Minneapolis City (part 20 of 80)

Minnesota's brave men to first enlist in the cause of freedom, at the out¬ break of the Rebellion, is E. S. Barnes. He is a native of Maine, having been born there in ' the year 1845. His father, S. Barnes, was also a native of Maine, and was born in 1826. He re¬ moved, with his family, to Medina Township, Hennepin County, in 1855. Mr. E. S. Barnes, having come to this county with his parents when he was but ten years of age, it may be said that he has grown up in the county, and, therefore, associated with all the varied interests of the community in which he has lived, a respected and honored citizen. Although far under age, he heard the call of his country, in 1861, and at once enlisted in the Second Minnesota Sharpshooters, which afterwards became Company L of the First Minnesota Volunteer In¬ fantry, and served, in the army of the Potomac, for three years. During that long and eventful career, he took part in thirteen battles, under Gener¬ als McClellan and Burnside. He was wounded, at Vicksburg. Returning to Hennepin County, after his dis¬ charge from the army, he engaged in the agricultural and lumber business. He was, for some time, a part owner in a saw mill, and, also, proprietor of a large sorghum mill, with a capacity of one hundred gallons per day. In 1880, he found himself the owner of one hundred eighty-four acres of far¬ ming land, and holding a half interest in three hundred acres more. With all this large business to attend to, no one can say that Mr. Barnes has not been a busy man in the county in which he has lived since 1855. He was married, in 1867, to Martha K. Reyn¬ olds. Two children have blessed this happy marriage.

James Harvey Wimslow. Restless and successful activity has been a characteristic trait in James Harvey Winslow. He was born, on a farm, in Bennezett Count}', Pennsylvania, No¬ vember 25th, 1836. His father Ebenezer Winslow, was a politician, and, at one time. Judge of the Supreme Court, in that State. He also owned a farm and a mill. The subject of this sketch, in his early manhood, worked on the farm in summer and taught school during the winter. He also engaged in the lumber business, while at home, where he remained until twenty years old, when he went to Deerfield, Lawrence County, Michi¬ gan. He remained there seven years, being engaged in contracting ties and square timber, for railroads, and also in clearing land, by contract. From that place Mr. Winslow moved to Tay¬ lor's Falls, Minnesota, in 1859, where he remained, off and on, until 1885, when he came to Long Lake.

He was married to Miss Laura E. Payne, of Adrian, Michigan, July 23d, 1863. They have four children living, two sons and two daughters. While at Taylor's Falls, Mr. Winslow cleared up several farms, and also engaged in logging and the livery business. Since his arrival in Hennepin County, he has lumbered every winter, in Wiscon¬ sin and Minnesota.

While carrying on an extensive farming industry at Long Lake, he has also engaged in the real estate business, dealing iti farms and in Min¬ neapolis property. His ventures have always turned out well, financially.

He has always acted with the Re¬ publicans, but has never paid much attention to politics, and has held no office, except that of Supervisor for the town of Medina. In his later years, he has traveled extensively.

Benjamin F. Chkistlieb, was bornin Miiflin Township, Cumberland Coun¬ ty, Pennsylvania, October 10th, 1836. He descends from Frederick Charles Christlieb, of Durkheim, Rhenish Ba¬ varia, who, with his family, emigrated to America in 1765, landing at Balti¬ more. His family consisted of wife, and two sons, Frederick Charles, Junior, Jacob, and a step-son, named Ceorge Buck. The family settled in Pennsylvania. Frederick Charles, Junior; served in the Continental Army, in the War of Independence, and, at the close of the war, settled in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. He had six sons, among whom was Isaac Christlieb, the father of the sub¬ ject of this sketch.

Benjamin F., was the youngest of a family of eight children, and was raised on a farm, and while he was sent regularly to district school, he as¬ sisted in the farming operations car¬ ried on by his parents till he was six¬ teen years of age, when he was sent to the Big Spring Academy, at Newville, Pennsylvania, in 1853, where he studied English branches, mathemat¬ ics, etc., preparatory to becoming a civil engineer and surveyor. He al¬ ternated for a few years between at¬ tending the academy during summer seasons and teaching school in winter. In the spring of 1855, he commenced land surveying in his native county, where he continued to follow that pro¬ fession, in connection with school teaching, till 1859, when he decided to go to Minnesota.

On arriving in this State, in May, 1859, he located in Hennepin County, near Long Lake, where his brother, Isaac A. Christlieh, had settled pre¬ viously, and where he soon found em¬ ployment in surveying and subdivid¬ ing sections and defining the lands of pre-emption claimants, and in surve}"- ing new public roads, under the authority of the Boards ot Supervisors of the township, organized the pre¬ vious year. In conducting his pro¬ fession, at that time, he was obliged to travel on foot and carry his survey¬ ing instruments, wending his way through forests, to the different places of his operations, in the undeveloped districts of the "Big Woods."

In 1860, he was honored b}^ a nomi¬ nation for the Legislature on the Dem¬ ocratic ticket, for Hennepin County, his associate on the ticket being R. J. Mendenhall. Both were defeated, as was the entire Democratic ticket, in¬ cluding Stej)hen A. Douglas, who headed the ticket, as a candidate for the Presidency.

In 1864, he was emplo3^ed by the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company, to assist in surveying and examining the lands held by that company under its land grant, and served, at intervals, as civil engineer, with the same cornpan}^, in the years following, in locat¬ ing and constructing its lines of rail¬ road. He also served as civil engineer with the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and ran the transit on that part of the company's line, near Thompson, on which the ceremonies of opening the work of that line, in 1870, were conducted. He was asso¬ ciated with George W. Cooley, of Min¬ neapolis, in his services with the Northern Pacific Railroad. He also served as civil engineer with the Min¬ neapolis and St. Louis Railroad Com¬ pany, and other companies.

In 1872, he married Miss Emma Wakefield, an estimable young lady, of Long Lake, Minnesota. This happy union was suddenly broken up, early in 1874, by the death of Mrs. Christlieb.

His health having failed, in the meantime, he was obliged to quit the profession of civil engineering, and, after spending some time in Ne¬ braska, to regain his health, he entered into a partnership with J. H. Lydiard, in 1877, under the firm name of Christlieb and Lydiard, in a general mer¬ chandising business, at Long Lake, Minnesota, which partnership and business continued until 1889, when Mr. Lydiard retired. The business has been carried on since by Mr. Christlieb, in his own name.

During his residence in the State, Mr. Christlieb has taken an active part in politics, and since his first nomination, in 1860, he has been placed on the Democratic ticket of Hennepin County many times, either for the Legislature or the County Surveyorship. In 1890, he was elected to the Legislature, and served as a member of the Legislature of 1891, from the Thirty-fourth Legislative District. In 1892, he was endorsed by a re-nomination, but failed in being re-elected. He was in ill health and unable to make a personal campaign.

Mr. Christlieb has resided at Long Lake, Hennepin County, since 1859, and so may be entitled to the name of old settler par excellence. He has seen many changes in this country, but none which did not strengthen his Democracy. When he was in the Legislature last, he made it his busi¬ ness to look after his immediate con¬ stituents, as well as to support his party on matters of more general policy. In consequence of his activity, the statute books contain some im¬ portant enactments in regard to County Commissioners and county roads, especially as they affected vil¬ lages in Hennepin County. As an old settler, Mr. Christlieb has a host of warm friends in all political parties.

Tlie earliest settlements made on and about the north shore of Lake Minnetonka, were as follows; O. E. Garrison and A. B. Kohinson settled, on the present site of Wayzata, in the winter of 1852-3. Soon afterwards, John Bourgeois settled on the east shore of Wa3^zata Baj", on a spot known as "Bourgeois (or "Bushawa") Mound." He remained there only during the winter. Garrison and Kobinson were permanent settlers and were soon followed by others, whose names and locations are: Mr. Robin¬ son (not A. B. Robinson), settled on the southwest quarter of section 5, Minnetonka Township, Joseph Wilson, known as "Scotch Joe," southwest quarter of section 32, Plymouth Town¬ ship, two brothers, named Freeman, in sections 32 and 33, on the south line of Pl^'mouth. O. E. Garrison's house was a tamarack log structure, erected where the Maurer Hotel now stands,' and A. B. Robinson's was on the high ground on the shore east of Waj^zata railroad station. O. E. Gar¬ rison found his way from St. An¬ thony's Falls (Minneapolis), by follow¬ ing a road, or trail, running by Cr^^stal Lake. From the latter point, he cut his way through brush, enabling him to reach the place of his future settlement, with an ox team, which was the first road opened to the north shore of Lake Minnetoka, part of which is the present location of the South Watertown Road, in Ifiyniouth.

William B. Harrington, of Trum¬ bull Comity, Ohio, and family, after a temporary residence at Minnetonka Cit3^ settled on the north shore of Wayzata Bay, making a claim of the land which now constitutes F. C. Pillsbury's stock farm and on which the summer residences of the Pillsbur3"s. Sidles, Lorings, and others, are located. He was followed, in 1854, bv his brother, John S. Harrington, who settled on land adjoining, on the south, where he still resides.

Previous to 1855, St. Anthony, now the east division of Minneapolis, was the only town at the falls of St. An¬ thony. The term "Minneapolis" had not yet been evolved by that old set¬ tler, and scholarly gentleman, Hon. Charles Hoag, from the Sioux and Greek languages, and the name was not known till 1855, when it was ap¬ plied to the new town. Just laid out, on the west side of the Mississippi, at the falls of St. Anthony.' Up to that time "St. Anthonj"," or "St. Anthony's Falls," were only terms b}" which the place was known to immigrants into the "Big Woods," which explains the use of the term, "St. Anthon^q" or "St. Anthony Falls," in the earlier part of these sketches.

In 1854, O. E. Garrison inaugurated the proceedings by which the townsite of Wayzata was laid out, under the land laws of the United States, to which he gave practical effect by start¬ ing business enterprises, opening a general store and making arrange¬ ments for the immediate erection of a steam saw mill, in j^rospect of which Wayzata began to have a practical ex¬ istence, in advance of a legalized ex¬ istence, and the spring of 1855 found additional residents and enterprises, namely; William Dudley, hotel and blacksniithing; Abel W. Day, hotel; James N. Dudley, Salmon R. Churchill and others as settlers.

Karly in 1855, L. C. Walker became associated with O. E. Garrison in the enterprises inaugurated by the latter, at Wayzata. The signatures of both these parties are appended to the cer¬ tificate of dedication of the j)lat of Wayzata, filed and recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds, for Hennepin County, on the 2d of May, 1855, the plat being certified by C. B. Chapman, as Surveyor, and Walker becoming, in the meantime, owner of a considerable interest in the steam saw mill, commenced b}^ Garrison. The following parties, whose names have not as yet appeared, became resi¬ dents of Wayzata, early in 1855, name¬ ly; O. B. Matteson, Franklin N. Flem¬ ing and James H. Clark, some of these parties becoming, in the mean¬ time, associated with the early settle¬ ment of Orono. A. K. Richards, now of Independence, was an 1855 settler of Wayzata and also Thomas Iveesling, of Indiana.

The steam saw mill of Garrison and Walker, during the process of its erec¬ tion, afforded considerable employ¬ ment, during 1855, to the new settlers, and was the indirect cause of many finding locations; the report of the ex¬ istence of such an enterprise attract¬ ing people to Wayzata, and who, on their arrival, became sufficiently in¬ terested to locate in the vicinity, and, on its being put into operation, was of

Wayzata, about that time, received additional prominence by being made a post town, C. B. Chapman being ap¬ pointed postmaster, and Abel W. Day assistant postmaster; subsequently the latter became postmaster.

About this time, the people of Way¬ zata were thrown into consternation, by the arrival of a young man who was very ill, being in the agonies of Asiatic cholera, which he had con¬ tracted on a Mississippi steamer, who, after unavailing efforts on the part of the settlers, for his relief, expired. This was the first death in the region l3dng between Waj^zata and the forks of the Crow River. The aged mother of O. E. Garrison, who was quite fee¬ ble, died, a few days later, from fright, occasioned b^^ this circumstance.

The post office at Wayzata was the end of a mail route, connecting with the post office at St. Anthony^s Falls, remaining so till 1856, when a mail route was established from Minneapo¬ lis, by wa3^ of Wa3^zata, Maple Plain Post Office (this post office being at Irvin Shrewsbury's, then), and Watertown, to Hutchinson. The contract was let to Mr. Sumner, of Hutchinson, under whom the mail was carried, for several years, on horseback, by Charles Fish.

Towards the close of the year 1855, O. E. Garrison disposed of his remaininsf interest in the townsite and saw mill, to F. C. Walker, and abandoned the place. The saw mill was operated, at Wa3^zata, till the latter part of 1856, when it was removed to a townsite, on the northwesterly shore of Parker Fake, known, on the records, as Ply¬ mouth, the saw mill being rebuilt on the shore of the lake, but never oper¬ ated there; and it ma3'- be further re-

The merchandising, carried on by O. E. Garrison, at Wayzata, during 1854-5, was a secondary affair to his other enterprises, intended more as a matter of convenience to the new set¬ tlers and emplo3"es, about the saw mill and townsite, tlian a pecuniar}^ benelit to himself, this small establish¬ ment saving the expense and incon¬ venience of obtaining supplies from St. Anthony's Falls. This business was closed in 1855. Other stores were opened, in the village, at different times, during that 3'ear, none of which were verj'^ extensive, and, with one ex¬ ception, none continued bej'ond a period of a few months. The owners of these establishments were James B. Brown, Wallace Hatter and Thomas Keesling. James B. Brown, on preemptitig his claim, on Brown's BaA', opened and oi:)erated his store in Wayzata, which, after a few months, he disposed of and removed to H0II3'- wood, Carver County. Wallace Hat¬ ter, on pre-empting his claim, on Long Lake, opened his store, and, after a brief experience in merchandising, in Waj'zata, disposed of his establish¬ ment and left the country'. Thomas Keesling's enterprise was longer lived than the others. His operations con¬ tinuing through 185(5 into 1857, attend¬ ed with success, until after the re¬ moval of the saw mill and setting in of the financial crash of 1857, when the prospects of the little village were paral3^zed, rendering merchandising impracticable, upon which Keesling disposed of his store and removed to Minneapolis.

time, the hotel, belonging to William l)udle3'^. In 18;)7, he was followed 1)3'^ his brother-in-law, [ohn Bronk. Thomas and B. F. Keesling were brothers.

The following parties were brought, by their parents, during their minorif35 fo Wa3"zata, in its earl3^ settle¬ ment, namely: Rev. Henr3^ B. Har¬ rington, Mrs. Harrison Pendergast, deceased, late of Collingwood, Meeker Count3', and Frank M. Harrington, de¬ ceased, member of Company B, Ninth Regiment, Minnesota Infantr3', died November 24tb, 1864, from a wound received at the battle of Nashville, tlie children of William B. Harrington; Oliver B., Walter and Joseph C. Brown, Mrs. Lahelia Obert and Mrs. Mar3' Hillman, the children of James B. Brown; Ephriam and yuinc3' Har¬ rington, Mrs. Stimpson, Mrs. Ra3', Mrs. Lyons and Mrs. Frank Braden, the children of J. S. Harrington; and George F. Day, Mrs. Robert Edgar, deceased, Mrs. O. Dennis, deceased, and Mrs. LeClair, the children of Abel W. Day.

Probably the first effort to develop the ginseng tiade, in Hennepin Count3^ was made, at Wa3"zala, in 1858, bv Edward and Joseph Chilton, of \drginia. Their first proceeding was to emplo3" Benjamin F. Keesling and John Bronk to travel through the tim¬ bered district, about Wa3'zata, witli sack and hoe, for several da3"s, to dig and secure the roots of that plant, and the results of which were suf(icientl3' satisfactory to warrant those parties in opening a ginseng trade, at Wa3'- zata, which was carried on successfull3% for a time, at that place, and (piite successfull3" thoroughout the State, ever since. And it ma3' be fur¬ ther added, that coming during the depression following the financial

On October 6th, 1858, school district 52, at Wayzata, was established. It embraced portions of the territory of the towns of Minnetonka, Ply¬ mouth, Medina, and Excelsior (now Orono). This was the beginning of the present school district. W. H. Pendergast was the first teacher (1858). He taught in a log school house near B. F. Keesling's,

In 1860, Rev. Charles Galpin,of Excel¬ sior, built the first steamboat on Lake Minnetonka, and named it Goj'^ernor Ranisej^, in honor of Alexander Ram¬ sey, who was then Governor of the State, having been, also, the first territorial Governor. It was a side- wheeler, but operated with but one engine. The Governor Ramsej' plied between Ex¬ celsior and Wayzata, and other points on the lake, and, under a favorable stage of water, navigated into upper Minnetonka and also down the outlet to Minnetonka City, now Minnetonka Mills. The connection between upper and lower Minnetonka was by a short but crooked stream, and it required considerable skill on the part of the crew of the Governor Ramsejr (Rey. Galpin and his engineer) to navigate the craft through the stream.

Also, in 1860, Henry Van Valkenburg came to Wayzata and com¬ menced the manufacture of potash, buying and collecting ashes from the clearings of settlers, there being no other disposition of the timber than to roll it together in great log heaps and burn it. This industry continued, at Wayzata, for a few years, in which Van Valkenburg was assisted by Mr. Randall, of Silver Lake. William

During the spring of 1864, on decid¬ ing to construct their main line, the first division of the St. Paul and Paci¬ fic Railroad made preliminary surveys for a different route than that adopted 1)3^ its predecessor, in 1857. Instead of following the route by Crystal Lake and Lake Sarah, a route by Cedar Lake and Lake Minnetonka was adop¬ ted. The first preliminary line passed through Wayzata and intersected the 1857 line a few miles east of Lake Sarah. Following this, a permanent location of the line was made to Way¬ zata, upon which the process of con¬ struction soon commenced. During the fall of 1864, another preliminary survey was made, from Wayzata, west¬ ward, passing south of Long Lake and Lake Independence, intersecting the 1857 survey.

Early in 1867, the St. Paul, Minneap¬ olis and Manitoba Railroad completed its line to Wayzata. Wayzata was the only townsite, previously laid out, touched by the railroad surveys. The beginnings and locations of the other villages followed the construction of the railroad.

In 1865, in prospect of an early com¬ pletion of the railroad to that point, Wayzata began to have new life. O. B. Matteson, who had been absent since 1857, returned, rebuilt a hotel, on the same site on which William Dud¬ ley's hotel was burned, in 1860. He was soon followed b3'irenr3' and Louis Dudle3', of New York, in the line of merchandising. The post office was re-established, nnder the name of Freeport, \Va3'zata being objectionable to some of the new comers, hut the new could not down the old. The traditional name, \Va3''zata, still lived, and in the course of a 3^ear it was re¬ stored as the name of the post office. The Dudle3's were soon followed b3'^ Smith and Ra3^ merchandise. The I)udle3's, being both invalids, did not live to carr3" on their business be3"ond a period of a 3"ear or two. These parties were succeeded b3' other firms, viz., James Dudley, and Harrington and Ray.

bout the time of the completion of the long looked for railroad, to Wayzata, Henry Maurer and William Rockwell constructed and opened a hotel and summer resort, and, about that time, O. B. Matteson died, and he was superseded by Mr. Gleason.

Since those da3'S, and extending to the present, George Hedderly and William Bushnell have been identi¬ fied with the merchandising business, and Henr3^ Maurer, and famil3^, and the Gleason families, with the hotel business.

Ephraim Harrington, feed; Jeremiah Doughert3'^, butcher. There is also a Congregational Church, at Wayzata, erected in 1881, and, during the same 3"ear, the Arlington Hotel was erected, which was operated onl3" for a season or two, being unoccupied afterwards.

John Stevens Harrington. One of the oldest and best known settlers on the shores of Lake Minnetonka, is John Stevens Harrington, a cousin of Colonel J. H. Stevens. He settled on the old homestead, in Wa3"zata, in 1854, when all that part of the countr3" was covered with dense woods, and Minneapolis had no existence, even in . thought. There he and his famih' have lived ever since.

Mr. Harrington's early life was full of stirring activit3". He was horn in Canada East, August 11th, 1815, hut his parents moved into Ohio, when he was two years old, settling in the nor¬ thern part of Trumbull Count3'. He left home, in 1835, having, in the meantime, gained a fair education, after the manner of so many in those da3's, by attending the common schools in winter and performing manual labor, on the farm, during the summer. But, in addition to this schooling, Mr. Harrington attended a grammar school, for a short time, making a special stud3^ of the higher mathematics, for which he had con¬ siderable aptitude. During the last two 3'ears of his stay at home, he car¬ ried the mail from the count3" seat of Trumbull Count3'', to the lake shore.

In the fall of 1835, he obtained a license to teach school, but not wish¬ ing to begin his career as a pedagogue at home, Mr. Harrington, in comjiain" with another 3"oung man, set out for the Ohio River, on foot. On reaching that river, they took a steamer for St. Louis. Mr. Harrington passed the first winter away from home teaching school, about six miles out from that city, in a settlement of Virginians. He left, in the spring, going north, through Illinois, on foot, past Springfield, until he struck the Illinois Kiver, at a place called Hennepin, in Putnam County. Mr. Harrington re¬ mained there during the summer, and, in the fall of 1836, went into Iowa, near Burlington. He took a claim, there, on the Iowa River, but was tak¬ en ill, with an attack of bilious fever, and remained inactive during the whole of that winter. After his recov¬ ery, in the spring, he went to work with a team, being principally en-* gaged in moving people from one place to another. He remained in Iowa several years.

In the spring of 1840, Mr. Harring¬ ton went to the Galena lead mines, working on a farm in summer, and teaching in winter, spending two years in this manner. He had now been away from home nearly seven years, and longed to see the old homestead again. So he returned to that place and went into the manufacture of pearl ash, in which he was engaged for two years.

On December 23d, 1843, he was mar¬ ried to Miss Minerva Hoagland, after which event he engaged in farming, until 1853. In the spring of 1854, he came West, with his family, settling on the farm at the northern end of Lake Minnetonka, where he has since lived.

His claim comprised one hundred sixty acres, on which he farmed, until the land became too valuable for that kind of industry. During the boom period, at Minnetonka, a large part of the farm was platted and sold at a high price. Before any of the lake hotels were built, summer visitors to the lake often boarded with the family through the heated season.

Mrs. Harrington died in the latter part ot November, 1892. Mr. Harring¬ ton's first vote was cast for James K. Polk, but since the birth of the Re¬ publican party he has been a Repub¬ lican. As he expressed it, he has never "hankered after public office," being content to serve his neighbor¬ hood as a member of the Town Coun¬ cil, Supervisor, etc. He belongs to no church or secret organization.

Orlando Lawrence West. Captain West was, for many years, a well known boatman, on the Mississippi, and, in later 3'ears, he has been prominently connected with boating on Lake Min¬ netonka.

Orlando Lawrence West was born, in North Fairfield, Huron County, Ohio, May 3d, 1833. His parents were George R. and Phoebe V. West, who came originally" from New York State. He lived in his native place until four¬ teen years of age, when, in the fall of 1847, he moved, with his parents, to Dubuque, Iowa, and lived there until 1850. In that year, at the age of seven¬ teen, he began his life work as pilot and master on the "Father of Waters," in which he has been engaged, almost without interruption, for nearly fortyfive years.

Mr. West has been twice married. His first wife was Lizzie Lewis, whom he married, in 1856, on the 22d day of July. His second marriage, to Amelia Maurer, occurred on the 4th of Sep¬ tember, 1881, in Minneapolis. He has only one child, a boy, by his second wife.

Minnetonka, for eight years. In 1889, he began rnnning the Minnetonka House, at Wayzata, on the upper end of the lake. This house was the first regular hotel building on the lake, and was erected by Henry Maurer, his wife's father.

Such is, in brief, the outline of Mr. West's active life. Much might he told in the wa3' of reminiscences of pioneer times. The Captain relates, among other things, that he was once offered the tract in St. Paul on which the Milwaukee freight house and other railroad buildings are located, for two hundred barrels of lime. He was advised by the financiers of those da3's not to i)urchase the "swamp," as it would never be worth anvthingf. In the fall of 1854, he brought up the wire for the first suspension bridge in Minneapolis, on the steamboat Alice. During the War of the Rebellion, he had many adventures in piloting United States steamers up and down the Mississippi River.

Mr. West's father was one of the first settlers in Dubuque, Iowa. He lived in that place from 1847 to 1892, continuousl3^ and died there, a ver3r old man.

Orlando Festus Bryant was born, in the State of Maine, November 29th, 1838. His parents were Daniel R. and Esther (Holt) Bryant. His father was a farmer, and, for the most part, fol¬ lowed that calling, but was also a car¬ penter, and, while engaged in this work, lost his life, at Gorham, New Hampshire.

The subject of these lines, at the age of seven 3'ears, went to live with his uncle, and, although he often vis¬ ited his parents, he never lived at home, from that time on. The hon¬ ored couple who reared Mr. Br3^ant, and cared for him, in his youth, are, in their advanced and declining 3'^ears, living with him, at the ripe old age of eight3--four 3^ears. At this advanced age, bowed down with the weight of 3"ears, their snowy locks shine like silver breast-plates, as a reward for 3^ears of honorable and honest toil. The3^ came to Minnesota, in 1864, bringing with them Mr. Br3Nmt, the staff upon whom they were destined to lean, in 3"ears to come, when time should have placed his heavy hand upon them.

During the summer of 1862, Mr. Br3'^ant enlisted, for the preservation of the Union, in Compan3' H, Ninth Regiment, Minnesota Volunteer In¬ fantry, and was, at once, sent to Glen¬ coe, Minnesota, and ordered from there to Hutchinson, at which place they arrived the evening the village was burned, by the Indians. After the burning of the town, the Indians left the place, and the regiment to which Mr. Br3'ant was attached, was ordered back to Glencoe, where they went into quarters for the winter. The following summer, the3'^ went out on General Sibley's campaign against the Indians, with Mr. Br3-ant acting in the commissary department, having charge of the army stores, upon the east side of the Missouri River, while the regimentengaged with the Indians, on the other side. During the winter of 1863-4, Mr. Bryant was in the recruit¬ ing service, under Captain A. M. Enoch, with headquarters at Roches¬ ter, Minnesota. The following sum¬ mer, the regiment went South, and Mr. Br3'ant was taken sick, and, for a time, confined to the hospital. When fit for dut3'-, he was detailed for hospi¬ tal dut3L at Burlington, Iowa, to Cynthia Ann Gipson, by whom he has had two children, Hattie Belle and William H., the latter having died, at the age of twenty-two months. Mr. and Mrs. Bryant have also had two adopted boys, both of whom are now deceased. The family is connected with the Methodist Episcopal church, and Mr. Bryant has always affiliated with the Republican party. In the church, both are earnest Christian workers, and are daily striving to earn that long looked for eternal rest. Before entering the army, Mr. Bryant resided in Carver County, and, at the close of the war, lived in McLeod County for three years. Rreturning to Carver County again, he took up his residence there, for three years. He then re¬ sided in Minneapolis, for about three years, and removed to St. Albans, and from there to Wayzata, Hennepin County, at which place he remained for some time, and where is a well known and much respected citizen. For the last two years, he has resided upon one of his farms, seven miles southwest of Dassel, in Meeker Count}^, Minnesota. He still owns valua¬ ble property in Hennepin County, in¬ cluding a fine residence at Wayzata.

Kichlield, in its early daj's, was one of the largest and most influential of the eighteen original towns of the county. In speaking of towns, in these notes, voting districts, or munic¬ ipal corporations, are meant, whether large or small, to distinguish from congressional townships. Richfield was bounded (in early days) on the north by Minneapolis, on the east by the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, on the south by Bloomington Town¬ ship, on the west by Eden Prairie and Minnetonka towns. This was the boundary a long time ago, just as if nothing had happened in the waj- of a great city having grown up and in¬ vaded its olden time territory. This encroachment is now most of the Thirteenth, Seventh and Twelfth Wards of the city of Minneapolis.

Further along in these notes the present boundary of the town may be given, and the wards named above as the north boundary. As to the size of the town, it is made up of congress¬ ional town 28, and two fractional towns on the west (viz. 117 and 116) and frac¬ tional town 23, on the east, including Fort Snelling and the reservation. The shape of the town is nearly a parallelogram, and is about ten and one-half miles, east and west, by six miles in width, making sixt3"-three square miles - quite a territory forvotingpurposes; and as it was practicall3^ settled, throughout its breadth and length, about the same time, there were a goodl3' number of voters to call around at town meetings to express their views, when questions of inter¬ est came up, such as the "$5,600,000 Loan Bill," the "i:)aying of bounty to soldiers," the question of "license or no license," etc. The people used to come together pell-mell, and fill an ordinary school house to overflowing. In the meantime, before the meeting was called, a bystander would hear the brogues of several nationalites, such as German, Irish, English, and American, expressing their views in the most glib and off-hand manner possible. But, as a general thing, the people did this in the best of nature. When the meeting was called to order, and a chairman chosen, from that time till the business of the meeting was finished, almost complete decorum prevailed. We ma3^ not have been dis¬ tinguished for much oratory, in those days, but if the way the affairs of the town have been managed, all those long 3'ears, is any criterion of good business sense, there must have been, on the whole, considerable of it around, when it would do the most good.

Financiall3', the town has stood No. 1, up to this time. As a town, the people made good roads b3' raising mone3% or taxing themselves in labor or mone3" - either mode would answer the law, as the person assessed chose to do. In addition to this, a special tax was levied, for huilding bridges, and they were quite numerous. This

It will be seen, by a glance upon the map, that Minnehaha Creek, the out¬ let of Lake Minnetonka, enters the town in the western part, and runs meanderingly through it in an easterly direction, emptying into the Missis¬ sippi, a short distance below the noted Falls of Minnehaha. For a small stream, it is a very expensive one to bridge, requiring many - not less than seven or eight - each costing from a hundred dollars, to many thousands. The topography, or lay of the land, in it, is something like the following: The southeast part, from FortSnelling, many miles west, is mostly prairie. The middle portion, including much of the congressional town 28, is a mix¬ ture of timber and prairie, generally level. The western part is quite hill3^ and originally covered with timber, excepting that it is interspersed with lakes or marshes, and small streams, affording plenty of water for stock, and good opportunity to cut good hay for the same, until the early settlers could subdue the forest, and bring the land under cultivation for general farming.

As to the waters in the township, I have already spoken of Little Falls Creek, as it used to be called, in early days, instead of Minnehaha. There remains to be spoken of Lake Calhoun, or nearly all of it, Harriet, Amelia, Wood, and Diamond Lakes, the two latter within the present limits of the town, as well as many smaller lakes, that might be named. There were, originally, some of the finest burr oak openings, around and near Lake Amelia, that any person need to set eyes upon, for a natural landscape, and these views were not confined to

The general business of the people was common farming, in a very prim¬ itive way, so far as labor and agricul¬ tural implements are concerned, com¬ pared with the way the same business is performed today. The great lead¬ ing industry, at first, was wheat rais¬ ing, though some farmers paid equal attention to stock, of various kinds. Oats and corn were raised, in a limited way, but wheat was a cash article, at some price, and money is needed to open a new country, as well as make an old one prosperous. The money came from the East to buy it. There were no railroads, nor Minneapolis mills, in those daj^s, nor for many jmars after Minnesota was made a State. St. Paul was the market for that staple for the surrounding coun¬ try. It was hauled to market in wagons, and from the southern part of Hennepin County, in which Rich¬ field is situated, it went to St. Paul by the way of Fort Snelling. The Mis¬ sissippi was crossed by ferry, and two long, hideous hills had to be encount¬ ered - one on either side of the river. From St. Paul it was shipped down the river to some point like La Crosse, where a railroad touched, to take it East. Some of it was taken to St. Louis, for a market. All small grain had to be cut bj^ hand, or with cradle, in those days. It required a person of good nerve and muscle, and much skill, to swing a cradle all day, and, for that matter, day after day, for many weeks, without breaking down. Yet it was done, year after year, throughout the western country. Young farmers now know but little of the personal labor of conducting the business, on account of improved machiner3^, etc., that is on hand at the present time. But, in course of time, things changed for the better, and the railroads reached here. But man}' flour mills were built, in Minneapolis, before the advent of railroads, conse- ([uently, the mills were dependent for wheat from the farmers' wagons in the surrounding country. This in¬ cluded Hennepin, Scott, Carver, Da¬ kota, and Ramsey Counties, as well as others. This was of mutual benefit to the raisers of wheat and the manu¬ facturers of flour. It was pretty live¬ ly at the mills, to the looker-on, es¬ pecially after harvest, when the roads were lined with teams, from far and near, loaded with wheat for the great market. The streets about the mills were decidedly crowded, in the fall of the year; huA^ers were numerous, and eveiybody in a hurr}'. Farmers want¬ ed to sell as soon as possible, and go home for another load, because this job of wheat hauling, so far as he wished to dispose of his crop, must be got through with as soon as possible, for his team, or teams, were needed at home to do fall plowing for another crop. Yes, the buyers were numerous enough to take all the wheat offered. Each one would come out and mount a farmer's wagon, with a shining brass kettle in his hand, without spot or blemish, so far as the human eye could detect. The bu3'er opened an}' sack of wheat he pleased (and, for that matter, as many as he choose), and the kettle, holding a few quarts of wheat, was then carefully filled, then deftly struck off, with a straight edge. This performance having been gone through, the grain, weighed in the little tester, determined the quality of the whole load, as to its being No. I, 2, or 3, or rejected.

upon as many wagons, each with his brass tester in hand, and half the farmers disputing with the man of the brass pail, as to the correctness of the weight, or grade, of his load of wheat. Some protested mildly, and others vociferously. On the whole it used to be pretty much of a pandemouium. The buyers were employed by the millers, and became so ixsed to their business, that anything the farmers said, no matter how offensive, slipped by, like water from a duck's back. But the little joker has been laid aside, long since, never to return to worry the poor farmer - I believe by legal en¬ actment. The tillers of the soil made such vigorous and persistent objec¬ tion, that the law xnakers had to jxay some attention to their complaint, or "step down and out.'' The writer of these notes had grain tested by this device, several times, while it was in vogue, but did not discover anything wrong with the machine. So, on gen¬ eral principles, a measure that differ¬ ent purchasers could not make meas¬ ure or weigh alike, though the kettles were of precisely the same size, or that the buyer could not make a test of the same sample, and have the two agree, tnight as well be set aside as not likely to give satisfaction. It would be, like the dog having the bad name, not worth while to argue the case. It was noticeable that in sea¬ sons when our wheat was good, and reasonably clean, we did not hear much complaint. On the other hand, in a season when the grain was getierally pinched, and, likely enough, for some reason or other, foul and dirty, and we knew it, under those circum¬ stances, one would be likely to hear a good deal of "chin music,'' aboxit the brass kettle. There is a good deal of human nature at times exhibited by the cultivators of the soil, if they think they are imposed upon, in so large a matter as the measuring and grading of grain. It is often said that farmers, as an industrial class, do much com¬ plaining about the laws not being made in their line, etc. But I think, in proportion to their numbers, they do as little as others, engaged in in¬ dustrial occupations. Merchants and jobbers kick; towns and cities com¬ plain if they think they are discrimin¬ ated against by transportation com¬ panies; carpenters and masons are in the "swim," and so on, from the rail¬ road companies, clear down to the brass band industr}^.

I will give a partial list of early set¬ tlers of Richfield, or as much as my recollection will permit, with the help of many early pioneers. Before pro¬ ceeding to this, however, it may be well to make some explanation. The Territory of Minnesota, from the Iowa line, north to the British Possessions, was organized in 1849. The Indian title to the west side of the river was not extinguished till three or more years after - -1852. The land had al¬ ready been surveyed, by the govern¬ ment, on the east side, and opened to settlement, and, by extending the lines across to the west side, by pri¬ vate surveyors, so the settlers could take their claims with sufficient accu¬ racy, till the lines were fixed by gov¬ ernment survey. The lands in this and surrounding towns were all claimed and pre-empted bj^ the end of 1854. The word claim, or claimed, when used in reference to settlers, means that a person selecting a piece of land, not exceeding one hundred sixty acres, designs to complete the claim, by complying with the law, and pa3dng therefor $1.25 per acre, as all early settlers here had to do. The homestead law was not passed for several years after this time. Steps were taken, in the summer of 1857, to form a constitution. The State was admitted, by Congress, into the Union, in the sessions of 1857 and 1858, and the machinery of town government .set in motion in the spring of 1858. Many persons lived temporarily in, and near, St. Anthony, on the east side of the Mississippi River, practi¬ cally waiting for the land to come in¬ to market on the west side. The soil is not as sandy on the opposite side, as on the east. For this reason, the west side of the "Father of Waters" claimed their attention.

Mr. Samuel Stough was among the first of the early pioneers to make a claim in Richfield. He went on to his claim in March, 1853, which was in the western part of township 28, range 24, west, on Little Falls Creek. He was a man in middle life, at that time, with quite a family depending on him for support. He died, many years ago. His widow still lives, and is very smart, for a lady of her age. Nel¬ son Pratt, then a young man, made a claim adjoining Mr. Stough's, on the west. A Mr. Parker made a claim on Lake Harriet, and, at the same time, Samuel Crowell made a claim in the vicinity. Alexander McCullough made a claim at the same time, and sold out to Mr. Ingersoll. George Da¬ vis made a claim, at the outlet of Lake Harriet. Mr. Dickey selected land, east of Lake Harriet, extending from the lake to what is now known as Lyndale Avenue. Mr. Marvin perfected his claim, and lived on it six years, then a young man. Isaac Draper made the claim where the Waterville Mill is now located, known now as Bdina Mills. Mr. Stewart, sometimes called Blder Stewart, for many 3^ears a re- spected citizen of Minneapolis, and still living, was one of the men to im¬ prove the property and build the mill. Messrs. Med wood. Chambers, Barton, George Drew and Job Pratt, Senior, made claims in the vicinit3' of the mill. J. W. Grimes, a prosperous farmei and fruit raiser, if he did not pre-empt his claim, or home, was a very earh' settler. George Baird and James A. Bull were among the good farmers and citizens of that part of the town. Mr. Craik, Senior, and his son, or sons, who for a long time have been the owners of Waterville Mill, were ver\"- influential people in that part of long ago Kichfield.

Now comes a list of the earl}^ set¬ tlers, in the far northwest and western part of the town, who made claims or were early voters in Richfield. The full name of each person is not re¬ membered, so I may be excused for not writing it ever3^ time: Martin Pratt, John Kite, James Hawkes, John Dugan, William Dugan, Thomas Mohrarity. Senior, Thomas Mohrarit3^ Junior, Michael Delaney, Michael Gleason, William Watt, Mr. Davis, Mr. Br3"ant, a pre-emptor, R. R. Br3"- ant, not a pre-emptor, but an early settler, and formerl3' Register of Deeds of this count3^, finall3^ moved to Cali¬ fornia, for his health, and is now liv¬ ing, Thomas Fogarty, William Fogart3", Levi Holman, Senior, long since dead, Levi Holman, Junior, Michael Ryan, John Ryan, Mr. Fitz¬ simmons, John Copeland, and ]>rr. Decknow.

W. W. Woodward and T. W. Pierce, each have been Supervisors in the town. H. H. Hopkins and Mr. Briggs had a claim on the creek, near where Hopkin's Station now is. This sta¬ tion, now an important suburb of the cit3', was named after Mr. Hopkins.

Richard Strout lived in the northwest¬ ern part of the town, and, I think, pre¬ empted land there. He was Sheriff of the count3", in an earl3" da3".

The persons making claims on, or near, L3'ndale Avenue, are somewhat like the following: William Finch was perhaps the first to make a claim, in the vicinity of Wood Lake, he and his father taking possession of adjoining lands, at the same time. R. L. Bar¬ tholomew pitched his tent, in 18.12, but did not move on his claim until the spring of 18.13. He was from Ohio, though his famil3^ spent the winter of 18.12 and 18.13 in Wisconsin. His father was one of the earl3^ pio¬ neers of Ohio, in Ashtabula Count3", 3'et he came here, in his old age, to be one of the pioneers of this far off countr3^ He took a claim, of eight3^ acres, the same land on which the writer of these notes now lives, near Wood Lake and L3mdale. General or R. L. Bartholomew's land bordered on Wood Lake, east side, as did man3' others that I am about to mention. It also lay on either side of the reserva¬ tion line of Fort Snelling. Said line extended southerl3\ from here, to the Minnesota River, and northward, through Grass Lake, to what is known as Bassett's Creek, in Minneapolis Township, including much of the territor3^ where the great cit3' is now lo¬ cated. This reservation also included one-half of the township of Richfield .and some of Bloomington. But it was greatl3" reduced about the time that the land was purchased from the Indians, on the west side. It was open for settlement and pre-emption, as other lands, from 18.12, till it was all occupied 1)3^ settlers, as far east as fractional town 28, range, 23. It was further reduced, in time, to its present limits, by government sale.

The settlers in that part of the town are a class of thrift}^ Germans, making the country look very different from what it did thirt}^ years ago, when it was used, by the settlers, for a common grazing ground. C. Gregory, George Gilmore, John McCabe, Charles Haeg, George Marshall, and many others, made claims in this vicinit3^, in an early day. Abel Wilson has lived on the land claimed b}^ Mr. Marshall, since 1856, or thereabout, making him, at least, a ver}^ old settler, and is a very prosperous farmer. Adam Dorfler, I think, pre-empted his land, and lives on it still; has raised a large family, and is a prosperous farmer, in that part of the town. Hiram Lahman, Henry and Endicott King, Joel Brew¬ ster, Henry Gillmore, Junior, Mr. Hub¬ bard, and Asa Keith all made claims, or were early settlers.

Aaron Hoover was the owner of the land formerly pre-empted by Joel Brewster, and resided here for a long time, finally selling to Mr. Baumgart¬ ner, and going to Oregon, where he died. He held the office, here, of Sup¬ ervisor, for several terms. C. C. Couillard is among the most prosperous farmers in the Wood Lake locality, and lives on the land still, enjoying himself in his seventy-eighth year. E. E. King owns the property formerly owned b}^ Mr. Finch, Senior. It is bounded, on the east, by Wood Lake. He married a daughter of Mr. Couillard's. She died there, many 3^ears ago. He still owns the farm, and takes life easy.

The following names represent per¬ sons who claimed lands north of this locality, and also in the northeast part of the town: Mr. Moore, a lumberman, took up the land where Samuel Gillman lives; David Pratt formerl3^ lived on a part of the claim. His father.

James Pratt, first bought the property of Moore. Mr. Pratt and his wife are long since dead. They were very highl3^ respected. Nelson Pratt lived on a part of this claim, also. Henry I'ownsend, quite an old man, made his pre-emption on Lyndale, and was County Commissioner at the time the present coixrt house was built. George and Dennison Townsend made their claims at the same time, Robert being then too young. James A. Dunsmore, William Dunsmore, Eben Hanscom, John Richardson, Senior, Christopher Garvey, and others, pre-empted near the center of township 28. James Dunsmore was one of the Count3^ Commissioners at the time of the or¬ ganization of the count3^. There was a grist mill built, at this point, by Philander Prescott, Eli Pettijohn, and William Moffitt. Richland was the name of the mill. There was a post office established here - its name Harmon3^, and J. A. Dunsmore, postmaster. John S. Mann built a store here, mak¬ ing quite a center of business, includ¬ ing the patrons of the grist and feed mill. This was the first store in Rich¬ field. Mr. Prescott, a few 3^ears later, put up the second one, to do business in connection with his mill. While I am upon the subject of stores, I may as well speak of all stores and their owners, up to the present summer (1892). Irving Dunsmore, son of J. A., built a store, on one acre of his father's farrn, some twenty or more years ago, near the old mill, now long since among the things of the past. He was a merchant for a few 3^ears, then sold to J. N. Richardson, and moved to California, with the whole family of Dunsmores, with the exception of one son. Doctor Dunsmore, of Minne¬ apolis. Mr. Richardson had been the only merchant and postmaster, for the locality, for twenty years, until the spring of 1892. William Kay put up a store, on his own homestead, on Lyndale Avenue, near the center of the town, north and south. Thus it is seen we are progressing, for where we had one merchant, we now have two. There is another store, in the south part, on Portland Avenue, and John Schultz has long been selling goods at that point.

A Mr. Mousseaux (Frenchman) took the claim on Lake Calhoun, including all, or part, of Lakewood Cemetery. Kev. Mr. Gear, a long time chaplain at Fort Snelling, took a splendid claim on the east shore of the lake, north of Mousseaux. It was brought about by some one holding the claim for him, till a special act of Congress gave it to Mr. Gear. Harry Van Ness owned the land, in an early da}^ across the road from the King farm, or buildings, that were known for the fine stock, of various kinds, kept there. In fact, a large part of the land, north of the Van Ness farm, to the north line of the town, was owned by William S. King, and known as his stock farm. It was, originally, prairie land, with¬ out a tree or shrub, expensively fenced with boards, and trees set all around, usually in eighty-acre tracts. I do not know the original claimants. Mr. Angel was one, I am sure. A good name to have, and, no doubt, a good man, having a good famil3% as most earl^' settlers had. Though this farm was in original Richfield, and we, as citizens, were very proud of its be¬ ing located within our borders, we don't know how much money Mr. King made directly off its inhabitants. The people of this locality'' were noted for being (piite conservative about tr}^- ing any expensive experiment, as it took considerable capital, in those days, to go into fine stock raising, so as to have it to amount to much to the undertaker. But, be that as it ma^^ the stock, on the whole, was greatly improved, in the surrounding country, far and near. Mr. King should have due credit for this, as being a public ben¬ efactor. In regard to his venture, as a money making scheme, if he did not make money directl}^ bj" handling that fine stock, as the sa^^ing is, "all's well that ends well," he must have made a handsome sum on those fine eight3"- acre tracts, that the stock used to graze over, by surveying them into lots and blocks, and selling them as city property, at a good price per lot.

Now follow the names of as many as I can recollect of those who settled in the east and northeast part of the town. Mr. V. M. Adams made a claim, and sold out to Rev. Mr. Knickerbacker. Thomas Adams, his halfbrother, was a settler here, in earl3^ times, but, I think, he did not pre¬ empt. He lived a long time on what is now the Graham homestead. Pie was a good neighbor. At the time of the war, he kept boarders, at Fort Snelling, bought a farm at Monticello, this State, lived there many years, sold out and went to California, and died, a few 3'ears ago. N. S. Grover, Joel Hanscom. J. N. Richardson, Sam¬ uel Clark, John Brown, several of the Da3^s, Mr. Manson, though, I believe, he did not pre-empt, took claims in one locality, near the creek, or what is now Portland and Chicago Avenue, also Mr, White, long since dead. His son-in-law, M. G. Graffam, occupies part of the place. IS. Hodsdon, if he did not pre-empt, has long lived near Lake Amelia. Charles Hoag bought land oil Diamond Lake, of Mr. Bald¬ win, who ])re-empted it. Mr. Hoag was, a long time, a very prominent citizen of the town. C. H. Clark, his son-in-law, lived near him, near the lake. His place, for a country home¬ stead, is highly improved. His widow still lives there, and takes charge of the farm. The men died a few years ago. They were very prominent peo¬ ple, in all political and social affairs of the town. Mr. Clark was, for a long time, secretary of the State Fair, and held many other responsible positions. Philander Prescott, Willis Moffitt and Ard Godfrey took lands, near the falls. Farther north, there came Mr. Adams, Charles Brown, George Brown, Simon Bean, where the trot¬ ting park is located, Martin Layman, Mr. Rollins, Robert Blaisdell, Benja¬ min Parker, Mr, Lennon, S. W. Case, Nathan Roberts; the latter did not lay claim to land by pre-emption, but is a very old settler, and still lives in that vicinity. Henry Roth settled in the northeast part, as did S. R. Odell, a Mr. Smith, and many others, no doubt, who have escaped my recollec¬ tion. It will thus be seen, by the many names mentioned, that, at the time the State was organized, we were quite a numerous people, and, there¬ fore, somewhat influential, as I inti¬ mated in the first part of these sketches. The inhabitants all arriv¬ ing about the same time, enabled them to have very good schools, passable roads, bridges, moral and religious privileges, etc. There might be said to be an internal influence, for the benefit of the people, in their social and material interests, as well. On the other hand, so large a number of intelligent voters had an outer influ¬ ence, in shaping the affairs of the county and State, in which they lived. It is well known to the old settlers that the population in the town far outnumbered the people of the village of Minneapolis and the city of St. An¬ thony, for St. Anthony was the city' at that time. A case is remembered, when St. Anthony desired a candidate for Sheriff to be nominated, on the east side, in opposition to Richard Strout, of Richfield. St. Anthony mustered what assistance she could, from outside towns, but did not suc¬ ceed in the convention, and Mr. Strout was nominated and elected. I think he was the second Sheriff of Henne¬ pin County, after the State was ad¬ mitted into the Union, Mr. Lippencott, of St. Anthony, being the first. The first board of town officers was elected in the spring of 1858. Their names were as follows, beginning with the Supervisors; Joel Brewster, chairman, Richard Strout, J. N. Richardson; Town Clerk, Alonzo Sawtelle; Treas¬ urer, J. A. Dunsmore; Assessor, S. J. Odell; Jxistice of the Peace, R. L. Bartholomew.

The families that have been repre¬ sented in the official business of the town, by one or more of their mem¬ bers, since the organization, up to the summer of 1892, according to recollec¬ tion, are something like the following; Brewster, Strout, Richardson, Brwin family, two members, George W. and B. F. Brwin, Sawtelle, a long time Town Clerk, in early days, Mr. May¬ nard, Supervisor one j^ear, was broth¬ er-in-law to Clerk Sawtelle, and Baston. West part of town, Michael Gleason, Thomas Moriarty, J. A. Dunsmore, a popular officer, who had a peculiar way of his own in getting there, no matter what he undertook to do. Some families were further rep¬ resented in local matters, by the fol¬ lowing names; Garve3^, Wilcox, Hanscome, Charles A. Hohage, Chairman of Town Board, for a long time, and still holding the office (1892). Goodspeed atul Fitch are also present incumbents on tlie Board. Charles H. Clark, and J. H. Pound, were prominent mem¬ bers of the Town Board. George Odell, William Moffitt, Groesbeck, Schuler, the latter Supervisor, now Indian agent at White Earth Reserva¬ tion, among the Chippewas, Robert Townsend, Horace Wilson, Joseph Cress}^, George Townsend, and last, but not least, Mr. L. E. Humphrey, for a long time held the office of Town Clerk, and other offices, and is well up among the most prosperous farmers of the town, as well as an all round good citizen of the same. He lives on land once owned by William Finch. This ends the list of persons who have had the honor of holding local offices in their town, if honor it be. It is sometimes said that the jeers and fault-finding of the people, overbal¬ ance both the honor and emolument attached to the offices. Be this as it may, we are still able to find men who will take the chances of being made martyrs for their country's good.

In all these j'-ears, since the organi¬ zation of the State, we have had only two postmasters in the central part of the town, namely, J. A. Dunsmore, and J. N. Richardson; John Craik, in the northwest part, now village of Edina, and Alexander Shultz, in the southeast part.

Now come the names of those who, being residents of Richfield, were for¬ tunate enough, or unfortunate, as the case may be, to have been called upon to discharge other duties, outside of their special precinct. First, the per¬ sons who served the county as Com¬ missioners. Second, those wlio served as Legislators, at St. Paul. I believe J. A. Dunsmore acted as County Com¬ missioner, before Henry Townsend, who was Commissioner in the last year of the State's territorial existence, and when the present court house, which has served the count}^ so long, was contracted to be built. The last Legislature, which met about January 1st, 1858, was the one, among other things, to set the wheels of the govern¬ ment in motion for tlie State, Congress having admitted us into the Union of States at the session of 1857 and '58. This Legislature provided that the county business should be done (at least in Hennepin County) by a bod}" of men consisting in part, of the Chair¬ men of the Board of Supervisors of the several towns of the county, together with a number of men from the then known villages of Minneapolis and St. Anthoti}", the latter being much the larger place, at that time, making a Board of nearly thirty persons. Joel Brewster, being elected Chairman of Richfield, in the spring of 1858, was, by virtue of his office, a member of this distinguished Board of County Commissioners. Harlow Gale was Auditor, and, in consequence, was clerk of the Board. Then, as now, he was the same genial Harlow, who has much to do with the Central Market, in the cit}" of Minneapolis. This arrangement lasted two years, then seemed to fall to pieces of its own weight. The writer of these notes, being elected Chairman of the Town Board the following year, was, of course, a member of what some thoughtless people called the County Legislature. Their names were too numerous to mention, so a few will answer: Colonel Aldrich was one.

Dr. Fletcher, and others, from Minne¬ apolis; Martin McLeod, of Blooming¬ ton; Robert Cummings, of St. An¬ thony, and another man - I can almost speak his name - who was a Democrat, to object to everything. I could never see through his policy, unless it was to be right sometimes, Rev. George Galpin represented the town of Excel¬ sior. Whether the law makers, at that time, got the precedent for so numererous a body of men to do county business, or whether the plan origin¬ ated with themselves, I do not know. The law was repealed, after two years' trial, by substituting three persons, instead of thirty, to do the business. The law was long ago changed again, making the number five, instead of three. William Finch was one of the Commissioners from this town or dis¬ trict. He made a very safe and judi¬ cious person, in that position, and served the district several years. H. H. Hopkins, from the northwestern part of the town, was Commissioner for a while. Nathan Roberts and Benjamin Parker, from the northeast part of the town, and finally, Horace Wilson, were for a long time Commis¬ sioners. The latter, together, with William Finch, now reside in Cali¬ fornia. This district has been repre¬ sented, in the board, for several years, by William Chowen, of Minnetonka township.

It is not claimed that persons men¬ tioned above were in the original township, and, right here, the present limits of Richfield may as well be stated. It is bounded on the north, by Fifty-fourth Street, south of the limits of Minneapolis, on the east by the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, on the South by Bloomington, and on the west by the village of Edina, which was formerly a part of the town, containing about seventeen and one-half square miles, and about twenty square miles, including the military reservation. This is cutting down from the original square miles

The first name upon the list of those who have held seats in the Fegislature, in da3^s gone by, was Asa Keith. He was a member of the Power House, in the last Territorial Fegislature, in the winter of 1856 and 1857. He was among the early settlers, and took an active part in the social and material affairs of the town. He left his home, here, and went to Wiscon¬ sin, and, finally, to Clinton, Iowa, where, I believe, he still lives. He was much missed as a citizen and good neighbor. General R. F. Bar¬ tholomew, a well known citizen of the town, county and State, was a mem¬ ber of the Constitutional Convention, which met at St. Paul, in the summer of 1857. It completed its labors in the September following, and evolved the same constitution we have all lived under till this time, with the addition, at various times, of many amendments. Mr. Bartholomew was also a member of the State Senate, shortly after its organization. He lives (1892) upon the claim he first pre-empted, in verj^ com¬ fortable circumstances, now at the ad¬ vanced age of eighty-five years.* Mrs. Bartholomew is still living, an active old lady, doing much of her own housework, at the age of four score years. She stands among a list of useful women, in her neighborhood, in cases of sickness among children, young or old, ready to drop her own work, if possible, and go where called on in cases of this kind. The pair have nearly passed through this long journey of life, and about one-half of it has been spent in Minnesota, resid¬ ing on the claim they first took up - the only instance I now think of, in all the central or eastern part of Rich¬ field, except one, their immediate neighbor, Mr. Conlliard, now (1892) well along in years (seventy-eight). He resides on his original purchase, hale and hearty. His wife, an estimable lady, died years ago.

Gilbert Graham and his wife were quite early settlers in the town, but not among the first. He was engaged in the railroad business when that en¬ terprise started in Minnesota. He did considerable of that kind of business, up to the time of its temporary sus¬ pension. At this time, some thirty 3^ears ago, he purchased a farm near General Bartholomew's, on Wood Lake, which he attended for many years, but finally returned to railroad¬ ing, which proved to be better busi¬ ness for him than farming. He was elected to the Legislature and served one term in the Lower House. The Grahams, among other good things, were distinguished for their social qualities, being highly respected in the neighborhood. He died, some twentj^ 3'ears ago, still quite a 3mung man, leav¬ ing his family in well-to-do circum¬ stances. His widow lived on the home¬ stead which he built, many 3^ears, and died there, about three years since.

W. W. Bartholomew, son of R. L., has lived on the old homestead, since its existence. For many years, he has farmed his own land, in connection with the home place. He is among the successful farmers of the town¬ ship.

C. H. Clark has been personally mentioned in these sketches, as hav¬ ing a local influence with others in the town, being Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and I now write of him as having been a member of the Legis¬ lature, from the district of which

Richfield forms a part. Mr. Clark was, two or three times, elected a member of the Lower House, but not without a break between times, as J. H. Pound, a Democrat, succeeded in being elected in placQ of Mr. Clark. Mr. Pound is the onl3^ representative of that party I now think of, who has held a seat in the Legislature, in the Lower House, for a term of thirt3'-six 3'ears. Mr. Clark was a read3^ debater, a fluent speaker, and, therefore, not without influence as a member. It is not too much to say that he was far above the average of country members, in nat¬ ural and acquired abilities. He prob¬ ably acquitted himself as well as the average of persons who run the gaunt¬ let of the Legislature. He is the last of those from this town, of whom I have spoken as having held positions at the Capital of the State. Other persons have been elected from sur¬ rounding towns in the district, such as Bloomington and Eden Prairie.

Mr. Pound made a very acceptable Representative. Being a Democrat in politics, he could present the favorite idea of that part3^ - reform; reform where it would do the most good. In early times, here, the county officers took fees for their services, when the offices were small and financiall3^ un¬ important. But, as time passed on, the business of the various offices in¬ creased, in some instances, to man3^ times what might be considered a good salary for discharging the duties of the same, and this ran on for some time, till the people began loudl3" to complain. The offices were held b3^ Republicans, and as the3' know a good thing, as well as the Democrats, when the3' have it in hand, it took (juite an effort to bring about a different state of things. Mr. Pound brought in his bill to the effect that the officers of the county should pay into the count3^ treasury all fees over and above a cer¬ tain sum. His bill passed - at least it became the entering wedge by which all officers are now salaried, except the office of Sheriff. Mr. aijd Mrs. Pound became residents of the town, in 1856, and occupied their first pur¬ chase till their deaths, about two years ago. His wife survived him about a year and a half, and died, at the homestead, where thej' had lived for thirty-five years. He had been a sailor, in his life time, and visited many parts of the world. This ex¬ perience, united with a ktiowledge' of civil engineering, made it possible for him to lay up a fund of anecdotes, to which it was agreeable to listen, when he was in a mood to tell a yarn. Mr. and Mrs. Pound raised a very in¬ teresting family of children, and, as a whole family, were very benevolent and kind, especially in sickness.

Last, but not least, Mr. L. L. Hum¬ phrey for a long time holding the office of Town Clerk, and other offices, also, being well up among the most pros¬ perous farmers of the town, as well as an all round good citizen of the same, lives on land once owned b^^ William Finch.

In thinking of the items of interest that have occurred in the town, it is well to note the following: There have been county and State fairs, in this locality, from a ver}^ early day, and Richfield was, and still is, quite well represented, in securing prizes from those institutions. Among the most successful were, Abel Wilson and E. F. Erwin. Mr. Wilson was, for a long time, the winner, upon his fine herd of sheep, at the State Fair of Minnesota, other States, at the same time, competing. The same may be said of Mr. Erwin, for taking the pre¬ mium upon his extensive and fine herd of Holstein cattle, neighboring States in competition, at the same time. While this is a mark of perse¬ verance and industry on the part of the persons mentioned, it is equally gratifying to the town or locality in which the enterprise takes place.

There are other persons and indus¬ tries that might be mentioned, for the number of successful farmers and gardeners are quite numerous. The prominent persons farming tinder glass, with a view of raising vegeta¬ bles for the market, are Mr. Bush and Mr. Bockman, the former now in Min¬ neapolis. Mr. Bookman's plant is in the present limits of Richfield, and bids fair to be a great success.

Indian Outbreak. The occurence took place, in Minnesota, in the har¬ vest time of 1862. It was one of the most brutal and destructive, of its kind, since the settlement of America. It ex¬ tended over a large portion of the sparsely settled part of the State. Neither age nor sex was spared from merciless savagery, hundreds and thousands, fleeing from their homes to the towns and villages, for their lives. As the history of this event has been repeatedly written up, I will speak of it only in naming the persons of Richfield who volunteered to sup¬ press the terrible outbreak. Immedi¬ ately after hearing of this event, vol¬ unteers were called for, who were quick to respond, or organize, on horseback, in companies and squads, to go up the Minnesota Valle}^ in the direction of Mankato and Fort Ridgely, a fort towards the headwaters of the Minnesota River. This position was held by a small detachment of United States troops, which was in a very precarious situation, on account of the desperate attempt of the savages to get hold of the fort, and thereby preventing, as they thought, the fur¬ ther occupanc3^ of the northwestern countr}- by the whites, at least for a long time to come. These detachilients were hurriedlj- gotten together, and placed under the charge of Captain Northrop, of St. Anthon3^, a ver3' suit¬ able and energetic man for the expe¬ dition.

Little was seen above Shakopee but abandoned homes and harvest fields. Death and destruction was visible on all sides. Where hope, peace, and prosi)erit3^ abounded, 01113'^ a few hours before, misery and disappointment had full3^ taken their places. The men from this locality, united with others from Minneapolis, formed a kind of rendezvous, near St. Peters. In the after part of the day, a call was made for volunteers to go to the fort, a distance of nearl3" fifty miles. The result was that all, or nearl3' all, vol¬ unteered to go, live or die, and reached the inside of the garrison the next morning, about sunrise, without re¬ ceiving a scratch from an Indian or seeing a single hostile during the trip. Like all good Indians, the3^ had done their hellish work and skulked behind the bush. Though invisible to this squad of rough riders, the3^ were near enough to know of all the various forces that were coming against them, in hot pursuit. I say various forces, because General Sibley was near b3^ in command of a regular military force (the Sixth Minnesota), and engaged the Indians, at their camp, at Ilirch Coolie, a small stream that emiAies into the Minnesota, about fifteen miles above the fort. In this camp, they had many prisoners, whom the3'' had taken in their maraudinc, and it was regarded good manage¬ ment, on the part of the officers in command, to rescue them from a fate worse than death, and at the same time to get possession of the redskins, by diplomacy or direct military force, as thought to be best by General Sib¬ ley and his , staff of officers. The battle at this point was not very im¬ portant, as to the number killed on either side. It did not seem to be the object of the General to hunt the In¬ dians ver3'^ seriousl3'' till those prison¬ ers were fairly rescued. This being done, by a kind of treat3^ the next thing was to secure the whole camp, by a proper disposition of the military force, and thus bring this terrible butchering business to an end. This seemed to be accomplished by having the right man in the right place. To do it is delicate business. The result of this was that great numbers were taken prisoners and marched down to M^ankato, where many of them were tried for their lives, with the result, that thirty-nine of them were found guilty of actual murder, and executed, at that place, the following winter (18(52 and 1863).

The following are the names of per¬ sons who went to the rescue from here, being volunteers, and not part of the Sixth Regiment,who went and came as they pleased: Dennison Townsend, Zelotus Downs, A. Lambert, Horace Wilson, George Wilson, his brother, Merriman McCabe, Charles Gilmore, Hopkins, Bartholomew, Owen Dun¬ bar, E. Snell, Thomas Moriart3', E. F. Quinn, Janies Hawkes, I?and3^ R3'ati, Michael K3^an, Albert Libb3^ Horatio Da3^ and John Metz. This trip was no summer outing, or trip for tlie ho3^s, such as we hear talked about, and practiced here, more or less, in these comparatively shining and hap- P3'- da3"s. This great outrage occurred just thirty 3'ears ago this August

(1892). What a change in that length of time. A comparatively small hand¬ ful of Sioux Indians could not make much headway in any part of Minne¬ sota today. Almost everything has changed, except the usual hot August weather. It is very warm at this time, and it was no less so, thirty years ago. Most of the men were unused to rid¬ ing on horseback. The horses were not natural saddle-horses, and they o-ot sore and lame, as well as the men. Horses and men had to be without regular rations. Take it, all in all, it was a rough jaunt, but, after being out about teh days, they all returned, without seri¬ ous accident, to their homes and busi¬ ness. They were all capable of relat¬ ing quite an experience, in the way of special outing. Once in thirty years is quite often enough for a jollification of this kind.

In sketching the items that are sup¬ posed to be worthy of note, that have taken place here, in the last thirty or forty years, we must not omit to men¬ tion the educational, moral and relig¬ ious influences, that have been brought to bear upon the people of Richfield, during this long period of time.

As to primary schools, and the educa¬ tion of the children, enough has been written for the reader of these lines to know that the kind of people who set¬ tled here would take a lively interest in the common and free school educa¬ tion of their children, at the earliest opportunity, so I will dismiss this part of the subject with a few things in addition to what has been said. The first school that was taught with¬ in the bounds of the then sixty square miles, was located on Lyndale and the Fort Snelling Road, near Wood Lake. There may be one exception to the above, in the school said to have been taught by Miss Townsend, in a claim shanty, on Mr. Townsend's land, east of the present Methodist church. The temporary house was built, by a few of the neighbors, in the fall and winter of 1852 and 1853, and the school commenced in January, taught by Miss Mary Townsend, sister of Robert and Dennison. She taught the winter term, and the following summer term was taught by Miss Bllen Coulliard. Miss Coulliard then taught one or two terms in the Moffitt neighborhood, near the Falls of Minnehaha. She also kept a school in the northwest part of town, in the neighborhood of Mr. Job Pratt, Senior. She died a few years ago. She was the mother of an inter¬ esting family of children, all now grown, and doing well. She married Mr. Davis, who still lives in Minneap¬ olis. Miss Townsend, now Mrs. Getchell, whose husband is, or has been, a lumberman, is among the prosper¬ ous people of Minneapolis. Shortly after this, were built other temporary houses, till they became quite numer¬ ous, three on or near Lyndale, two on Chicago Avenue, two or three over in the west part of town. The houses for many a year, were well filled, es¬ pecially in the winter, with as lively and rollicking a set of boys and girls as could be found in any latitude. The teachers were generally well qual¬ ified for the task they undertook. And the children seemed to advance quite well, in all the elementary branches of learning. Indeed, to the naked eye, it would seem that a comparison be¬ tween the older style of teaching and the present pretentious one might re¬ sult, in many respects, in favor of the former, especially when fixtures and furnishings are taken into account. But this is very dangerous ground to tread upon, in presence of the times and according to the ideas of modern educators, unless a person has it in liis mind to invite an explosion, something the writer has no desire to do. The present Richfield is so reduced in size, that I can think of but five scliool houses, at this time (1892), in the town. They are ([uite modern in style, and school is held eight and nine months in the year.

Churches were* organized, at an early day, chief of which were, and are, still, Methodist, Baptist and Catholic. Episcopalians and Presb3''- terians are not numerous enough to form organizations. So it will be seen tliat this small territory, even, keeps pace with the rest of the world in a division of religious sentiment. The Methodists were the first to hold re¬ ligious meetings, which they did at private houses, namely, William Finch's, George Gillniore's, and others. The first meeting and Sunday school that was held outside of a dwelling house, was in a claim house, on Robert Townsend's land. Elder Harris was among the first to hold these interest¬ ing meetings. He was a citizen of the town and owned or took a claim, one mile west of Abel Wilson's home. He had a very capable family. Plis wife was a sister of John W. North, a very able man, and much of a poli¬ tician, in the early days of Minnesota, but finally went to California. In speaking of religious effort, and ap¬ pliances here, for the benefit of the people, the last forty j^ears, I will make these divisions of the space of time: First, the period when the peo¬ ple worshipped in private houses, or in forsaken claim houses, which last¬ ed from one to three years. Second, the time when the various denomina¬ tions held service in the temporary school houses, I have previously spoken of. This division maj' be said to have lasted ten or more j^ears. The houses were often filled to overflow¬ ing, with interested congregations. Third, and last division, up to the present eventful times of August, 1892. Elder Harris, and a few visiting clerg^nnen, filled the first division. Rev. Mr. Gear of Fort Snelling, an Episcopal clergyman, preached at the house of J. H. Pound. Elder Rich, I think, was the first preacher on this circuit. Rev. George Galpin was among the first preachers in the school house period, and at the same time, among the Baptists, a Mr. Davis, said to have been a conv'erted Jew. He lived in Minneapolis, a man of con¬ siderable ability, and preached once in two or four weeks, for several years. A Baptist minister, by the name of Dean, also spent some time here. He preached near "Richland Mill,'' or the present site of the post office. The house is still standing, and is used as a dwelling. This locality seemed to be conceded to the Baptists, while Wood Lake school house was used by the Methodists - a little change from present arrangements. A Mr. Spafford, Methodist, used to hold forth at Wood Lake. He was young and boy¬ ish looking then, but rose, step b^^ step, and now is presiding elder, in the Minneapolis district.

About this time. Elder Cress^', Bap¬ tist, preached to the people of Rich¬ field, at the Mill school house, and was, at that time, a resident of the town, and the old gentleman could alwaj^s call around a good congregation, ac¬ cording to the times. He has long gone "where the weary are at rest." Before going further in this direction, I will give the names of the ministers, in the order (or near to it) in which they went in and out, before the peo- pie of Richfield, in the interest of religion, morality and good govern¬ ment, beginning with the Methodists, and serving the reverends all alike, as to name, unless their Christian names are known and recollected. This- last has reference to persons placed here, at various times, according to the rules of the church, beginning with the Rev. John D. Rich, and it is well enough to state that this was more than thirty-six years ago, and that, later, he was placed upon this circuit the second time. Mr. Hooper, Mr. Light, George Galpin, Mr. Garvin, Mr. Bennett, J. H. Macomber, Mr. Forbes, Mr. Tubbs, Mr. Brooks, Mr. Marsh, Mr. Van Fossom, Mr. Newcomb, W. W. Satterlee, Mr. Smith, E. W. Hark The above may not be correct as to order, but they have all been here.

List of the Baptist ministers, as they are recollected: Revs. Mr. Davis, Mr. Dean, Elder Cressy, J. R. Manton, Mr. Farnsworth, Mr. Van Ness. Ministers of other denomina¬ tions have preached here at times. Some of them have been mentioned. Rev. Mr. Pond, Presbyterian, preached several times in the Baptist church, during his life. Rev. Mr. Tuttle, a noted Universalist minister, has preached here, and attended on many funeral occasions. All in this list of names, that I know to have passed to the "great beyond," in this long pe¬ riod of time, are Elder Harris, Elder Cressy, Mr. Marsh and Elder Rich. The first three repose in the Oak Hill Cemetery, Richfield.

There are two good Catholic church buildings, in what used to be Rich¬ field, but now one of them is in the village of Edina, formerly a part of this town. The Catholics have no resident priest, but services are often held, with good congregations attending. The Methodists and Bap¬ tists, also, have good church buildings, and keep them in good repair. The churches have been used for more than twenty-three years. Each has a good parsonage attached. In the long list of persons spoken of, above, who have dispensed the gospel to our peo¬ ple, for these thirty-eight or more years, there will be some, out of the number, who have been more promi¬ nent and influential than others. But, taken as a sample of persons, engaged in similar occupations, if I may be al¬ lowed to judge, they will fully com¬ pare with five localities, in which I have been more or less acquainted, namely, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, and Minnesota. In some local¬ ity of each of these States, I have spent some time. As it may seem in¬ vidious to make comparisons, where all, as a general thing, have done so well, and proved themselves accepta¬ ble to their respective congregations, very little will suffice on this point. It will be conceded, however, for off¬ handedness and readiness in the pul¬ pit, Elder Manton and Elder Satterlee stand at the head of the list, closely followed by many others, in their own peculiar way for usefulness. Elder Manton became a resident of Rich¬ field, more than twenty-three years ago, and has a small farm, nicely located, on the west side of Wood Lake. He was the first to occupy the pulpit of the new church, which he did for nearly fourteen years. His health failing, the position was filled by one and another, for three or four years, or more. Rev. Mr. Farnham, an energetic young minister, was em¬ ployed to preach one year. Next after Mr. Farnham, as stated, came Rev. Mr. Van Ness, a young man from the East, just out of college, and, when ordained here, was unmarried, but, took to himself a wife, also from the East, in less than twelve months from the time he was ordained. He is a man of more than ordinary ability, in his calling, according to his age. He seems to possess three qualities that bring more or less success in life, to any occupation, whether it be farmer, merchant, or professional man, name¬ ly, system, perseverance, and studi¬ ousness. He has, at this writing, been emplo^^ed as the regular pastor, for nearly four years.

Before bringing this sketch to a close, it is proper to say something about the women, in a general way, at least, having said much of what the men have accomplished, the positions they have filled in the early and late settlement of this town. In all agri¬ cultural communities, the labor in the house, which is usually performed by the wives and daughters of the men, is quite as necessary, as the out door work upon the farm. Indeed, the two kinds of work must go on, with un¬ ceasing regularity, in order to make a real success of farm life. But this need not be irksome or laborious, if the, work, in each department, is in¬ telligently managed. Procrastination is said to be the thief of time. If there is any class of persons in the world who need to understand the meaning of procrastination, it is the farmer, and the farmer's wife and daughter. Any work that needs doing today, if it can possibly be done, and put out of the way, is much better than to put it off till the next da3^ or next week, for we don't know what time will bring forth. Better drive the work, than, b}' an^^ mishap, allow the work to drive 3'ou, in the house, or out doors; the latter state of things is not conducive to easy, quiet farming, or to a quiet state of the nervous S3^stem. But to be more definite. Who were up,earl3^ and late, to prepare the meals, and do other domestic labor, that the outdoor work might be performed, but the women? The time last past alluded to includes more than a generation. Farming industr3'-, at certain seasons of the 3'ear, means great gangs of men and horses, according to the size of the farm, such as seeding, harvesting, stacking, threshing, and haying. Threshing, especiall3', made the women of the household glad when the threshing crew came, and twice glad when it had performed its work, and went awa3^. Now, most of the special kinds of work spoken of above, have to be performed in ver3- warm weather. If it took courage and perseverance, on the part of the men, to hew a home and livelihood, by felling the forest or turning the prairie sod, it was certain- 13" heroic, on the part of the women, to perform their share of the drudger3" of life, with the limited means and conveniences the3" had at hand, in those early days, of a lively struggle for a home, for themselves and child¬ ren.