Minneapolis City (part 6 of 80)

In 1887 Dr. Angle ])ul)lished his sys¬ tem of treating irregularities of the den¬ tal arch, which is now in its third edi¬ tion. This work is highl3' approved b}' all of our American dental colleges and some ol those abroad, and is by the former used as a text-book. In 1890 appearedhis system of treating fi'actures of the maxillary bones, and he hag nearly ready for publication a work on oral deformities.

In 1886 Dr. Angle was elected profes¬ sor of Dental Histology in the dental department of the Minnesota College- Hospital, and in 1888 made professor of Histology', Comparative Anatomy and Orthodontia in the dental department of the University of Minnesota. He filled these positions with marked ability and conscientious zeal till 1891, when he re¬ signed his position on account of pres¬ sure of office business.

Dr. Angle is a diligent and careful stu¬ dent, a wide but discriminating I'eader of the best. authors in science, and a fre¬ quent contributor to current dental lit¬ erature. He is an earnest advocate of a high standard of intellectual attain¬ ments and moral worth for admission to our dental colleges, and believes that without the thorough elimination of the commercial and mone^'-making spirit from all educational institutions sup¬ ported by the state, they can never de¬ serve the best patronage or highest respect of the people.

John Howard Martindale, M. D., D. D.S., was born in New York City Jan. 25, 1859. His parents soon removed to Brookl}'!!, N. Y., where the subject of this sketch resided for seventeen years. His scholastic training was mainly received at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., at the Emerson Insti¬ tute, Washington, D. C., and at Helmouth College, Ontario, Canada. He removed to Minneapolis in June, 1876, commencing the stiuU' of dentistry and entering upon practice in 1878. He re¬ ceived' the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery of Cincinnati, in 1880. Enter¬ taining as he did advanced views of the scientific and technical training necessary to the best professional skill, he com¬ menced the study of medicine in 1881, and by persistent application was grad¬ uated Doctor of Medicine from the Med¬ ical Department of the University of New Yoi'k City in the winter of 1885. During the fourteen v'ears of his dental practice he secured a deserved and abundant pat¬ ronage, enjoying at all times the fullest confidence of his professional brethi'en and the pidDlic. In social life his unusual intelligence on all current topics, his ur¬ bane, dignified and manly conduct, his affable and courteous manners, has alwa3 S given him free access to the best society of the cit\'. Dr. Martindale was elected Professor of Oral Surgeiw in the Dental Department of the Alinnesota Hospital College in 1885, which chair he held for two j-ears and was subsequently elected Pi'ofessor of Dental Medicine and Dental Surgeiw in the Medical Depart¬ ment of the same college. In 1885 he was appointed b\' Gov. Hubbard a mem¬ ber of the Board of Dental Examiners for the State of Alinnesota for three \'ears, and was reappointed for two subsequent terms by Gov. McGill and Mcrriam. He was elected member of the Society of Physicians and Surgeons of Minneapolis and was made its honored secretarv' for one 3'ear. He was one of the charter members of the Minneapolis Dental So¬ ciety' and for one term was its president. Dr. Alartindale retired from the practice of dentistry in September, 1892, subsecpienth^ spending considerable time in

Germany in special preparation for the practice of medicine as specialist in dis¬ eases of the throat, nose and mouth, to which particular department he had al¬ ready given much study and attention.

Dr. Thomas Edwin Weeks was born in Massiton, Ohio, in 1853, and was ed¬ ucated at the public and high schools of Mansfield in the same state. In 1873 he commenced the stud3" of dentistry' in the office of Dr. W. F. Semple in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, where he remained for about three years, when he went to Council Bluffs and opened an office for the practice of his profession. In June, 1880, he came to Minneapolis, since which time he has been identified with the profession in the city. In 1881 he became a member of the firm of Bowman, Weeks & Jenison, occupying rooms on the corner of Nicol¬ let avenue and Third street. This part¬ nership continued for ten yeai'S, termin¬ ating in the earU' part of 1891, when Dr. Weeks opened an independent office. He was a charter member of the Minneapo¬ lis Dental Societj" and of the Minnesota Dental Association, of both of which he is still an active member, and to which he has been a frequent contributor of val¬ uable papers and clinics. Dr. Weeks has been the recipient of honorary member¬ ship in various dental societies outside of the city and state. He has alwaj's been in S3'mpath3" with all movements that looked to the advancement of the pro¬ fession, and has contributed a liberal share of time and energ3'to such objects. He was appointed Demonstrator of Op¬ erative Dentistry in the Dental Depart¬ ment of the Minnesota College Hospital, which position he held for two years. In 1885 he was appointed lecturer on Prac¬ tical Dentistr3^ In 1886 the Minnesota College Hospital conferred on him the honorar3^ degree of Doctor of Dental Sur¬ gery and appointed him to fill the chair of Professor of Operative Den tistr3^ made vacant by the resignation of Dr. W''. F. Giddings. This position he retained till the college surrendered its charter, be¬ coming a department in the University of the State of Alinnesota, when he was appointed b3^ the Board of Regents to the chair of operative dentistr3'', and in 1892 he received the appointment of Professor of Dental Anatom3' and Oper¬ ative Technics, which position he still occupies. Dr. Weeks literar3" efforts have been mostly confined to professional top¬ ics, such papers having been written for the entertainment of dental societies and for the benefit of students in the profes¬ sion.

Dr. Leon Donham Leonard was born in Hebron, Maine, of good old Puritan stock on Jan. 30, 1859. His ancestors came to that inhospitable region in the earh' days of New England and there planted their church (Hardshelled Baptist) and the common school. The3' cultivated the hard, reluctant soil, and b3' gathering two crops of stones ever3' year (a crop by the wa3" which is still being regularlv harvested) they managed to rear and maintain families, the enterprising ones of which have never ceased to emigrate as soon asthe3' arrived at the age of discretion.

In the winter of 1878-9 Dr. Leonard went to Boston with the view of stud3^- ing music and preparing himself to teach that divine art. During the winter his observations and experience led him to consider some important reasons for changing his plans, and after mature de¬ liberation concluded to study dentistrv for a business, leaving music for recrea¬ tion and social enjoyment, and to this end in Januar3'', 1880, he entered the office of Dr- John T. Codman, of Boston, Mass. After completing his studies there he spent a few months in his native town doing some work for his old neighbors and friends, and in the latter part of 1882 he came to Minneapolis. He soon found a position in the office of Dr. W. A. Spaulding where he practiced his chosen profession for two years.

In 1884 he entered into partnership with Dr. M. M. Frisselle which partner¬ ship continued until the latter retired from business in the city. Dr. Leonard was a charter member of the Minneapo¬ lis Dental Society and one of the active members of the Minnesota Dental Asso¬ ciation at its reorganization in 1884. He has alway maintained a lively inter¬ est in both these societies and at various times has filled the highest and most re¬ sponsible offices in the societies gift. For three successive years he has occu¬ pied the position of secretary of the state Association. At the reorganization of the Dental College at the time it became a department in medicine of the State University, he received the appointment of Professor of Pathology and Oral Sur¬ gery, which position he filled for two years. Dr. Leonard has always enjoyed the reputation of being a man of ad¬ vanced and progressive views in profes¬ sional theorj^ and practice, which have nevertheless always been tempered by a wise conservatism and prudence which has placed him among thebest and most reliable dentists of the countr\'.

He has a fine musical taste and prac¬ tical ability which he generouslj' emplo3'S for the entertainment of his numerous friends as well as for enjo\'- ment at his own fire side. He is also a careful and diseriminating reader of cui'- rent literature, entertaining sound views in science, religion and political economj', is broad and generous in his sympathies, honorable in all his intercourse with his professional brethren and the world, and enjoj's the confidenee and respect of all men.

Dr. Minot Gaylor Jenison was born at Eau Claire, Wis., July 29, 1858. He received his education at the graded schools and academ\^ at Canton, N. Y., and at the public schools and business college at Washington, D. C.

He commenced the stud^" of dentistr}" in the office of Dr. J. A. Bowman, of Minneapolis, in 1878, where he remained about two v'ears when he entered the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgerj' where he received the degree of doctor of dental surgery in 1881, and entered at once uponthe duties of his ehosen calling.

He practiced his profession during three years in Washington, D. C., re¬ moving to Minneapolis in 1884. While in Washington he was an active member of the Washington Citj' Dental Society, and since coming to Minneapolis has taken an active interest in all that per¬ tains to the profession, being a member of the Minneapolis Dental Society" and of the Minnesota Dental Association, in both of which societies he has been called to occupy the highest official positions.

In 1800 he was appointed professor of Dental Pathology" and Therapeutics and of Oral Surgery in the dental depart¬ ment of the Minnesota College Hospital, which position he held for about three years, or till the college was merged into the medieal department of the University' of the State of Minnesota. Dr. Jenison received the degree of M. D. at Howard University, D. C., in 1882. He is a man of large attainments, enjoydng the eonfidence of his professional brethren and numerous patrons.

city was born in Philadelphia, Penn. He received his education through private tutors, and at the college Liceo Calasancio Puerto Priucepe, Cuba. He com¬ menced the study of dentistry in the office of Dr. Edward Ing, commencing practice in Xe w York City in 1861 . In 1 863 he re¬ moved to Winchester, Ill., where he prac¬ ticed his profession for twenty years, re¬ moving to Minneapolis in 1883. Since he has become a citizen of the citt- he has been in full sympathy with its progres¬ sive element and alive to her best interestr. He is an enthusiast in his profes¬ sion; is a member of the state association and president of the local society, and in other cities where he has resided hasbeen honored by official position in many or¬ ganizations, both professional and civic. He is the inventor ot the cube mortar with rotary pestle, and also of a rubberdam holder, and a screw pivot with triangular lock lor mounting artificial crowns, all ot which are valuadDle ad¬ ditions to the dentist's helpful appli¬ ances. In religion the doctor is a Bap¬ tist and in politics a Repubiican ot the most pronounced type, and since living in the city has had aldermanic honors thrust upon him. He is a man ot high standing, an earnest advocate of the highest culture and professional attain¬ ments, and believes that every dentist in unselfish motives and manly character should be the peer of the noblest and best of men .

Although a recent addition to the dental force of the cit^'. Dr. William P. Dickinson, has been for many years an ardent laborer in the field of practical dental work. He was born in Xew Hampshire, but at the early age of four r-ears obeyed the injunction of Horace Greelv and came W'est to Dubuque, la., in 1846. He was educated in the com¬ mon and high schoolsofDtibuque, where

In 1861 he responded to the first call for troops and at the expiration of the term of service, again eelisted in 1862 in the Twenty-first Iowa Infantry Yolenteers. He was promoted to position of sergeant-major and was seriously wounded in the famous charge on 1 icksburg Max 22, 1863. His wounds disabling him from further service he was honorably discharged in Xovember, 1863. He commenced the stud\' of den¬ tistry in 1864, and opened an office in 1865 at Charles City, Iowa.

He received the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery in 1884. He was appointed a member of the Board of Dental Examiners by the governor of Iowa and for two terms was president of the Iowa State Dental Society, and is now a member of the Alinnesota State Dental Association and of Alinneapolis Dental Societrv He came to MinneapoearH in 1890 and has since received the appointment of Professor of Operative Dentisti y and Dental Therapeutics in the Dental Department of the State Lniversitv. Dr. Dickinson's liberal experience as a teacher, and his long experience as a practitioner especially fit him for the po¬ sition of instructor in the College of Dentistrv of the Universitv of Minnesota.

Dr. Dickinson is a man of scholarly attainments, spending his spare margins of time in the pursuit and enjoyment of German literature with which he is fa¬ miliar. He is an enthusiast in his pro¬ fession, and has at various times furn¬ ished valuable scientific papers on sub¬ jects connected with his profession.

Dr. Francis Hollis Brimmer made his advent into the cit\' of Alinneapolis as early as September, 1879. In com¬ mon with A'ery many of our citizens he was born in Maine and in the City of Ellsworth. His professional training was received in the office of Dr. James T. Osgood, of Ellsworth, Maine, where he was a diligent student for six j-ears. He matriculated at the Philadelphia Dental College in 187G,and graduated from the same institution in the class of 1876-7, with the degree of doctor of dental surgery-

Dr. Brimmer has been one of the most potent factors in building for the den¬ tists of the cit}' a reputation for good work and honorable dealing ecpial to that enjoyed by the dentists of any cit^' in the country.

He has been active in promoting the usefulness of both the local and state dental societies, and he has been honored Iw official positions in both.

Dr. Hugh M. Reid, one of the oldest dentists of the city, was educated and spent his earU" life in Ohio. He gradua¬ ted from the Ohio College of Dental Sur¬ gery in 1875, and was made professor of clinical dentistiw the same 3'ear in that institution, which position he filled till 1880. He has been a member of various state dental societies and associations ; was the first president of the Minnesota Dental Association and of the Minne¬ apolis Dental Society.

Dr. George W. Avery came to Minne¬ apolis in 1874 from Oswego, N. Y., where he was born in 1853 and where he received his earl 3" education. He is a graduate of the dental department of the University" of Michigan ; is a member of the Minnesota State Society and is secretary" of the Minneapolis Dental So¬ ciety" which office he has filled for two years.

Dr. Erg.4r B. Dillingham was born in Maine in 1856 and came to Minne¬ apolis at the tender age of two years, and has probably" spent more y-ears in the city than any other dentist. He was a student of Dr. J. A. Bowman and a graduate of Pennsy-lvania College of dental surgery" in 1878. His professional reputation stands high, both among his brethren and the public.

Dr. Joseph William Pemberhiy" was born in Warrensville, Ohio, but was educated in Milwaukee, Wis., taking the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery at the Baltimore college of dental surgery". Dr. Pemberthy- is vice-president of the Minneapolis dental society and is prom¬ inent in Masonic circles.

Dr. Henry Atherton Knight was born in Peru, Mass., receiving his earlyeducation in the common schools of that state and in the State of Connecticut. He attented medical lectures at the college of physicians and surgens in New York City in 1878.

In 1879 he commenced the study- of dentistry in the office of Dr. M. M. I'rissellein Kingston, N. Y., and in 1880 he came to Minnesota, continuing his stud¬ ies in the office of Dr. A. T. Smith of Alinneapoiis. He is a graduate of the Dental Department of the University- of Alichigan. He has been a member of the State Board of Dental Examiners and its sec¬ retary- for four years, and is a charter member of both the Minnesota Dental Association and the Minneajiolis Dental Society-, and a member of the American Dental Society- and other similar organ¬ izations.

Dr. Ismnor C. St.John is a native of LeKoy, N. Y., where he was born in 1855. He received his educr-ition in this state and at the University of Michigan, where he received the degree of 1). 1). S.

In this chapter of the history of den¬ tistry in Minneapolis and Hennepin County, it is impossible in the limited space allowed to speak at length of all the practitioners who deserve an extend¬ ed notice in this work. Some of these men though young in years and limited in experience, are possessed of rare me¬ chanical talents, which if properlj^ direct¬ ed will soon place them in the foremost ranks of the profession. Among the young men of unusual promise may be mentioned Dr. E. J. Morrison and Dr. Arthur E. Peck, the latter of which is as¬ sociated with Dr. J. A. Bowman. Dr. Peck received an excellant preliminary education in the common and high schools of Iowa, entering the Dental De¬ partment of the College of Medicine in the University of Minnesota in 1886 and receiving the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgerj" in 1890. He has an unusual talent for mechanics and has made im¬ provements and invented appliances of great value to the profession, among which is an improvement on the Logan crown whereby the platimun band is concealed by a porcelain cover. He has invented pliers for forming loups on metalic plates, whereby rubber attachments may be made to metal dentures. He has has made an improvement on the Stod¬ dard furnace by using a platinum muffle and a rotary blower which will secure fusion of porcelain in less than one minute. These are only specimens of what the young men just entering the profession promise for its future advance¬ ment. The following are some of the names of dentists in this city and county who have been and are contributing much by word and deed to make the IDi'ofession both honorable and useful :

Chapter Xxix By Byrok Harvey Timbbrlakb

Lakewood. Away back in the early seventies it became apparent to some of our leading, far-sighted citizens, that a new place of interment of the dead should be secured on some of the beautiful loca¬ tions out near the lakes, where the en¬ croachments of the cit3^ would never seriously interfere. To Col. Wm.S.King belongs the credit of suggesting the mat¬ tes to George A. Brackett, D. Morrison, C. M. Coring, and other public spirited men, who at once fell into line, held an informal meeting and appointed a com¬ mittee to examine the various localities suitable for the cemeter\". The com¬ mittee after a careftd examination of all possible locations, reported in favor of a one hundred and twent3^-eight acre tract of gently undidating land, lying be¬ tween lakes Calhoun and Harriet, owned b3' Col. King, who was willing to dis¬ pose of the land for that purpose. This was in August 1871, the committee hav¬ ing been appointed the month previous. The report being looked upon favorably, an organization was effected under the name of the Lyndale Cemeter3' Associa¬ tion (changed to Lakewood the follow¬ ing February) and the following named pei'sons were elected as the first board of trustees: Wm. S. King, D. Morrison,

H. G. Harrison, Dr. C. G. Goodrich, W. D. Washburn, W. P. Westfall, George A. Brackett, Levi Butler and R. J. Menden¬ hall. Dr. Goodrich was elected presi¬ dent; R. J. Mendenhall, treasurer; and A. B. Barton, secretar3^ and superinten¬ dent. The report of the committee was accepted and the land bought for $21,- 000 on a 3'ear's time; land that to-day, but for the cemetei^', would bring well nigh a million dollars in the open market. Thus was obtained this beautiful tract of land, with graceful rolling surface and modest oaks, touching two of the most cherished and attractive lakes, appro¬ priately fitting into our extensive and prided park S3'stem, easy of access, and, as it were, intended by nature herself, for a "City of the Dead."

The first thing Lakewood Cemetery Association wished to impress upon the mind of the public was, that their enter¬ prise was not for mone3' making pur¬ poses ; and indeed those knowing the high character of the parties interested, would need no such assurance. But ever3' movement was made openlv' and above board, so no quiet whisperings of private or selfish interests beinginvolved could ever get a start. From the ver3' first, ever3' man bu3'ing a lot became a stockholder and voter in the corpora¬ tion. The first trustees furnished twothirds of the purchase price, and the stock was raised to $25,000, thus pro¬ viding $4,000 wdth which to begin im¬ provements ; but since these sums were returned and the title of the land made clear, every dollar that has been received from the sale of lots, and from all other sources, has gone toward beautifying and embellishing the grounds.

Another wise provision made by the trustees, was the setting aside of twenty per cent, of the receipts from lots until the sum of $500,000 shall have been reached, as a perpetual fund; theinterest of which may be applied to the care of the cemeter}^, the principle to remain for¬ ever intact. Over $50,000 has already been set aside, and in less than fifteen years the entire $500,000 will be so pro¬ vided.

The trustees were not so fortunate in adopting the "Plan" for the cemetery. They corresponded extensiveU'^ with land¬ scape gardners, and finally adopted a plan drawn by C. AV. Falsom, superin¬ tendent of Mt. Auburn, Alass. A por¬ tion of the ground near Lake Ccdhoun was then platted and on September 16, 1872, the dedication took place, a large number of lots being selected at the close of the exercise by the citizens present. The board was not thoroughly satisfied with the plan they had adopted, how¬ ever, so they sent Superintendent Barton east to visit the principal cemeteries and confer with the superintendents ; and as a result the adopted plan was exchanged for the "Park" plan, so successfully in¬ augurated by Adolph Strauch at "Spring Grove," Cincinnati; and the replatting of the grounds that had been set apart for immediate occupancy became neces¬ sary. This occasioned very little incon¬ venience, however, and now 'the ceme¬ tery, enlarged to one hundred and seventy acres, beautified by the reservation of wide stretches of green sward, and shaded bj" the rustling foliage of native trees, rests on the edges of the peaeeful lakes, a thing of beauty"; a gentle re¬ minder of the way we all must go.

I'ei'haps few people stop to think what a great service to Minneapolis these few public spirited citizens have given, in providing this beautiful buiwing ground, not to speak of their other services. The amount of planning, patience and labor necessary to trans¬ form the crude outline into the well developed picture, none can know save those who have done the work, and although much time and monev must yet be spent before the picture is made complete, still as long as Afinneapolis takes pride in the vast system of public parks, and this the onl^^ reall}^ public cemeter}", the names of Brackett, Bor¬ ing, Morrison, Mendenhall, Wilson, Pillsbury, King, Harrison, Goodrich, Washburn, and many more who have so generouslj^ given both time and money to the support of everything that would promote the welfare of the Flour City, will be remembered with deep gratitude.

Of eourse the early days of Lakewood were not without their drawbacks and discouragements. During the negotia¬ tions for the land, matters dragged along so slowly that at one time Col. King talked of withdrawing his offer; but George A. Brackett and D. Morrison quiekly persuaded him not to do so. The present officers of the Association are: president, George A. Fillsbui'y; treasurer, C. M. Boring; secretary and superinten¬ dent, A.W. Hobart. George A. Brackett, C. M. Boring and L. P. Hubbard com¬ prise the executive committee, while the trustees are : George A. Brackett, W. D. Washburn, D. Alorrison, L. Fletcher, C. M. Boring, George A. Pillsbury, L. P.

The entrance to Lakewood is straight out Hennepin, on thirty-sixth street. The gateway is a magnificent structure of red granite, built in the Romanesque style of architecture, with grained arch ceilings of stone and brick. Probably less than a dozen buildings in the whole country have solid stone and brick arched ceilings as this one has. The windows are of a special design and particularly appropriate and emblema¬ tic. On the top pane of the window on the side toward Lake Calhoun is the Lotus flower, the sacred Lil3" of the Nile. In the center of the middle pane is the cross, and below are the love birds and Olive branches, suggestive of Peace, while on the panes at the side is the I'assion flower. The building was de¬ signed 1)3" Mr. Frank E. Read, was erect¬ ed in 1889 at a cost of about $35,000, and is absolutel3' fire proof. It contains two rooms which are used ac the office rooms of the Cemetery. The vault, a short distance within and to the left, was built last 3'ear at a cost of about $25,000, is wholh" underground, will accomodate 450 caskets, and is ab¬ solutely safe against fire. The funds available at that time not being adec^uate for the construction of a per¬ manent chapel in keeping with the im¬ provements, a temporar3" one was built over the vault, but this will be replaced 1)3" a permanent stone chapel in the near future.

One thing that perhaps mars the beaut3" of Lakewood, is the location of the roadwa3'S, which follow the ridges rather than the ravines. A large amount of land, which would otherwise be avail¬ able for burial purposes, is thus used up, and the capacity of the cemeterv corrcspondingh" diminished. Lands thus used, together with those alread3" occupied.

sold and used for park purposes, have cut the portion remaining for lots and single graves, down to less than fort3" acres, although onh" 6,000 have3"et been buried there. One of the chief points of interest in Lakewood is over on the side next to Lake Calhoun, near the northwest cor¬ ner. First there ma3" be mentioned the willow that grows beside a tomb, that rests on a prominent knoll over-looking the lake. In the tomb rests the bod3' of Sir Joseph Francis' wife, and the twig from which the tree grew was brought 1)3' Sir Francis sixteen 3'ears ago, from the willow that stands near the place where Napoleon was buried, on St. Helena. The knoll itself, is also a point of interest. Long before the cemeter3" was laid out, Mrs. Francis stood here, and looking out over the lake said that she had never seen so beautiful a burial spot as that one, and she wished that it might be her final resting place. When the cemeter3- was laid out, Mr. Francis secured that portion, and it was so arranged that it is discribed as "lot I section 1." Mr. Francis is still living, but quite advanced, being over ninetvone years old. He spends most of his time in summer sitting 1)3' his wife's tomb, and explaining to visitors, points of interest about the cemeteiw. His own epitaph is alread3' chiseled on a gi'anite slab that inclines downwai'd from his wife's tomb, covering the place where he himself is to belaid awa3'. The in¬ scription itself is full of intei'est and is as follows :

"Joseph Francis, Father and Founder of the United States Life Saving Service 1812. Founder of .\merican Ship-wreck Societ3' 1842. Inventor of Corrugated Metallic Life Car, Life Boat, &c. Re¬ ceived the thaidvs of the 49th Congress, honored 1)3' the 50 th Congress for his service to humanitv. Honored, decora¬ ted, rewarded and knighted 1)3' the

Looking now toward Lake Harriet and a short distance in front may be seen the monument erected by the head millers of Minneapolis in memory of those who lost their lives in the mill ex¬ plosion May 2d, 1878. It is a magnifi¬ cent monument of large proportions and bears the names of E. H. Grundman, George A. Burbank, Chas. Henning, Fred. A. Merrill, August Schmidt, Henry Hicks, Patrick Judd, Wm. Leslie, Edwin C. Merrill, Ole P. Schie, Clark Wilbur, John E. Rosenius, Peter Hogberg, Jacob V. Rhodes, Chas. Kimball, Walter Savage, John Boyer and Cyrus E. Ewing. The carved designs are a set of old styed grist stones, a new process roller and a bevel gear wheel with broken niche.

Farther on toward Lake Harriet, side by side lie eight of the Rand-Coy kendall family who were drowned by the capsizing of a boat in a storm on Lake Minnetonka in 1885. Farther up the slope and on the highest ground in the cemetery is the McNair monument, the tallest (nearly fifty feet) and the Pillsbury's, a magnificent structure, and the most expensive. Following down the slope many beautiful monuments are seen, and the general effect of uniformity, coming from the absence of curbings, railings, foot-stones and every sort of perishable material, is everywhere no¬ ticed. Beside the roadway near the centre of the grounds are the Wolford and Pence monuments, two of the largest and most expensive individual monuments, resting on two of the high¬ est-priced single lots in the cemetery. Surmounting J. W. Pence's monument is the finest piece of statuary in Lakewood. It is "meditation" and is the work of Caribilli.

Wolford monuments are owned by three men whom Minneapolis is proud to honor: Geo. A. Brackett, C. M. Loring and Loren Fletcher. Monuments are now building for Messrs. Brackett and Fletcher, and a monument in keeping with the surroundings will shortly be erected by Mr. Loring. Mr. Fletcher's monument is a large, plain, Greek sar¬ cophagus, while Mr. Brackett's is a sar¬ cophagus, heavily carved, surmounted by a draped Greek urn. The leaf carving on this monument is by far the finest in the cemetery, and the surface cutting cost almost double that of any other monument, and excels proportionately for smoothness.

Off to the right is the portion of the cemetery owned by the Quakers, and even here their old-time plainness may be noticed, for no expensive monument distinguishes the rich from the poor, all sharing alike in modest head -stone marks. The Masons and Odd Fellows also have their private grounds in Lakewood, and on the left, up in the north¬ east corner of the cemetery, is the sec¬ tion for single graves. There are many other points of interest in Lakewood, but one more must suffice. In the South it might not be interesting, for it would be less rare ; but here we have little con¬ tact with people of color. The place is where the body of "Aunt Millie Bron¬ son" lies, on Geo. A. Brackett's lot 3, section 2. "Aunt Millie" was about a hundred years old (quite likely more) when she died in March, 1885. She was a servant of Gen. Bouregard during the war, and was captured at the battle of Tishomingo by Major Brackett of St. Paul, and being brought North to Geo. A., she alwa3'S thereafter looked to " Massa George" as her protector. She was very devoted to the family and especially to little Annie Brackett, and when the little one sickened and died in

June, 1864, "Aunt Millie's" sor¬ row was as great as that of anj member of the family. Air. Brackett had her kindl}" cared for in her declining 3'ears, and when the end had almost come he asked her if she would like to be laid be¬ side little Annie, and the look that accomjjanied her feeble answer, "Oh, j'es, Alassa George," showed how grateful she was for the privilege.

The bodies of a great man^' old set¬ tlers and prominent men rest at Lakewood ; for, although comparatively new, bodies have been removed from almost ever3' other cemeteiw around Alinneapolis to it. Alany of the finest monuments were erected by old settlers and promin¬ ent men who are still living, and it is safe to say that, while man3' changes ma3" come, and man3' unlooked events take place, Lakewood cemeter3' will re¬ main one of the fixtures throughout all time.

Minneapolis {Layman's) Cemetery. When Alartin La3'man came lo this counti'3' in 1853 and pre-empted a sec¬ tion of land bordering on what is now Lake street, he did not suspect that twent3'-seven acres cornering on what is now Cedar avenue and Lake street, would be used as a place of sepulture. Such is the case, however, and there on that level tract of land, now some miles inside the city limits, lie buried over 17,000 bodies. The histor3^ of the land is interesting. As mentioned above, Martin Layman pre-empted a section of land, but soon afterward found it to be school land. In order that his pre-emp¬ tion claim might hold good, it was necessar3' that this section should be set aside from the school lands by special act of congress. This was done, and Air. Layman's title to the land became clear. A portion of that land thus ob¬ tained directl3Trom the government was never transferred till it went to Mr. La3'- man's heirs after his death in 1886. More than that, the unsold lots in the cemetery have never been transferred at all, nor has the land ever been mort¬ gaged, held on tax title or even paid taxes, unless from lS54-'59.

Alartin La3'man built the sixth house that went up on the West Side, but set¬ tlers came soon and fast. In 1855 or 1856 there was a death near Mr. La3^- man, and the famil3' having no land and being jDoor, Air. La3mian gave them a corner (now Cedar and Lake) for a burial place. And " Uncle Warded " was thus the first person to be laid away there. In 1859 a half-acre was laid out by Air. La3'man as a famil3" lot and for the accommodation of the neighbors. The following 3'ear he platted ten acres under the name of the Minneapolis Cemeter3', which is the correct name, and in 1871 another ten acres, and again in 1886, just before he died, an additional seven acres, over near the H.&D. tracks, making in all twentv-seven acres. They originalh' were nearh^ all 8 by 24, and these were sold and deeds given for the consideration of one dollar. Sometimes a lot was sold for fift3^ cents and very rareh' was a lot sold for more than five dollars. There was no records kept in these earh^ times, but later a very com¬ plete S3'stem has been inaugurated, and now b3' giving the name of the deceased to Charles B. Lyman, the actuar3% any later grave in the cemeteiy ma3' be quickh' and easil3' found. For a great many 3'ears, this was about the onh' cemeter3' on the west side, so a large number of Catholics were brought hfere for burial, and there are more soldiers in this cemeteiw than in all the others com¬ bined. Col. John Stevens' daughter, the first child born in Alinneapolis, was buried in the famiK' lot in this cemeter3' in 1862, thoiigh her remains have since been removed to Lakewood. The Nichols family also lie here - five buried in one day. It was a case of drowning. One of the children was in btithing at Calhoun and was caught in a whirl pool - a little brother went to the rescue and he too was sucked in by the treacherous wave. Then the mother went and met a like fate. Another member of the family rushed in after the mother - the father followed and all went down together.

The cemetery is laid out so as to make a large portion of the ground accessable for burial purposes. The main entrance is on Cedar avenue, almost directly across from the old homestead, and is guarded by a large wooden archway with iron gates for both pedestrians and vehicles, which are always open to the great number of visitors who may be found strolling about the pleasant grounds in fine weather. Following the drive-way that runs straight back from the entrance, we come very soon to the Layman monument on the right and near the roadway. It is a splendid granite monument, six feet at the base and twenty-five feet high and is the finest monument in the cemetery. The largest monument is that of Kerby Spencer, which stands over to the left beyond the vaidt toward the car shops, near the brow of the slope. From this montiment southward are the finest lots in the cemetery and quite a number are yet vacant. The cemetery throughout is well supplied with shade trees and is beautifully sodded and is well cared for. The monuments as a rule, are not large ancl expensive, yet there are a great many very pretty ones, and almost every grave is marked by a neat stone.

of St. Anthony, to indicate that a great city was expected to grow up about the Falls. The first place of interment was a small tract near the corner of Fifth avenue and Eighth street southeast. No name was given to the grounds, nor were there records kept of burials made, but old residents remember it, and a few years ago when the streets and avenues were opened, several bodies were re¬ moved by Wetmore O'Brien, sexton of Maple Hill cemetery, while there are without doubt a gi'eat many still there in ground that was not disturbed by the streets.

The next oldest cemetery in the vicin¬ ity of Minneapolis is Maple Hill, a tenacre tract of gently sloping and slightly undulating land on Broadway, between Polk and Filmore Northeast. The land was obtained from the government by R. W. Cummings in 1849, and originally a tract of 20 acres was reserved as a cemetery for the burial of the dead, but onlj' ten acres was platted, dedication taking place February 20th, 1857. Maple Hill has been always considered a private cemetai'y and is still so held, although some move toward a Stock Company was made a good many years ago, but the organization seems to have never been perfected, and the matter dropped leaving Mr. Cummings as sole proprietor of all unsold ground. The cemetery was never kept up as well patronized cemeteries are expected to be to-day, and this together with being so near to the heart of the city caused it to be the occasion of much disputation, legislation and litigation; the health officer as long ago as 1890 having for¬ bidden further burials there. By the legislative act of 1891 the City Council was given power to condemn 33 feet of land on all sides of the cemetei'y for street purposes, but since the same act illegally provides that bodies lying within the 33 feet may be taken up and buried on unoccupied lots within the gi'ounds, the whole action of the Council may be set aside by the court when the case comes to trial. It seems to be the idea of the Cit3", to make a public park of the cemetery, the bodies to be removed at the Cit\"'s expense or left where the}^ are; and the prospect seems to be that in some way the park idea will eventuallj' be carried out.

Being the oldest cemetery and partic¬ ularly convenient to the east side a large number of burials have been made in Maple Hill and among them are a num¬ ber of old settlers and prominent people.

A great many removals have been made, a large number going to Lakewood; and now that Hill Side is opening up with so much promise, a still larger number will likely be removed to that pleasant place. In this cemeteiw all classes of people have found a resting place, from the wealthy business man and University professor, to the humble artisan and stranger vagrant within our gates - a portion of the grounds having been set aside as "the potters field.'' No absolute record of burials has been kept, but it is estimated that no less than 5,000 bodies have been laid in Maple Hill, many of them having lain there for 20 or 30 j^ears, and the greater part of these will probably remain un¬ disturbed, even though the cemetery does become a part of our extensive and much pi'ided S3'stem of parks.

Hillside. The want of a well ar¬ ranged and carefulh" managed place of interment for the dead on the east side of the river had long been felt, and the pressure of its necessity increased from year to 3'ear with the growth of the pop¬ ulation, till finally the closing of Maple Hill cemeteiy in 1890 made it necessaiw that such a place should be selected without futher dela3' ; and accordingh' a portion of the plat of land, known as Th wing's Highland Addition to Minne¬ apolis, was set apart for cemeter3' pur¬ poses, and a companv incorporated under the name of Hillside Cemcteiw As¬ sociation of Minneapolis.

The Hillside Cemeter3' comprises nearh' eight3' acres of beautifulh^ varied surface, with exceptionally prominent knolls and winding ravines at the point immediately southeast of the St. Paul & Duluth Railroad, where it enters upon the high ground after crossing the level stretch on which East Alinneapolis is situ¬ ated. It is easih' accessible from the east, north and south portions of the cit3'-, and is less than three miles from the Cit3' Hall. The street car line which is to be built the coming season to the new Stock Yards, will pass within a few 3 ards of the cemeter3% and side tracks will be put in to accommodate funeral cars as soon as that most commendable custom of conducting funerals shall have been inaugurated in Alinneapolis.

The portion of the ground alread3' platted had been under cultivation for a good man3" 3''ears, previous to the time it was set aside for cemeteiw purposes, and consequenth'the native trees had all been removed (though native trees still cover a considerable portion of the i^art not yet platted) and the result is that the perfectl3" sodded ground, waving in preciijitous and graceful undula¬ tions, dotted with evenh' sized deciduous and evergreen trees, I'egularh' jrlaced at the corners of the lots, presents a most pleasing ajrpearance on approaching the cemeteiw. The cemeteiw is laid out on the park plan, the ground being arranged in accordance with its natural topo¬ graphy from designs [)re]iared 1)3' Pro¬ fessor Cleveland, in such manner as to give eas3' access 1)3' carriage to all parts of the area, and also secure the most

The Chapel, situated near the main entrance of the cemetery, is the most beautiful structure of its kind yet built in any of the Minneapolis cemeteries, and is most fortunate in its arrangement. A covered drive-way in front affords pro¬ tection in bad weather, and on entering the main room, which is about 28x40 feet - and is well lighted by stained glass window^s - the singing of birds and the sight of numerous plants and flowers in the conservatory which opens from this room on the south, makes the place seem cheerful. The vault is below, and the connection between the chapel an-d vault is by elevator. This is so ar¬ ranged that nothing btit the catafalque will show in the chapel, while below, a S3^stem of doors completely cuts off all connection between vault and chapel. The building is heated Iw steam, com¬ fortable and appropriate arrangements being made for holding services. The vault is built of stone, iron and cement, being fire proof, and is so arranged that over two hundred bodies iha^' be easily" received and propei'N cared for. Its ex¬ cellent ventilation insures perfect freedom from dampness and foul air.

The chapel stands on the brow of a considerable hill, and below is a marshy sag which will be transformed into an artificial lake - the onl}' thing lacking to make Hillside the best fitted by nature for a cemeter\^ of all spots so used in the vicinity of Minneapolis - by throwing a heavy dam across and holding the water that now passes off to the river below. Stretching out beyond this lake, is a large level area, which will be used as a nurser3^ for the cemetery, and no lots will ever be sold on this jiortion.

the water can accumulate in a grave in the smallest quantities. The ground is firm and gravelly, and never caves. Two graves may be dug side by side leaving a wall but four inches thick, and this wall will bear the weight of a man wnthout crumbling, yet only a spade is necessary for the digging. The sec¬ tions and lots are of such sizes, shapes and positions as to satisfy the taste and requirement of all classes. Sales are made with the understanding that perpetual care shall be given the walks, grass, shrubs, trees and surroundings of the lots. The most expensive lots are on the high point immediately back of the chapel, where the slope on the south goes precipitous^ down to the level stretch below. Here at the high¬ est point is a large circular mound in the center of which is a carefulh^ kept and beautiful flower bed. Standing here, the line of vision being far above the chapel tower, the entire citj' lies spread out on its miles of stretching level below. The officers of the Associa¬ tion are: President, J. B. Thwing; Vice- President, Professor Wm. W. Folwell; Secretar3" and Treasurer, M. A. Thwing; and Superintendent, Thomas Hand. The Board of Directors are: R. S. Goodfellow, Baldwin Brown, Professor H. W. S. Cleveland, J. P. Thwing, M. A. Thwing and George Thwfing.

Crystal Lake Cemetery. Realizing very wisely that the land put aside for burial purposes in the vicinity of Minne¬ apolis would be wholly inadequate in a few ffeeting years, a movement was put on foot to secure a very suitable piece of land on the north side, for as yet thei'e had been no cemetery in that quarter. The grounds consisting of 40 acres, was secured in 1891, and in a tract well fitted by nature for the purpose. The cem¬ etery is in and named for the beautiful township of Crystal Lake, on the north¬ east corner of the northwest quarter of section four,to wnship twent^^-ninc, range twenty-four, in Hennepin county, Min¬ nesota. The main entrances are on Thirty-eighth avenue, and as one rides along the front, a succession of ridges and ravines, high at the front, gradualh' slope back to the north at right angles to the street, winding now and then, so that the curvature of the roadway's which follow the ravines - the ridges and ravines being, in the main, parallel - adds materially to the architectural beautj^ of the grounds. The entire front half of the grounds is a succession of graceful undulations, there being no less than eight prominent knolls in sight, while the portion to the north is more level, yet all iDortions have a perfect drainage. On the north less than a mile away is Shingle Creek, near the mouth of which is the city pumping station. The grounds are beautifulU^ laid out and platted upon a plan very similar to that in Lakewood Cemetery, and the regula¬ tions for care and preservation are almost identical. All lot owners are entitled to vote for trustees at the an¬ nual elections and the perpetual care of lots is assured without special deposit ; though provisions are made for special care when such deposit is made. Although the tract was once quite covered with native trees, a portion of it was cleared off before being set apart for a cemeter}' ; yet enough trees were left on the part already platted, and on the other part trees will grow to suf¬ ficient size before it is wanted for oc¬ cupancy. No under ground vault has yet been built, but as fast as money is received from the sale of lots it will be applied to this purpose, and other ways of improving and beautifying the grounds. The tract is of course inclosed with good fences, a wooden picket fence and iron gateways lining the front. The grounds have not been used and im¬ proved in the past as they will be in the future on account of not being easihaccessable heretofore.

The trustees have had to make their own roads, but good roads and street car connections will soon be made, and Crystal Lake Cemetery will rapidly grow in popularity, particular!}- among people on the north side. There have been about five hundred and fifty inter¬ ments at Crystal Lake, the first after the survey being Johanna H. Frick Morgan, wife of Walter Morgan. The Morgan lot is on the top of a prominent knoll near the center of that portion already improved, and in front of the entrance now in use. The Morgan and Hasty monuments, standing near together on this knoll are two of the finest in the cemetery. The Association has its own green-house, and an adequate supply of water at all points, and the ten acres already improved, is certainly very beautiful. The present officers are: J. W. Tousley, president and manager; C. A. Smith, treasurer; and E. M. Trousley, secretary. The trustees are J. W. To'usley, C. A. Smith and E. M. Tousley.

Friends Cemetery. The society of friends usually have their own cemetery, so in keeping with that custom the early Friends in Alinneapolis bought a tract of land for burial purposes at the junction of Nineteenth street and Nicollet avenue, which was laid out and one burial made there, but for some reason it was abandoned and another plat purchased out near elevator A. north of Hennejfin avenue; but later finding that this loca¬ tion would have to be abandoned, they sold this property to the Railroad Com¬ pany, and R. J. Mendenhall beingprominently connected with Lakewood, the}- purchased 65 lots in seetion 7 out at

There had been 52 bodies interred on the old grounds near the elevator, and these were all removed to the new grounds at Lakewood by R. J. Menden¬ hall.

Catholic Cemeteries

St. Anthony. One of the first tracts of land set aside for burial purposes in the vicinity of Alinneapolis, was a block on the east side of the river, just above where Orth's brewery now stands. In 1851 Peter Bottineau, a French Indian, pre-empted 160 acres lying alongtheeast baidi of the rdver above where the Great Northern railroad tracks now cross, and in 1857 he gave two blocks to the Catholic Bishop at St. Paul, one for a church site, the other for a cemetery. On the church site is now the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, on Main street and Ninth avenue northeast. The block intended for a cemetery was the one on the river bank, near Orth's brewery. This block was sold and with the proceeds the ten acre tract on what is now Central and Twenty-eighth ave¬ nues northeast, was purchased by Rev. Father McDermit, there being enough left to fence the new grounds. This new cemetery was called "St. Anthony,'' and the first person buried there was David Neory, the entire number now being about six thousand.

The ground in St. Anthony is almost level. It fronts on Central avenue and a drive way, lined with lombardy pop¬ lars, runs clear around the cemetery just inside the fence and straight back from the entrance, past the middle to a small circle in which are some well kept lots, and some of the finest monuments in the cemetery. The cemetery is plainly laid out with driveways and straight narrow avenues. There are native trees grow¬ ing, and the owners of the lots are allowed sufficient privilege to create great divei'sity. Curbings are used a good deal, and the great number of ex¬ pensive and beautiful monuments is noticeable, none excelling particularlj", but all of about the same size and height (eight to ten feet). Near the entrance and at the left is a plain monument, sur¬ mounted by a cross gracefully draped ; not differing in size or appearance from many others, but the inscription thereon is often read. It is: " Patrick Judge, killed by the explosion of the Washburn mill. May 2d, 1878. Age 28 years, and eight months and five days. Native of County Longford, Ireland. May he rest in Peace, Amen.'' This monument was erected by his loving wife, mother, brother and sisters. Further on to the right, is a splended monument, not nearly so expensive as many others, yet attractive. It is of gi'anite and the word " Milstom,'' near the base shows promi¬ nently for some distance. The inscrip¬ tion is : "Hier ruth in Gott Heinrich Joseph Milstrom, gest den 18 Februar, 1890, im alter von 52 Jahren. Selig sind die todten ihre werke folgen ihnen nach.'' The Herbert, Darrack, Menard, Sullivan, and Flanigan are all fine monuments, but perhaps the finest of all is that of Timothy O'Connell, near the center of the cemetery.

St. Mary's. Singularly enough the two Catholic cemeteries, though nine miles apart are connected by a single line of street cars. The turntable of the Central and Eighth avenue line is a little beyond St. Anthony in Northeast Minneapolis, while St. Mary's is some distance beyond the present terminus of the same line on Chicago avenue. St. Mary's Cemetery is larger than the one on the east side, there being thirty acres in the former, and the site was secured about seven teen years ago. It was quite apparent that the St. Anthony Cemetery was toosmall to aceominoclate all the Catholics in the city, and moreover it was awaj' out on the east side; so Anthon\' Kell3'' bought a twenty'- acre tract of land for a ceme¬ tery out on Chicago avenue. It was the old Gen. Karnes homestead nearh^ opposite where the Horace Mann school now stands. Property holders in that vicinity, however, were much opposed to having a cemetery' at that place, so through the efforts of the Rev. Father (now Bishop) McGolerick a transfer was made whereby the twenty-eight acre tract on Fort3'--sixth street and Chicago avenue, was secured over and above the price of the Karnes property".

The lay of the land thus obtained for the new cemetery' is most fortunate, there being but one low corner and that can be filled with spare dirtfrom otherparts. It fronts on Chicago avenue, has agracefully sloping approach to the gateway, and is laid out in the form of a double Grecian Cross. The large circle in the front half is most beautifully" graded and sodded, and is reserved for priests and sisters, three priests and two sisters being already buried there. In the cen¬ ter of this circular mound is the statue of the Holy" Family, in life size. This statuary will be removed to St. Anthony the coming year, and a vault and chapel built where it now stands. The elevation at this point is somewhat higher than at the entrance, the rise being gradual all the way up. Standing here facing the entrance, the "Washburn Home" may be seen to the front, and about a mile away; on the left - but nearer by" - resting on the summit of a prominent hill is the Catholic Orphan's Home, in the center of a forty acre tract which joins the cemetery on the south. To the right is the city, stretching for miles in every" direction on the level surface, the resident portion reaching out even toward this cemetery in a surprising manner. All the proceeds from the sale of lots go toward embellishing the grounds, which are al¬ ready beautiful; and indeed, St. Mary's will rival the best managed cemeteries of the city in attractive features. Some very" prominent men own lots and have beautified them in many ways. Anthony Kelly has two whole blocks thown into one lot and very" neatly enclosed. James Baxter has one block enclosed in a half circle of highly polished granite curbing. Michael Nash, Thomas Sexton, William McMullen, Ten-ence Connelly, P'elix and Dennis Trainor, Patrick McHale and several others have large and carefully attended lots near the large circular mound. The firemen will erect two fine monuments this spring, one in St. Mary's and the other in Lakewood - the two to be just alike.

The back part of the cemetery is filled up more than the other portions, the single grave section being here, and the whole is better improved than the front part, but all graves in the cemetery re¬ ceive perpetual care. The total number of interments is about two thousand. A. B. Page is Superintendent of both cemeteries.

Hebrew

Among the places set aside for the in¬ terment of those of Jewish descent, the oldest and best improved is the Montefiore, the Reform Church Cemetery", at Third avenue south and Forty"-second street. This cemetei'y was established in 1877 by the prominent members of the Jewish Synagogue, and the manage¬ ment has continued much the same ever since.

The plat consists of two acres, neatly fenced in ; but no private ownershij) of lots is allowed, the burials being in com¬ mon, save that children and adults alway"S occupy seperate rows. The total

The purchasers of this property .for burial purposes were Ralph Rees, K. Brin, Jacob Dentch, and J. Skoll ; and the pres¬ ent officers are : President, Ralph Rees ; secretary, J. Harpman ; and treasurer, Sander Segelbaum; the remaining trus¬ tees being, Isaac Weil, J. Skoll, and M. Walk.

The"Adath Yeshurun Association," provides a place for the burial of the dead belonging to the Jewish Orthodox Church. The cemetery is a half mile west of Lake Harriet, and comprises two acres of gently rolling ground nicely fenced in, with grassy lawns and well laid out roads, shaded by native trees. It was opened in 1888, and only twentyfive persons have there found a last rest¬ ing place. The officers are: Nathan

O. B. A. Cemetery Association. The members of the O. B. A. (Order of Berith Abraham) Cemetery Association are Orthodox Jews, but they represent a secret society rather than a church. Their place of interment is the " Garden Edition," eight miles east from the City Hall, out Lyndale, and was platted in 1890. The enclosure consists of two acres and will be improved and beauti¬ fied in many ways. At present about thirty-five burials have been made, mostly children. K. Goldblum is actu¬ ary and S. Joseph, chairman of the burial committee of twent}'. Jay Gould being secretary.

Orders, Societies And Clubs

The social instincts so prominently developed in modern life, have led to the formation of mimerons societies, in which men, and sometimes both sexes, find opportunity to cultivate the social re¬ lations in various forms. Nowhex'ehave these sprung into existence with more spontaneit3' and in greater number than in Minneapolis. The leading secret orders, combining fra ternitv' with charity are largelv represented. Literature and art have their numerous votaries. Citizens of foreign nationalitj' re rive the memo]'}' and traditions of Father Land in societies gathered about national nucleuses, trade and labor organizations abound, while others affiliate in clubs representing good fellowship, or for the cultivation of athletic, or rural sports. Indeed so general is the custom of gathering in coteries of religious frater¬ nal and special relationships, that gen¬ eral social intercourse is greatly restrict¬ ed and in main' instances almost wholh' superceded. When one looks over the long list of these societies, with their numerous memberships, he is led to wonder that any time is left from their exactions to devote to general societ}'.

Masonry. The first organization formed in the cit\' was Cataract Lodge U. D., which dates from February 14th, 1851. Upon his arrival here the late Dr. A. E. Ames called a meeting of such Masons as he found residing in the vicinit3', who assembled in the parlor of Ard Godfre3' in St. Anthony. A peti¬ tion for a dispensation was sent to the Grand Lodge of Illinois. The Grand Master of Illinois to whom the petition was sent, and who granted the dispensa¬ tion was Judge E, B. Ames, now, and for man3' 3'ears a resident of Minneapolis. A. E. Ames was Worshipful Master, William Smith, senior warden ; Isaac Brown, junior warden; Ard Godfrey, treasurer; John H. Stevens, secretary; I). M. Coolbaugh, senior deacon; H. S. Atwood, junior deacon, and William Brown. t3'ler. Col. E. Case and Captain J. W. T. Gardiner, of Fort Snclling, were members. The first who presented peti¬ tions for membership were Isaac At¬ water, John G. Lennon, Anson Xorthrup, John C. Gairns, John H. Mui'ixln' and Robert W. Cummings. From this beginning the Masonic order has ex¬ tended in organization and membership until it embraces at the present time the following: Cataract Lodge No. 2, A. F, and A. M.; Hennepin Lodge No. 4; Minneapolis Lodge No. 19; Khumm Lodge No. 112; Plymoutli Lodge No. 160 ; Minnehaha Lodge No. 165 ; Ark Lodge No. 176 ; Arcana Lodge No. 157; St. Anthony Falls Chapter No. 3, R. A. M. ; St. John's Chapter No. 9, R. A. M. ; Ark Chapter No. 53, R. A. M. ; Minne¬ apolis Council No. 2, R. and S. M.; Adoniram Council No. 5, R. and S. M.; Zion Commandery No. 2, Knights Templar; Darius Commandery No. 7. Knights Templar; Excelsior Lodge of Perfection No. 2; Scottish Rite, Southern jurisdiction ; St. Vincent de Paul Chap¬ ter of Rose Croix No. 2; Alfred Elisha Ames, Preceptory No. 2; Minneapolis Consistory No. 2; Zurah Temple of Mystic Shrine; Minneapolis Lodge of Perfection ; Minneapolis Council Princes of Jerusalem; Minneapolis Chapter Rose Croix; Minneapolis Council Knights Kodash ; Rameses Chapter R. M. R.; Harmony Chapter No. 8, Order of East¬ ern Star; Minneapolis Chapter No. 9, Order of Eastern Star; Lorraine Chapter No. 16, Order of Eastern Star; Ph^mouth Chapter No. 19, Order of Eastern Star; Alinnehaha Chapter, Order of Eastern Star; Omiega Chapter, Eastern Star.

Besides these special organizations, there is a Masonic Board of Relief, and a Masonic Temple Association. The latter has a capital of $250,000, and has erected a beautiful and costly build¬ ing at the corner of Hennepin avenue and Sixth street, which has specious rooms for many of the Lodges, &c., with all the accessories which go to make a place of social meeting convenient and attractive. The Masonic Temple is one of the most beautiful buildings in the city, and reflects credit upon the liberality and good taste of the Minneapolis Masons.

Knights of Pythias. This popular order has lodges in Minneapolis as follows: Minneapolis No. 1 ; EurekaNo. 2; Germania No. 4; Uavman No. 5; Scandia No. 6; Hermion No. 18; Nora No. 339; Minnetonka No. 34; Nicollet No. 46; Franklin No. 48; Beaver No. 56; and Plymouth No. 79; besides North Star Division No. 1, W. R.; and North Star Division No. 12, W. R.

The Ancient Order of Aztecs. Num¬ bers Minneapolis Council No. 1 ; Bloom¬ ington Council No. 3; Montezuma Council No. 4; and Cortez Council No. 6.

The A. O. Foresters. Gather in Courts respeetively named: Minneapolis No. 7191; St. Anthony 7373; Minnetonka No. 7465; Hennepin 7498; Nicollet 7638; Lyndale7726; Flour City 7731; PKmouth7737; University 7738 ; Stead¬ fast 7739; North Star 7807; Lake 78 10; Pride of Minneapolis No. 49 (Juvenile branch); Hiawatha 7856; Sunnyside 7811.

The Ancient Order of United Workmen, have established lodges bearing the names: Advance No. 6; Minneapolis No. 12; Upchurch No. 13; HennepinNo. 15; Nicollet No. 16; Levi No. 20; Min¬ nehaha No. 81; Plymouth No. 82; Bridal Veil No. 108; and Eintracht No. 117.

Knights of Honor, have lodges as follows: Minneapolis No. 587; Ger¬ mania No. 3327; St. Anthony, No. 3390; Viking No. 3436; East Side No. 3600; Unit}' No. 3612; with a Uniform Rank, in Vicking Commandery No. 39.

National Union has Minneapolis Cotincil No. 157; St. Anthony Council No. 391 ; Fraternit}' No. 386; Ben Hur No. 404; and Highland Park No. 405.

The folio wing societies are represented b}^ one organization each: B. P. A. E.; Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers; Catholic Knights of America, C. 0. F.; Daughters of the American Revolution; N. A. of S. E.; and O. C. F.

The Grand Army of the Republic marshals its forces in the Posts following, viz: George N. Morgan No. 4; Dudley P. Chase No. 22; L. P. Plummer No. 50; William Downs No. 63; Levi Butler No. 73; Br3'ant No. 119; John A. Rawlins No. 126; JacobSchaeferNo. 163 ; Oliver P. Morton No. 171.

Religious Associ.vtions. Connected with the work of the churches are various missions and other associations to carr}' on such lines of work as are best preformed b}' special organizations.

several Congregational Churches in Min¬ neapolis, St. Paul and the vicinity. Its membership is elective, and numbers between two and three hundred. The meetings are held monthly, and are pre¬ ceded by a substantial collation. Topics assigned for discussions, are treated by specially prepared papers, followed by oral discussion. Ladies are admitted to the meetings, which are varied, spirited and full of interest.

The Presbyterian Alliaiiee, is an asso¬ ciation among the membership ofPi'esbyterian Churches, of similar plan and purpose with the Congregational Club, and is a numerous and flourishing organization.

The Young Womans Christian Assoeiation, a similar institution for the opposite sex, has Mrs. O. S. Chapman, for president. Miss Ella Ever hard, for general secretary. Its location is No. 47 south Eighth street.

Other organizations of a religious or reformatoi-y character are: Baptist Union, organized in 1871; Central Pro¬ hibition Club; Central Woman's Christ¬ ian Temperance Union; Hennepin County Bible Society ; Hennepin County Sunday School Association; Methodist Episcopal

Missionery and Church Extension Societ_v ; Methodist Preacher's Meeting ; Methodist Christian Science Association; Alinneapolis City Missioneiw Societv ; Norwegian Young Men's Christian Asso¬ ciation ; Woman's Christian Temperance Association (non partisan); Woman's Christian Association. The latter owns and conducts a Home for working' women on Sixth street south, and a branch Home on Nicollet avenue.

The Roman Catholic Chuch and people maintain a large number of active benevolent societies, among which are; Cadets T. A. Society; Catholic Knights; Crasaders T. A. Society; Father Mathew T. A. Society; Holy Angel's Sodalit}' ; Hoh" Name; Immaculate Conception; Roman Catholic Benevolent Associa¬ tion ; Ladies Aid Society ; League du Sacre Coeur; St. Aloysius Society; St. Clotilde Total Abstinence; St. Rosa, for Young Ladies; St. Vincent de Paul; Sisters of Christian Chai'ity; Society of Christian Mothers; Society of the Hol_y Rosary, and Sacred Heart; Society of the Perpetual Adoration of the Most Holy Sacrament; Third Order of St. Dominick ; Young Ladies Society of Blessed Virgin.

Labor Organizations. By co-opera¬ tion and persistent effort the industrial organizations of Minneapolis have erected and control a fine building, called Labor Temple. It is a brick block of three stories, situated at Fourth street and Eighth avenue south. It fui'- nishes rooms for the various society meetings, and has a spacious hall for lectures, meetings and entei'tainments. It is a unique possession of the labor element, and has greatly aided in perfect¬ ing and consolidating the working people of the city into effective trade and help¬ ful social organizations. Among the Societies meeting at Labor Temple are;. Boiler Makers L. A., 6034; Brick Layers

Union; Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineer's, Minnehaha Division No. 180; Brotherhood of Railroad Conductors, Division No. 11 ; Carpenter's L. A. 1014; Carmen's Mutual Aid Association No. 1; Cigar Maker's Union ; Horse Shoer's Union; Ladies Protective Association L. A., 5261; Lithographers Interna¬ tional Protective and Insurance Associa¬ tion, S. A. No. 10; Minneapolis T\'pographical Union, No. 42; Moulder's Union; North Star Labor Club L. A., 805 ; Printer' s Protective Association, L. A., 5386; Plaster's Union; Plumber's

L. A. 71; Retail Clerk's Protective Asso¬ ciation ; Steam Fitter's Union ; Stone Cutters Union; Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association, No. 30; Tin and Sheet Iron Cornice Maker's Union; Trades of Labor.

The Woman's Council is a unique and altogether original organization recently established in Minneapolis. It grew out of the association of women from various literary and charitable societies, in connection with the prepara¬ tion of an exhibit for the World's Colum¬ bian Exposition, and has grown into a permanent organization. Over fifty clubs co-operate, representing three thousand women. Open parliaments are statedly held at which papers are read on subjects carefully assigned and discussions are invited and sometimes elicited. The first annual congress held in this cit\' in November, 1892, occupied three days with bus3' sessions, and filled one of the large churches of the city. The subjects treated covered a wide field of histoiw, art, literature, philoso])h\', and charitv'. Abstracts of manj" of the jjapers were published in the daiU' press, andclicited man}' tributes of admiration, at the excellence, breadth and scope of mail}' of the articles. The suggestion of the organization is attributed to Mrs.

The Associated Charities, has been in operation for several years, and has be¬ come a substantial and useful method ot distributing charity', and discriminating the deserving from the unworthy' objects of charity'. It is com posed of representa¬ tives from the several church and charit¬ able associations, and is organized for practical work with a Board of Directors, and a central office. George A. Brackett is President and Geo. D. Holt theefficient Secretary'.

The Minneapolis Academy of Natural Sciences, dates from February, 1873. As its name imports it is devoted to scientific study' and research. It has published a series of transactions and many addresses and papers. It is one of the societies that united in the project of the Public Library building, in which it occupies a spacious room onthesecond floor for its library' and museum. The Academy has a very' creditable collection in Natural history, mineralogy, zoology', botany', and paleontology'. Through the liberality of Louis F. Menage, Esq., it has maintained an expedition of two scientistsUbr several years, in explora¬ tion and collecting specimens in the Phillipine Islands, whose collections are of great variety and of much beauty and interest. Prof. Henryk F. Nachtrieb is President and Prof. C. W. Hall, Secre¬ tary'.

The Minneapolis Club, is the chief gentlemen's social club of the city'. It owns and occupies a spacious and ele¬ gant Club House at the corner of Sixth Street and First venue South. Hon. R. B. Langdon is President and Reuben Tomlinson Secretary and Treasurer.

The Single Tax League, is a very active society, occupied with political and social reforms, of whieli the leading one is ex¬ pressed in its name. It holds weekly meetings, usuallj^ at the West hotel, at whieh the radieal views of the members are energetically and often very ably expressed.

The Minneapolis Press Club, repre¬ sents the newspaper writers of the city. It has elegant quarters, and cultivates with an esprit de eorps of the profes¬ sion, eharitable and social relations.

Nationalites and states are represent¬ ed by the Caledonian Club, Canadian- American Reciprocity League, Minneapo¬ lis Gruetti Verein, Swedish Brothers' Society, Norniannia Society, Vermont Society, New York Soeiety and Michigan Society.

Other clubs and societies are, Colum¬ bian Assoeiates, Eighth Ward Relief As¬ sociation, owning a fine hall, Hennepin Athletic Club, Ishwara, Theosophical Society, Ohio Checker and Whist Club, Driving Club, Humane-Society, Improve¬ ment League, Flambeau Club, Operative Miller's Association, Society of Minne¬ sota Florists, Union Veteran's League.

Musical societies embrace East Mi nneapolis Maennerchor, Harmonia Society, Normandas Singing Soeiety, besides a number of bands and orchestras.

The Minneapolis Society of Art, is prominent in the cultivation of painting, besides maintaining an art school of merit under the direction of Prof. Doug¬ las Volk. It occupies the upper floor of the Public Library building with a gallery, where are exhibited many paint¬ ings of gieat merit and value. Some of these are owned by the society, while others are loaned by the Minneapolis Exposition, and by private owners, among whom are T. B. Walker, and Thomas Lowry. Hei'e are to be seen a life size portrait of the Emperor Napo¬ leon in his eoronation robes, by David, flanked on the one side by the Empress Josephine, and on the other by Marie Louise, - the latter by LeFevre. Among its treasures are the charge at Tel El Keber, by Neuville; Gen. Jackson re¬ ceiving his sentence for eontempt in the United States District Court, in New Orleans; rugged landscapes by Bicrstadt; and many other choice original paint¬ ings. The Society also possesses some fine statuar}', antiques, keramics, and a variety of bric-a-brac.

In addition to her social, literary, and art clubs, the people of Minneapolis cul¬ tivate in no small degree athletic sports, and rural recreations.

The Lurline Boat Club, was organ¬ ized about fifteen years ago. It has a boat house on Lake Calhoun, and poss¬ esses a good outfit of racing shells. Its annual reeeptions are among the most popular social occasions.

The Minnetonka Yacht Club, having its membership among the eitizens of Minneapolis, spreads its canvas on the waters of Lake Minnetonka. Its fre¬ quent regattas are made social oceasions of no little interest and pleasure.

The Long Meadow Gun Club, owns a club house in the Minnesota Valley, where the devotees of the gun find water fowl to exereise their skill upon.

The North Star Gun Club, has grounds on Fortieth street, where its members jjraetice their skill upon clay birds, since wild pigeons have disappeared.

Tions In Minneapolis

In the Grand Arm^^ of the Republic the unit of organization is the post, comxiosed of Union veterans. Post Com¬ manders and delegates, from posts with¬ in a given territory' - usually a state - constitute a department, while past and present commanders-in-chief and depart¬ ment commanders, with department delegates annuall3^ elected, form the National Encampment, which is the su¬ preme governing body. The order was founded by Dr. B. F. Stevenson, the first post having been formed at Decatur, Illi nois, in April, 1866. In August of that year General John B. Sanborn was ap¬ pointed Provisional Department Com¬ mander in Minnesota, and Dr. Levi But¬ ler, former surgeon of the Third Min¬ nesota, was authorized to organize posts in Hennepin count3'. A post was at once formed in Minneapolis, another in St. Anthony and a third at Osseo. No official record of these early organiza¬ tions is known to exist; but from mem¬ bers thereof we learn that of the Minne¬ apolis post Dr Levi Butler was the first commander; George W. Shuman, adju¬ tant; L. P. and John W. Plummer, James Br3'ant, Chris. B. Heffelfinger, E. M. Wilson, Geoi'ge Bradle3% K. H. Conwell, George W. Fox, Washington Pierce and A. A. Ames were members. That of the St. Anthony post, Gen. H. P. Van Cleve was commander; William Lochren, adjutant; and O C.Merriman, Hentw D. O'Brien, William Duncan, Samuel B. and Adam C. Stites were members.

in an active political contest, to elect to office in this count3', onl3' old soldiers, without regard to their previous affilia¬ tion. The political venture was a suc¬ cess, but the effect upon the posts was bad, as those who were not members were led to believe the posts to be secret political clubs. As veterans who became members of the order did not deem them¬ selves thereb3" debarred from political rights and duties, and as the3" were naturall3^ active in all public matters, pol¬ itics included, throughout the entire countr3' during the next ten years the order was looked upon with fear 113' pol¬ iticians, and with distrust and suspicion even b3' old soldiers who were not mem¬ bers thereof; and so it was that St. Anthon3^ post lived scarcel v a 3'ear; the Minneapolis post despite the jealousies of politicians and the suspicion of vete¬ rans survived, grew slowly and in August, 1867 took a prominent part in establishing the Department of Alinnesota, in which it assumed the name of George N. Morgan Post and was given number three on the department roster. It was largeh' instrumental in establish¬ ing a soldier's orphan home under state aid and control, and for more than ten years continued to look after the old soldiers and the widows and orghans of dead comrades. Heniw G. Hicks, Geo. W. Shuman, E. M. Alarshall, L. P. Plum¬ mer and D. W. Albaugh were success! veh' elected commander. B3' the surrender of the Department Charter in 1879, its affiliation with the order was broken, but in 1880 the order throughout the countr3' took new life and the members of iMorgan Post No. 3, with main' new comers, organized, a new post under the old name, taking the old records and post flag and became Geo. N. Morgan Post No. 4, under tlie reorganized Department of Minnesota. This jiost at once took front rank in the order and has ever since remained the largest post in the department, having more than a thous¬ and different names upon its roster and more than five hundred different mem¬ bers in good standing at one time. At present it has nearly three hundred mem¬ bers ; this deerease is owing to the fact that George N. Morgan Post has been the parent hive from which have swarm¬ ed nine other posts, all active organiza¬ tions with a present membership of about seven hundred.

John P.Rea, James H. Ege,E.C.Babb, W. P. Roberts, Washington Pierce, L.W. Pruss, J. A. Fillmore, Lewis Maish, John H. Hasty and E. W. Afortimer have been its commanders. Out of this hive on the 13th day of March, 1884, went Levi Butler Post No. 73, instituted for the convenience of members living in North Minneapolis. Its commanders have been J. C. Price, Peter Mathew, B. F. Seaborn, O. B. Skinner, Robert Branton, V. Truesdale, H. L. Nason, J. F. Foote andC.W. Maddock.

Again in May 1 884, as a sort of pro¬ test against the temperance element in Morgan Post, L. P. Plummer Post No. 50 was formed of which M. H. Sessions, Geo. F. Smith, Chas. Bromwich, John A. Wilson, C. W. Curtiss, T. B. Hawkins, John Paulson, A. W. Gould, L. D.Boody, and E. R. Bristol have been commanders.

September 24th, 1884, the so called "silk stockings" of the order formed John A. Rawlins Post No. 126, which, although not large, has probably the finest cpiarters of any post in the United States. The furnishings of its post room in the Masonic Temple is in strong contrast with those which "thebovs" had during the war in tent and bivouac. Its open meetings during the winter months have become delightful social and literar^^ gatherings. Its command¬ ers have been R. R. Henderson, W. G. Byron, D. M. Gilmore, Henry A. Norton,

April 21st, 1885, the comrades living on the east side of the Mississippi, for their convenience established Dudly P. Chase Post, No. 22, which has alwavs been an active, social and charitable or¬ ganization. J. W. George, George W. Coburn, Herman Voght, H. E. Blaisdell, W. P. Chase, Z. C. Colburn, and William Leitz have been its commanders.

July 18th, 1887, the comrades who speak the German language formed Jacob Schaeffer Post, No. 263, of which John A. Gilman, Fred Jassaud, Niek. Bretz, Fred Wahl, Adolph Lemke, and Alathias Kees have been eommanders.

December 29th, 1887, Williams Downs Post, No. 68, was organized in New Boston, to accommodate comrades liv¬ ing in Northeast Minneapolis. Its post commanders have been L. Sage, C. H. Taylor, L. L. Locke, and G. W. Hare.

I'ebruary 2nd, 1888, James Bryant Post, No. 119, was instituted in the Eighth ward to aecommodate comrades living in that vicinity. Its commanders have been John Day Smith, B. Al. Hicks, Andrew A. Kelly, Charles H. Mero and J. F. Reynolds.

Alarch Kith, 1888, Plummer Post swarmed, and the result was Oliver P. Morton Post, No. 171, of which H. H. Downing, W. Lee Moore, and F. A. Heebner have been commanders.

Washburn Post, No. 72, was insti¬ tuted in 1885 for the accommodation of members in South Alinneapolis. In 1891 the comrades of that portion of the city formed a post under the name of Appomatox post, taking the old number, 72. W. H. Geerj', W. H. Dow, W. O. Schemmerhorn,John D. Meadows and M. D. Corkey have been commanders.

of women which should in some wa\' be officiall}' connected with the Grand Arnn^ of the Repul)lic. In 1883 at Denver rejDresentatives of several sucli societies conferred together and the conference was favorable to the Woman's Relief Corps, to which the wives, mothers, daughters and sisters of veterans as well as all loyal women are eligible. The purposes of the order were social, chari¬ table, and patriotic, the founders thereof intending that for every post of the Grand Arm\'of the Republic, there should be a corresponding Corps of the Woman's Relief Society. The Woman's Relief Corps is, however, no part of the Grand Arnu' of the Republic nor has it any official connection therewith, but its or¬ ganization has been recognized with fraternal greetings b}' every National Encampment of the G. A. R. since 1883. In 1884 several corps were formed in this cit}^ the first being George N. Mor¬ gan Corps, No. 4. There are now in Minneapolis nine corps, one named after each post of the G. A. R. except John A. Rawlins Post. The present membership is nearly four hundred.

Another kindred organization is that of the Sons of Veterans, U. S. A., found¬ ed in 1881, bv Major A. P. Davis, of Pittsburgh, Pa. This oi'der is composed of the "male descendants of soldiers, sailors and mariners who served in the Army and Navy of the United States during the civil struggle of 18G1-5.'' Its pi'inciples and objects are almost identi¬ cal with those of the G. A. R., but the order has no official connection with the latter order. The unit of organization is the Camp, of which there are three in Alinneapolis, Geo. N. Morgan Camj), No. 4, chartered in 1883, of which L. E. Warham is commandant; John A. Raw¬ lins Camp, No. 9, chartered in 1880, of which J. A. Foss is commandant, and L. L. Locke Camp, No. 99, chartered in

1892, of which M. A. Knapi) is com¬ mandant. The membership in this city is at present only 111, while the mem¬ bership of the order in the United States is now nearly fifty thousand. Francis G. Drew, of Minneapolis, is at present commander of the Division of Minnesota.

Divine revelation informs us that in the beginning " the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and he took the man and put him into the garden to dress it and keep it.'' In all ages since Eden the cultivation of fruits and flowers has been one of the most usefid of arts and among the most healthful and delightful of employments. Its mingling the "useful and the sweet'' pro¬ motes man's physical health, recruits his purse, and ministers to the cultivation of the sense of beauty, and the develop¬ ment of a fine artistic taste. It is a fas¬ cinating occupation for the young, a healthful diversion for the gentle sex, an innocent emplo3'ment for mankind, and a solace for the old. It transforms the desert into a garden of delights, develops the wild flower into a fragrant and gorgeous mass of delicac\^ and beauty-, and changes the wild and acrid berr}' into a luscious fruit. Its rewards rob no one of his rights and its sweets leave no nausea or bitterness. While the most ancient of arts, there are no limits to its growth, nor end of its progress. New varieties continually reward the labor of cultivation, and more gorgeous bcautx', and more delicate forms succeed one another in measureless abundance.

Fort}' \'ears ago Alinnesota was re¬ garded as a hvpcrborean region, whose summers were dcla ved l)3'a late and frost v s])ring, and shortened bv an earlv and l)itingfall. "It is toocold forcawn" was the aphorism current along the Oliio. It might mature a crop of spring sown wheat, or perchance produce potatoes, but for deversified production there was no adaptation. The prairies might be gay with coarse dowers, the thickets might redden with the wild plum, and the bogs bring forth their burden of tart cranberries, - the wild grape might hang its shiriveled clusters on the branches of the elms along the water courses, and purchance sta wherries hide amongst the moss of old Indian graves, but neither nature nor art were capable of producing the delicate dowers and the delicious fruits which the hardy emigrant from the south, or even from the Atlantic coast left behind with the memories of youth, and the accumulations of time. The deeting years of a few decades have passed, and we behold Minneapolis the largest and best fruit market in the country. Nowhere does Pomona pour out a more tempting variety of her del¬ icate fruits, nor Flora deck herself with more georgeous blossoms. This is due in part to the perfection of railway trans¬ portation. The rapid trains fairly confouned the seasons, and pour upon us the choicest products of all the zones. The strawberry blushes upon the grocer's tables before the snow has melted from his window sills, and lingers long after the summer solstice. The peach and grape, the orange and banana, fairly pall upon the taste from the abundance which over¬ whelms us from the shores of the Gulf and the far off Pacidc coast. But the greater and more enduring supply has come from the labors of the horti¬ culturist. His work has transformed the wilderness into a garden, and changed the old buffalo ranges into vinej^ards and orchards. The land of the thorn and the sloe has become the paradise of the '-'olive and the vine."

2,000 cottonwood trees along the street lines of St. Anthony, which today rival in size and shade the elms of New Haven and Pittsfield. Col. Stevens brought with him a love and devotion for the gentle art of horticulture. The street lines of Minneapolis were marked by lines of shade before houses defined their course. The long boulevards carry coolness and shade of the forest from lakes to the city center, and are brightened and beautified with patches of bloom and fragrance. The 3'ards of isolated city homes, are green with shaven lawn and with shrub¬ bery and flowers.

In 1857 Doc Alfred E. Ames, erected a capacious hothouse and brought from Germany a j-oung florist to plant and manage it. William Buckendoi'f, his gardner, continued the business as a call¬ ing, and to-day maintains in the midst of the city an ample cluster of green¬ houses and gardens. Deacon L. M. Ford started green houses and nursery at Grovel and betw^een St. Anthony and St. Paul and furnished much of the shrub¬ bery which adorned the early homes. The Elliott's planted a nursery and built a green house where the city maintains one of its beautiful parks. Thos. Moulton planted a fruit and ornamental tree nur¬ sery on the heights back of St. Anthony.

Wm. R. Smith established a small nurser\^ at Portland avenue and Lake street. J. T. Grimes devoted a portion of his fine farm beyond Lake Calhoun to the propagation of fruit and ornamental ti'ees ; and Amasa Stewart opened a similar nursery on Lyndale avenue, nearly out to the Richfield mill. From the latter were taken the thousands of young elms with which Col. King lined the long ave¬ nues through the Lyndale farm. The Hoags,' the Ames,' the Murphy's, the Morrison's and others added in lesser measure to the adornment of the city in its earljr days.

As early as September 1853 the Hen¬ nepin County Agricultural Society was formed in connection with which such familiar names as Dr. Ames, Joseph H. Canne\", John W. North, Isaac Atwater, John H. Stevens, E. Case, and Charles Hoag are found. In the following year a County Agricultural and Horticultural Fair was held, and not long afterwards a Horticultural Society was organized and has prosecuted its patient and useful work, with few interruptions to the present time. It has held in many years a winter exhibition, at which blooms delicate and georgeous as the products of a tropical forest, have exhaled fra¬ grance and beauty amid the blasts and frosts of winter. Summers' heat and winters' cold recur with as vivid con¬ trasts as in primeval days, but they present no greater contrasts than has been seen during the present year, when a "rose fete'' at Villa Rosa, the delightful home of the Morrison's, held in the leafy month of June, presented no more en¬ trancing beauty of bloom than the Chrysanthenum exhibition of the Florists offered in the following November, upon whose table the showy and delicate plants of Japan presented an array of dazzling beauty, wortln^ of the "Flowery Kingdom'' itself.

The parks of Minneapolis offer a fine opportunity for the display of the Florists' art. Ditring the season thej' are not only adorned with flowering shrubs, trailing vines and blossoming trees, but borders, and parterres scat¬ tered through their areas, are brillant with gay colored annuals, roses and a nameless multitude of blooming plants.

The florists of the present time, while doing business on a much larger scale than their early predecessors and offering a greater variety of choice exoties, but continue the work which the pioneers began with such rare devotion. The production of plants and flowers has be¬ come a great industry, and is nowhere better patronized and appreciated than in Minneapolis. No establishment in the West surpasses the Alendenhall green¬ house in the variety and beauty of its products, while the gardens and green¬ houses of Buckendorf, Nagel, Smith and several others are of unusual excellence.

It is through the facilities so abuntantl3' offered and the taste for horticul¬ tural ornament so earh^ developed and so persistentW contributed, that the homes of Minneapolis, from conservato¬ ries, windows and balconies, present in winter as well as summer such charminsr

In this enumeration should not be omitted the resting place of the dead, - beautiful Lakewood, situated uiion the site of an ancient Indian village, on a swelling height overlooking the shining water of Lakes Calhoun and Harriet, of ample dimensions, entered through a massive gateway and lodge of brilliant cpiartzite, traversed b3' gracefully wind¬ ing drivewa3'S, its park-like lawns and flower crowned plats rob the place of graves of its sombie associations, and mantle the crumbling remnants of mor¬ tality with the soft and cheerful veil of budding and blooming nature. Landscape-art and floral decoration unite their delicate ministries to convert a place naturall3^ gloom3^ and forbidding, into a bower of rest, which faith crowns with the aurora of hope.

Richard Junius Mendeniiaul. Sur¬ veyor, land agent, banker, florist, - express the business record of R. J. Mendenhall, during his thirt3'-six vears of residence in Alinneapolis. Entomolog3' and botan3" have been his scien¬ tific diversions. Dcmocracv has been his political affiliation, while the strict tenets of the sect of orthodox Friends define his religious convietions, and their simple rules have guided his life. Few have been more actively identi¬ fied with the development of the city's growth; and, especially during the first decade, not many were moix prominent in its business and social affairs. Launch¬ ing boldly on the tide of infant enterprise, he reached many of its rewards and shared in its failures and reverses; strug¬ gling often with infiimi health, his resolu¬ tion and power of will, overcame everj^ weakness, and enabled him to endure incessant labor. Turned by adverse cir¬ cumstances from one field of enterprise he ax^plied himself with equal assiduitj" to another, and with undaunted enthus¬ iasm, he has triumphed over opposing elements, and in later j-ears, cheered the drearv^ winter with the roses of summer, and twined a wreath of floral beauty about the frigid columns of a hr^perborean clime.

The famil}^ histoiy is thus related by another writer. There is a tradition in the Mendenhall family that they are descended from a Russian nobleman of one of the ancient races in the great northern empire. At a later date they appear in Suffolk countjq England, under the name of Dr. Mildenhall. Their American ancestor was John Menden¬ hall, a Quaker gentleman who immigrat¬ ed to Pennsylvania with William Penn. From this pioneer the line of descent passes down thi'ough his son Aaron, his son James, and his son George, to his son Richard. The last named was married according to the Quaker custom, to Mary Pegg, a descendant of an old Welsh fam¬ ily which settled in Maryland at an early period. Rickard Mendenhall was a tan¬ ner, and carried on an extensive business at Jamestown, North Carolina. Here Richard J. was born November 25, 1828. The events of his youth and early man¬ hood, are interestingly and somewhat minutely sketched in another publica¬ tion, and can only be briefly narrated here. His educational opportunities were quite varied, but withal liberal. After a few brief years at the village school, at the age of nine r^ears, he spent a 3"ear in studv' at the Quaker boarding school at New Gai'den, Nortli Carolina, and then returning to his native village, spent four r^ears at school, varying study with work in the tan vmrd, garden and farm. Here he acquired familiarit\" with all rural affairs, especially with gardening, in which he was assisted b}'' his mother and sisters, who delighted in the culture of fruits and flowers.