw the Walter A. Woods iMfg. Co., of Hoosic Falls, New York.

In 1887 one of the most important manufacturing concerns of Minnea])olis was incorporated and named the Minne¬ apolis Threshing Machine Co. The plant had formerly been operated in I'on du Lac, Wisconsin, under the ownership of John S. McDonald, a gentleman thor¬ oughly familiar with the manufacture of harvesting machinery". The Minneapolis Board of Trade secured from Air. McDon¬ ald a liberal proi)Osition to move the plant to this cit^'. The projjosition w.as accepted and a corporation was formed with a eapital of $300, 000. The follow¬ ing directors were elected: J. S. McDon¬ ald, T. B. Walker, H. C. Akeley, W. A. Barnes, W S. Nott, C. M. Fond, Levi Longfellow and George H. Rnst. J. 8. AIcDonald was elected i)residcnt, George H. Rust, treasurer. The organization has been somewhat changed since that time. Mr. Rust has retired. Mr. Mc¬ Donald still continues as president, with Levi Longfellow as treasurer, and J. B. Bushnell, secretaiw. The companv put up extensive buildings immediately- after organization, and ])rocceded to build threshers, and its trade has doubled an¬ nually. It now makes traction engines as well as threshing machines, and em¬ ploys from 300 to 400 men. The estab¬ lishment is located at West Minneapolis, and its bnildings cover several acres of

In 1861, David Lewis eame to St. Anthony from Worcester countj^ Massa¬ chusetts. He was a practical weaver and brought a carding machine and a jack spinner with him and set them np in a building just south of the Treniont house immediatel3" on his arrival. These were the first machines for making cloth ever operated at the F' alls of St. Anthony. He did custom work for the farmers in the vicinity until February, 1862, when he was burned out, losing everything per¬ taining to his mill. But he soon com¬ menced operations again over Prescott & Vinal's planing mill, and continued for man3' 3"ears.