Minneapolis City (part 1 of 80)

Preface

We live not alone in the present but also in the past and future. The radius that circumscribes our lives must necessarily extend backward indefinitely and forward infinitely. We can never look out thoucrhtfully at our immediate surroundings but a course of reasonino- will start up l.-adin;,' us to inquire the causes that produced the development around us, and at tlie same time we are led to conjecture the results to follow causes now in operation. We are thus linked indissolubly with the past and the future.

" Now for my life," says Sir Thomas Hrowne, "it is a miracle of thirty years, which to relate were not a history, but a piece of poetry, ant! would sound to common ears like a fable. '^ Men that look upon my outside, perusing only my condition and fortune, do err in my altitude ; for 1 am above Atlas his shoulders. I take my circle to be above three hundred and si.xty. Though the number of the arc do measure my body, it comprchcndcth nf)t my mind."

If, then, the past is not simply a stepping-stone to the future, but a part of our very selves, we can not afford to ignore it, or separate it from ourselves, as a member might be lopped off from our bodies ; for though the body thus maimed might perform many and perhaps most of its functions, still it could never again be called complete.

We. therefore, present this volume to our patrons in Hennepin county, not as something extrinsic, to which we would attract their notice and secure their favor, but as a part of themselves, and an important pan, which it is the province of the historian to re-invigorate and restore to its rightful owner. Moveover, we can not but hope that we shall thus confc.-r much pleasure. The recounting of events wliich have transpired in our own neighborhood is the most interesting of all history. There is a fascination in tlur study ol the intermingled fact and fiction of the past which is heightened by a familiarity with the localities described. The writer remembers the glow of enthusiasm with which he once stood at the entrance of the old fort at Ticonderoga. and repeated the words of Ethan Allen : " In the name of the Cireat Jehovah and the Continental Congress, etc." "The river which (lows through our native village acquires a new interest when, in imagination, we see the Indian canoe on its surface and the skin-covered tepee on its banks, as in days of yor<,'. Log cabins, straw roofs, and the rude " betterments " of. th(! hardy pioneer, are the next changes on the scene, followed soon by mushroom towns, some of which perish as quickly as they spring up, while others astonish us by their rapid growth ; cities are built, and moss and ivy, the evidences of a;,'e. soon accumulate. The log cabin and all the incijjient steps of first settlement are things of the past ; "The place which knew them shall know them no more forever."

Our purpose is to present these pictures in their natural succession, arousing the enthusiasm of the reader, if possible, giving him a more vigorous enjoyment of the present by linking it with the past. The compass of the work is wide, extending over a long period of time, embracing the accounts of early explorers, also reaching back among the legends of the past, and approaching the events of to-day, almost undesignedly casting a prophetic "lance forward at what must be the future after such a beofinniu":-

St. Anthony Falls and the environs present an exceptionally ricli held for a work of this character. By situation, it was the highway of travel for Indian and white man, explorer, missionary, voyageur and trader. This was the favorite hunting ground as well as the battle-field of our savage predecessors. Here, too, they calmed their barbarous hearts, and bowed in worship of the Manitou, whose abode was at the great wat(M--fall.

Incidents connected with the early settlement derive interest from the military reservation, and are unique in character. While reviewing these events and entc;r])risi-s inaugurated for the development of the county, we come to regret that we can not claim tlie prestige belonging to the aristocracy of early settlers.

To <five in detail all the \arious sources from which the facts here "iven have been obtained, would be tedious if not impracticable, h may be sufficient to say that it fairly presents the history of our remarkable development and a faithful picture of our present condition. We must, however, express our obligations to a host of living witnesses, from wliom a large portion of th(^ facts have; been obtained and doubtful points vtn-ifHjd ; they have our hearty thanks. Material has been drawn largely from the columns of news])apers, which have given, from time to time, a record of passing events. The contribution of Rev. I'-dward 1). Neill will be of great permanent value in imperishable print, and will be greatly ])ri7.ed by hisiographers everywhere. \\ (; have also drawn upon the accumulation of facts in the possession of the Minnesota Historical .Society, for a valuable pa])er by its secretary, Mr. j. Fletcher Williams. Ihe value of a reservoir ol historical data at the capital of the state, for such purposes, was fully a])pr(cialcd, and the maintenance of such a centre of information can not l)e too strongly ailvocated.

In conclusicjn, have an obligation lo express to our patrons, and are pleased to acknowledge a liberal patronage and more; than ordinary courtesy toward our employ(,'es ; for all of which we teiulcr our heart)- thanks. H(j|)ing that those who have subscribc;d for and art; al)out to receixc this \t)lume, will favf)r it with a kind reception, and take as much interest in re.uling as we have in compiling the history of lb nnr]iin couniy. we are, \i'ry respectfully,

Source changes here: from Vol. 2: History of Minneapolis and Hennepin County, Minnesota / Edited by Judge Isaac Atwater, Col. John H. Stevens, published 1895; 352,983 words in this source stream.

Preface

SOME five years since, the writer of the general historical part of this book prepared a small volume of "Personal Recollections of Minnesota and Its People." It was chiefly drawn from his own observations of the events narrated, and acquaintance with the men whose part in the building of a new State and city was mentioned. Its general and discursive char¬ acter, however, left a place to be filled with a more minute and particular account of the settlement and growth of Hennepin County, to which the following pages are devoted.

While elegance of literary st3de and picturesque description, to which the author lays no claim, add undoubted charm to historical narrations, they do not dispense with accuracy and fidelity to fact, for which his earl^" settlement in the county, and personal knowledge of events, have given him a peculiar acquaintance.

He has been a resident of the count^^ for over forty-five years, where he built and occupied the first house outside of the military" and missionary' occupation, engaging in one of the earliest mercantile enterprises under¬ taken in the vicinity, having attended the first courts, the earliest religious assemblies, and participated in the organization of schools, benevolent orders, agricultural and social societies, to say' nothing of offices and poli¬ tics, the writer feels that like the refugee from fallen Troy', he writes of "things which he saw, and some" (if not a great part) "of which he was."

Neither has his attention been absorbed in the building of the city' where he has for the most part remained. He traversed the county' in its entire extent, before roads had superseded the Indian trail, pitched his camp in towns now covered with well tilled farms, and teeming with all the activity of civilized life, where no sound save the voice of nature broke the silence of primeval solitude, and saluted with the handshake of hos¬ pitable welcome, almost every' settler who came into the county'. In his vocations of farmer and editor of agricultural iournals, he has made him¬ self familiar with the family' histories, trials and triumphs of the rural inhabitants. Thus, while arrogating few of the qualifications of a histor¬ ical writer, opportunities of observation and accpiaintance have enabled him to draw from the storehouse of a tolerably retentive memory, the facts of sig'nificauce in the settlement and progress of the county. In the more particular and minute treatment of the history of the towns, and in the preparation of the biographies which embellish and add great interest to this work, as well as in some other special topics, the editor has had the aid, and cheerfully acknowledges the valuable assistance of many gentle¬ men, whose names are, for the most part, affixed to their articles. He flat¬ ters himself that the reader of these pages, perchance after the last sur¬ vivor of the scenes which they portray shall have passed away, will be able to gain from them a tolerably accurate appreciation of the sterling men and women who laid the foundations of society in the county, and an idea of the experiences of the pioneers in its settlement.

In the retrospect of the events of more than fort3^-five 3^ears, as they are portra3^ed in this volume, the editor, the ardor of whose 3^outh has been sobered by the lapse of sevent3^-five 3"ears, feels a glow of pride and satis¬ faction, that the fullness of his life was given to la3dng the foundation of so goodly a social and civic structure as Hennepin County affords. The edifice, so noble in proportions, so prosperous in matei'ial interests, so beautiful in the character and aims of its noble citizens, far surpasses in grandeur the most vivid anticipations of his early life.

While other places have their peculiar attractions and claims to admi¬ ration and loyalty, amid the almost endless variety of American districts, the residents of this county, when they regard the healthfulness of the cli¬ mate, the fertility of the soil, the beauty of the landscape, and above all the high education of the people and the exalted standard of moral and social life, have occasion to congratulate themselves that their lines have fallen in so pleasant places, and that they are heirs of so goodly a heritage.

Great credit is due to the publishers for the very neat style in which they have presented this work to their patrons. In fact the mechanical department in every branch cannot be excelled. The latest modern improve¬ ments in everything that partains to making a handsome volume have been used. It has required a large caiDital to perfect the work, which the enter¬ prising publishers have expended with a lavish hand, with the single object of making it worthy of the considerations of their patrons.

The editor earnestly hopes that the great labor and enterprise displa3^ed by the publishers may be appreciated by those who are still left to verif3^ the pages of this work, and to their descendants in coming j^ears may it be a source of great pleasure.

Contents

Progress of Western settlements. - Railroad at the Falls of St. Anthony. - Fur trad¬ ers. - Steele and Chute settlers in Minneapolis. - Military occupation. - Prescott and Russell. - Missionaries. - Ponds. - Williamson. - Riggs. - Canadian farmers. - McLeod and Bottineau. - Mechanics from Maine. - Lumbermen from the Penobscot. - Agricul¬ tural pioneers.

Origin of name. - Boundaries. - Minneapolis. - Discoverj'. - Jonathan Carver. - Sieur Du Luth. - La Salle. - Northwest territorj-. - Louisiana purchase. - Explorations of Lieutenant Z. M. Pike. - Camps on Pike Island. - Jean R. Faribault. - Little Crow. - Pike's treaty with the Indians. - Border land between the Sioux and Chippewa tribes. - Visits and makes portage of the Falls of St. Anthony. - ^Passes Crow River.

Chapter Xxxiv

Order to the Fifth Regiment U. S. Infantry to garrison the Northwest. - I'osts estab¬ lished at Rock Island, Prairie du Chien and at the mouth of the St. Peter's River. - Crawford Countj^, State of Michigan. - Detachment under command of Lieutentant Colonel Leavenworth establishes cantonment on the south side of the Minnesota River in September, 1819. - First winter at the post. - Joseph R. Brown, drummer boj-, de¬ scribes life about the camp. - Outbreak of scurvy. - Removal of camp to the north side of the river. - Camp Cold Water. - Corner stone of Fort St. Anthony laid.- Winter of 1820-21 passed in the old cantonment. - Squad of soldiers detailed to cut pine logs on Rum River. - Floated to St. Anthony Falls. - Sawmill btiilt. - Governor Lewis Cass and part}^ arrive at camp, July 30th, 1820. - First cultivation of soil.- First wheat harvested. - - Arrival of Colonel Snelling. - First white children born. - Treachery of Wacouta. - Arrest of two Sisseton Indians charged with murder. - Occupation of new fort, t)ctober, 1822. - Flouring mill built at St. Anthonj' Falls. - Discovery of Lake Minnetonka. - Arrival of white settlers from the Selkirk settlement. - Arrival of first steandjoat. - Name of fort changed to Snelling. - Slaves at the fort. - Dred Scott and wife. - Indian Massacre. - Arrest of perpetrators. - Indian justice. - Arrival of Missionaries.

Chapter Xxxv

"Three score ^''ears and ten. ' - The personal reminiscences of Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve. - Keel boats.- Visit to the Falls of St. Anthony. - Oflicers at Fort Snelling in 1820. - Wheat crop. - Flour mill outfit. - Diversions and recreations at the isolated gar¬ rison. - Naming of the lakes. - Arrival of steamboat.

Chapter Xxxvi

Building stone barracks at the fort. - Schoolcraft ordered to the Upper Mississippi country to treat with the Indians. - Black Hawk war. - First regular U. S. mail route. - Visit of George Catlin. - Visit of Jean N. Nicollet. - ^Discovery of the sources of the Mississippi River. - Cession of lands east of Mississippi River, in 1835. - Squatters and their removal by the military authorities.

Chapter Xxxvii

Indian missions of the Jesuit Fathers. - Arrival of Revs. Samuel W. Pond and Gideon H. Pond. - Establish mission on the east shore of Lake Calhoun. - Rev. Thomas Wil¬ liamson, Rev. M. D. Stevens, missionaries, with their wives, and Misses Sarah Pouge and Lucy C. Stevens, teachers, enter on their work. - First Presbyterian Church or¬ ganized at Fort Snelling. - Mission and school at Lac qui Parle. - Mr. Stevens locates at Lake Harriet. - Incident of Indian mourning. - Arrival of Rev. S. R. Riggs and wife. - Fruits of the missions. - Services of Christian Indians in the massacre of 1862.

Chapter Xxxviii

Hennepin County and the adjacent region "the dark and bloody ground" of savage warfare. - Battle on Rum River, in 1839. - Scalp dance at Lake Calhoun. - ^Removal of bands from Lake Calhoun to Oak Grove. - Ambuscade near Fort Snelling. - Battle at Pokegama Lake. - Assassination of an educated Dakota girl at Bloomington. - Battle near Shakopee. - Final removal of the Indians. - Characteristics of Indian courage.

Chapter Xxxix

First ground broken for agriculture, in 1820. - Grains and vegetables produced. - Es¬ tablishment of a post farm. - First house built by residents at Lake Calhoun, by the Pond Brothers. - Philander Prescott, Indian farmer. - Swiss farmers, in 1826 - Their removal. - Settlement of Joseph R. Brown on Minnehaha Creek. - Catholic mission at St. Paul. - Stillwater. - Franklin Steele. - Obtains permission to make a land claim on the reservation. - Claims land on the east side of the river at St. Anthony Falls. - Builds a sawmill. - Claims taken by R. P. Russell and S. J. Findley. - Sold to Pierre Bottineau. - Calvin A. Tuttle buj^s claim of a French settler, now occupied in part by the State University. - William A. Cheever and his tower. - All lands east of the river occupied before the close of the year 1850.

Chapter Xl

Alexander Ramsey appointed Governor. - Arrival of Colonel John H. Stevens. - Takes claim that is now the business heart of the city of Minneapolis. - His "Personal Rec¬ ollections." - How he come to make his claim. - Builds a dwelling house. - Public uses of the house. - Other settlements speedily follow, on the reservation, and before the close of the year 1850 all the lands were occupied from Minnehaha to Shingle Creek.

Chapter Xli

Lumbering. - Calvin A. Tuttle and John P. Miller locate near Colonel Stevens. - Hon. Robert Smith takes claim at the Falls. - Arrivals of "Old Settlers," in 1850. - Claim Association organized. - Defiance of speculators. - Delegation of settlers proceeds to

Washiagton and obtains poatpoaemeat of land sale. - Congress reduces the reserva¬ tion and allows settlers to prove up their claims at $1.25 per acre. - Titles obtained in 1855.

Chapter Xlii

Act for organization passed at winter session of 1852. - Prior civil jurisdictions. - Boundaries. - First officers appointed. - Election of County officers. - A unanimous election. - Names of officers. - Names designating the County seat. - Minneapolis pro¬ posed by Charles Hoag. - ^Valuation and taxation. - First County road. - District Court.

-Members of the bar. - First flouring mill. - Judicial officers. - Mississippi River Bridge Companj\ - St. Anthonx Express. - Organization of the Board of Regents of the University. - Hennepin County Bible Society. - Agricultural Society. - Pioneer store. - Rapid development.

Chapter Xliii

Catholic Church built in St. Anthony by Father Ravoux. - Father Ledow a resident Catholic priest in 1851. - Methodist Church organized in 1849. - Rev. E. D. Neil held ser¬ vices in 1849-50. - Rev. William T. Wheeler commenced holding regular services in 1850. - Succeeded in 1851 by Rev. Charles Secombe. - Congregational Church organized.

Baptist Society organized in 1850. - Free Baptist Church organized, 1851. - Rev. C. G. Ames, pastor. - Dr. E. G. Gear, Chaplain at Fort Snelling, holds occasional services. - Rev. T. Wilcoxson and Rev. J. S. Chamberlain hold Episcopal services. - First Presbyterian Church established on west side of river by Rev. J. C. Whitney. - Free Will Baptist Church established on west side, 1854. - Baptist Church organized on west side in 1854. - Presbyterians erect first church edifice on west side. - First public school opened in 1850, in St. Anthony. - First public school in Minneapolis opened 1852. - Miss Mary E. Miller, teacher. - Franklin Steele gives site for preparatory schoob and building erected by public subscriptions. - Evolution of the State University.

Chapter Xliv

Favorable conditions in 1856. - Rapid growth. -Arrival of prominent citizens. - June, 1857, brings a change. - Unstable currency. - Financial panic. - Depreciation and stag¬ nation. - Grasshoppers devastate the country. - Ginseng diggers. - Depression con¬ tinues until 1860. - War of 1861 gives an impetus which developed into a wonderful growth in 1865. - Nicollet House built. - Survival from infliction of infantile maladies.

Chapter Xlv

Sources of population. - Stirring scenes upon receipt of news of the firing upon the national flag. - Captain Putnam and General Morgan. - Tender of one thousand men for defense of the flag by Governor Ramsey. - First volunteer regiment accepted from Minnesota. - Members of Company D holding company and regimental commissions.

- Major DeWitte C. Smith. - Colonel Georg-e H. Woods. - Patriotic spirit of the citizens. - List of officers and men engaged in the War of the Rebellion and the Indian war, who were residents of Hennepin County. - Their rank, time of enlistment and dis¬ charge, and incidents of service.

Chapter Xlvi

First permanent settlement in Richfield. - Swiss immigrants. - Joseph R. Brown's claim. - Brown's Creek, now Minnehaha. - Louis Godfrey's claim. - Samuel Stough's claim. - William Finch. - Philander Prescott. - His heroic efforts to save settlers and his tragic death. - Settlers in 1853. - First school house. - First town meeting. - Post office. - First Board of Supervisors and town officers. - Bounties to settlers. - First school teacher. - Methodist Church. - Other religious denominations. ^-Flouring mills. - Encroachments of city upon territory. - Bloomington. - Peter Quinn, Indian farm¬ er. - Gideon H. Pond. - Martin McLeod. - Bloomington ferry. - Early settlers. - Town organized May 11th, 1858. - War bounties. - First Presbyterian Church.- Indian school. - Sketch of Peter Quinn's career.

Chapter Xlvii

Earliest claims taken. - Town plat of Hennepin. - Charles P. Collins purchases claim. - Hon. L. W. Collins Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. - First town meeting. - Final battle between Sioux and Chippewas. - First school house and teacher. - Grist mill. - Store. - Post office. - First discovery of Minnetonka, in 1821. - Derivation of name. - Decription of town. - Indian mounds. - First settlement. - Village of Minne¬ tonka Mills. - Organization of town. - First wagon road. - Post office.

Chapter Xlyiii

Excelsior Pioneer Association - Visit of George M. Bertram. - First colonist to arrive. Rev. Charles Galpin. - First claim and town plat. - Earliest actual settlers. - First store. - Steam sawmill. - Excelsior Enterprise. - St. Albans platted. - Organization of town. - ^Change of boundaries. - Congregational Church organized. - Episcopal Church organized. - First school teacher. - -Grist mill. - State experimental fruit farm. - Excel¬ sior Village. - Temperance community. - Famous watering place. - Hotels. - First set¬ tlers of Minnetrista. - Frank W. Halsted, "the hermit." - Town organized. - Town offi¬ cers. - German Baptist Church. - First school teacher. - Watering place hotels. - Post office. - Store.

Chapter Xlix

' Lake Independence. - First settlers. - Sawmill and store. - Grasshoppers. - Ginseng. - Organization of town.^Maple Plain. - Post office. - First school house. - Methodist Church. - Fertility and beauty of Medina. - Various origin of settlers. - Oldest inhabi¬ tant. - Sensation caused by arrival of two young ladies. - German colony. - Claim jumpers. - Survey of MinneaxDolis and Fort Ridgely territorial road. - Post office. - School house. - Long Lake Village. - First town meeting. - Change of boundaries. - Stockades built for protection from Indians. - Presbyterian Church. - Free Thinkers' club. - Catholic Churches.

Chapter

Cr5^stal Lake practically a part of the City of Minneapolis. - Topograph}^. - First Settler. - Earliest Settlers Americans. - Many sold their claims to German Catholics. - Free Will Baptist Society. - School District No. 2 established in 18i53. - Town organized

First settlers at Getchell's Prairie. - Bottineau Prairie. - The Daniel Boone of the new Northwest. - Indians. - Colony from Michigan. - First town meeting. -Methodist class organized. - Church built. - Central Baptist Church. - First school teacher. -School house. - Harrisburg and Industriana. - Post office.

Champlin a fractional township. - First settlement. - Winnebago Indians. - Feriy across tfie Mississippi River. - Local contest. - Organization of town. - First officers. - School opened. - Free Will Baptist Church. - M ethodist Church. - Village of Champlin.

- - -Boundaries of Dayton. - Timber and stone. - Earliest settler. - French pioneers. - Village of Dayton. - Sawmills. - Townsite strife. - First town meeting. - Rev. David Brooks. - French Catholic Church. - Schools. - Post office.

Chapter Lii

Hassan heavily timbered. - Marshes. - Settled since 1854. - Irish settlers. - Sawmill built. - Progress of settlement. - First town meeting held in 1869. - Officers chosen. - School. - First marriage. - Territorial road. - Post office. - Episcopal Church. - Grass¬ hoppers. - Indian massacre. - Beauty of landscape characterizing Greenwood. - Mathew Harff first settler. - Earl3^ labors. - Privations and success. - Greenwood City. - Officers. - Sawmill contemplated but never built. - The Beaver Hotel. - First school. - German Methodist and German Lutheran Churches - Post office. - Organization of town. - Officers.

Late settlement of Corcoran. - Tangled forests. - Benjamin Pounder first settler. - Patrick B. Corcoran. - First school teacher, trader, farmer, merchant and public officer. - Cosmopolitan, in character of settlers. - First house. - First marriage, birth and" death. - Catholic Churches. - German Evangelical and Lutheran Churches. - Post office. - Organization of town. - Officers. - Maple Grove the transition country. - First settlers. - Succeeding settlements. - Yankee origin of settlers. - Earlj^ preachers. - Methodist Churches. First school. - Pioneer marriage. - First town meeting. - Officers. - A quiet and delightful secpiestered countr}^ locality. - Plyunouth the center of the county^ - First settler Antoine Le Count, son of a French voyageur, born in Minnesota in 1822 - -Settlements about Medicine Lake. - Alarm of settlers at a Chippewa war partJ^ - Catholic Church. -Methodist Church. - German Evangelical Lutheran Church. - First school teacher. Flxcellent schools.

Minneapolis In The Civil War

In the war of the Rebellion the efforts put forth and the part borne by the peo¬ ple of what is now Minneapolis, was so inextricably interwoven with what was done by citizens of other towns and cities of the state, that any separate narrative is impossible. Every organi¬ zation of troops raised within the state contained our 3^oung men, in greater or less numbers, sometimes filling whole companies, and more than one in a regi¬ ment ; in other cases scattered in com¬ panies mainly or in part raised in other localities.

Thechapter on this subject can, there¬ fore, be fairly written only by giving an epitome of the history of the state in the Civil War, noting the particular companies that were wholly or in most part enlisted here. The part borne by particular individuals must in general be ignored, both for the sake of brevity, and to prevent what might ajDpear to be invidious distinction. The Histor3" of Minnesota troops in the Civil and Indian wars, recently published by the state, and trustworthy because written by men who participated in, and had per¬ sonal knowledge of the actions and events which they have recorded, will be

The census of 1850 showed the popu¬ lation of St. Anthony to be 3,258, and of Minneapolis 2,564, a total of 5,822. Without being able to give exact figures, it is certain that more than fourteen hundred volunteers enlisted from these places - a proportion to population which would appear incredible but for the well-known fact that our population was then so largely made up of vigorous young men from the older states and from European nations, and was con¬ stantly increased b3^ removals from the eastern states during the continuance of the war.

Since that war a generation of men has nearly passed awa3\ The settle¬ ment then made of all the issues involved in that war was complete and i)ermanent, and has since been universalh' ac¬ cepted and accpiiesced in. And this, with the removal of all causes of discord, with the universal prospei-ity which has followed in all parts of the country, and the greater amount of traveling and in¬ termingling of our people, compared with former times, has given to onr country a people at this day more united in feeling, more cordial toward each other, and more loyal everywhere in their sentiments toward the general government than at any period of the thirty years just preceding the war, dur¬ ing which the existence of the institution of slavery in the Southern states, and the efforts there to maintain and extend that institution against the growing and aggressive opposition in the North, kept alive ai'ancorous ill feeling between a considerable portion of the people of the two sections - sufficient to be a con¬ stant menace to the peace of the country' and the stability of the Union. The doctrine that ultimate sovereignty re¬ mained and existed in the several states, very generall3' accepted from the founda¬ tion of the government, gave color to the claim of right of secession, was a doctrine fraught with constant danger, and doubtless encouraged the leaders in the South in the belief that the with¬ drawal of the Southern states from the Union would not be resisted.

But when hopes of compromise, which had been cherished bj" the masses in the North during the first three months of 1861, were swept away by the guns leveled at Fort Sumpter, then, besides the sentiment of loj-al devotion to the Union, alwaj'S strong in the North, came the conviction that neither joeace, prosperit}^ nor even the continued existence of free institutions, could be hoped for if the couutr3" were divided into two inde¬ pendent governments, foreign to each other, with institutions so diverse, and feelings so antagonistic and hostile that the3' could not arrange their differences under one government ; 3'et side bj' side, so that causes or pretexts for offenee must be inevitable and continual. Before this conviction all fanciful theories re¬ specting our complex sj^stem of govern¬ ment vanished or were put aside. All agreed that the Union must be main¬

The news of the surrender of Fort Sumpter, and that Gov. Alex. Ramsey, then in Washington, had tendered the president one thousand men from Min¬ nesota - the first troops offered - to de¬ fend the government, coming with the president's call for 75,000 men for three months, and followed the next day by Lieut. Gov. Ignatius Donnelly's call for one regiment of infantry of ten compan¬ ies, aroused the war feeling strongly throughout the state. Public meetings were promptly held at St. Anthony and Alinneapolis, as at St. Paul and all the larger towns; addressed bj'' men promi¬ nent in all political parties, who united in urging the necessit^^ of maintaining the Union, and the stipremacy of the gen¬ eral government.

The enrollment of volunteers began at once and went on so rapidly that in a few daj^s two full companies were com¬ pleted here, and taking the arms of mili¬ tia companies in the place, began drill¬ ing, and on Monday-, April 29, 1861, marched to Fort Snelling, where Capt. Henrj" R. Putnam's company, raised in Alinneapolis, was mustered as Company

As other parts of the state had been equally prompt in sending volunteer companies, the regiment was completed on that da.j, and ex-Gov. Willis A. Gor¬ man, who had led a regiment with credit in the Alexican War, was commissioned its colonel. Among the minor appoint¬ ments, Dr. Charles W. LeBoutillier, who had mustered as a private in Company'

Northnp, who had in the same company two sons born in this state, was ap¬ pointed wagon master. The men in the ranks were young, intelligent and stal¬ wart, of all professions and callings. Arms of various patterns were gathered from militia companies and the state ar¬ senal, and drilling was carried on vigor¬ ously. No uniform clothing could be had, but the state furnished black felt hats, woolen shirts, black pantaloons, and woolen blankets.

On May 7, Gov. Ramsey was advised by the Secretary" of War to have the regi¬ ment mustered for three years ; discharg¬ ing and replacing such as were unwilling to remain. The regiment was re-organ¬ ized accordingl3^ A majority of com¬ panies D. and E. re-mustered, and the vacancies made by those who chose to be mustered out were soon filled ; and on May 24th the regiment was again full, and as its date of muster remained April 29, 1861, it was the senior three 3"ears' regiment in the service.

The ladies at the Falls had rendered effective aid, especiall3" in encouraging enlistments to fill the vacancies on the re-muster. They presented to each of the companies D. and E. a handsome company flag; and on Alay 21 gave a banquet to the regiment in the grove on Nicollet island. The preparation for war was novel and exciting, and on ever3" day our people thronged in all kinds of vehicles to Fort Snelling, to visit and carry comfort to the boys, and to wit¬ ness their drills and dress parades.

The men were anxious to go to the front, andw'ere much disaj^pointed by an order which sent company E. to Fort Ripley, and conipan3^ D. to Fort Aber¬ crombie, to relieve regular infantry, who had been ordered South. But the last named company was stopped on its wa3' by an order calling the regiment to Wash¬ ington, by wa3" of Harrisburg. So eager were the boys to go, that compan3^ E, after a long daj^'s rapid march, continued its march the entire night, on a rumor that Gorman would leave the next da3' ; and they reached Fort Snelling soon after sunrise. The regiment embarked on tw'o steamers on the morning of June 22d, and reached Washington on the night of June 26th, 1861.

It is not within the scope of this chap¬ ter 'to follow this famous regiment through its distinguished career; al¬ though one-fifth of it was composed of our townsmen. At Bull Run, its first battle, its efficienc3' appears from its losses, exceeding twent3' per cent, of the men engaged ; and greater than that of an3" other regiment on either side in that battle. It received special commendation in the reports of its brigade and division commanders. It participated, alwa3's with highest credit, in all the battles and most of the skirmishes of the Army of the Potomac, during the first three 3'ears of the war; and at a critical emergenc3' in the battle of Gett3'sburg, performed an act of desperate valor, be3^ond jjarallel in the histoiw of warfare. On the second da3' of that battle, when Sickles' Corps was defeated and driven back from an advanced position, in disorder and rout by the heavier forces of Longstreet and Hill, eight companies of the Fii'st Alinnesota regiment, numbering two hundred and sixt3'-two men, and in¬ cluding companies D. and E, having been detached from the Second corps to sup¬ port a battery in the rear of Sickles, were the only organized force within reach, and were ordered 1)3' Gen. Han¬ cock, in person, to charge two Confeder¬ ate brigades, more than t\venty times their number, who were advancing rapidh' in the flush of victory, following the fugitives of Sickles' corps (who were passing us), and unless stopped would in a few moments penetrate the Union line of battle, about midway between the cemetery and Little Round Top. Reserves had been sent for, but were too far away to prevent the impending calamity. The necessity of sacrificing our eight companies to gain time and save the position was as apparent to every man as to Gen. Hancock. The charge was made instantly, at utmost speed, down a slight slope and through the concen¬ trated fire of the two brigades, and with¬ out pausing to fire a shot in return, breaking and repulsing the front line in the center of the Confederate force by the momentum and ferocity of the shock with the bayonet. When, nearly sur¬ rounded by the enemy, and falling fast under its steady fire, the remnant of the regiment held the entire force at bay for a considerable time, until the reserve was brought up in its rear, and the enemy re¬ tired. The charge was completely suc¬ cessful in accomplishing the object sought. It prevented the occupation of our line by the enemy at a vilal point, and probably saved that battlefield. It involved, necessarily, an unprecedented sacrifice of men, in proportion to the number engaged. Of the two hundred and sixty-two men who made that charge, two hundred and fifteen lay dead or wounded upon the field ; fortyseven men were still in line, and not a man was captured or missing. Col. Fox, in his careful work on "Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, ''page 26, reports Gen. Hancoek as saying:

"There is no more gallant deed re- " corded in history. I ordered these men "in there because I saw that I must gain "five minutes' time. Reinforcements "were coming on the run, but I knew "that before they could reach the threat- "ened point the confederates, unless "checked, would seize the position. I "would have ordered that regiment in "if I had known that every man would

"be killed. It had to be done; and I "was glad to find such a gallant body "of men at hand, willing to make the "terrible sacrifice that the occasion de- " manded.''

The wounded were gathered by their surviving comrades in the darknesss of evening, into field hospitals. The next morning the remnant of the eight com¬ panies, joined by the other two compa¬ nies who had been on other detached service, were returned to their place in the front line of the Second Division of the second corps, and withstood Pick¬ ett's charge, and the terrible artillery fire by which it was preceded. The tat¬ tered flag of the First Regiment was in advance of every other color in the counter charge, and desperate melee, which ended in the surrender of the rem¬ nant of the confederate force. The flag staff was here cut in two by a confeder¬ ate shot, and the flag of the 28th Vir¬ ginia Regiment was captured by Mar¬ shal Sherman of Company C, and seven¬ teen were added to the number of the killed and wounded of the regiment. The last of the color guard was wounded by the shot which cut the flag staff, and the remnant of the flag was carried in the counter eharge by Corporal Henry D. O'Brien of Company E. until he was seriously wounded in the midst of the final struggle, when it was seized by Cor¬ poral W. N. Irvine, of Company D. It was spliced by part of a rebel flag staff on the field, and now remains with the same splice in the capitol in St. Paul.

But enough is written to indieate the - character of the First Minnesota Regi¬ ment. Its first three eolonels, Willis A. Gorman, Napoleon J. T. Dana and Alfred Sully, became Brigadier Generals, and the two last named Brevet Major Genei'als. After them, Colonels George N. Morgan and William Colvill and Lieut. Col. Charles Powell Adams be- came Brevet Brigadier Generals. Capt. Henry R. Putnam was transferred with the same rank to the Twelfth Regiment U. S. Regiilar Infantry after the Battle of Bull Run.

After the term of service of this regi¬ ment was ended, Companies A. and B. of the P'irst Battalion Minnesota Volun¬ teers, was organized mainly from re¬ cruits and re-enlisted men of the First Regiment in the spring of 1864, having among its officers Major Henry D. O'Brien, Captains Chesley B. Tirrill, Ellet P. Perkins and James Bryant and Lieut. John W. Pride, who had all been enlisted men in Companies D. and E. of the old regiment. The Battalion took the place of the First Regiment in the same bri¬ gade in the Army of the Potomac, and served with credit until Lee's surrender at Appommatox, participating in sev¬ eral severe engagements.

The Second Regiment Minnesota Vol¬ unteers was raised in June and July, 1861, Capt, Judson W. Bishop's Com¬ pany A. reaching Fort Snelling the next day after the First Regiment left for the East. None of its companies were raised in our city, but many of ovir young men enlisted in it. Capt. W. W. Woodbury, of Company K, was a pioneer resident here and its first colonel, afterwards Brevet Major General Horatio P. Van Cleve removed here at that time, and re¬ mained one of our most respected citi¬ zens until his death, April 24,1891. This regiment left the State October 14, 1861, for Washington, but on reaching Pitts¬ burg its destination was changed to Kentucky, where it joined the division of Gen. George H. Thomas, under whom, as division, corps and army commander, it served until the march to the sea, three years later. It made a brilliant record in the battle of Mill Springs, January 19, 1862, and added to its reputation in every subsequent battlein which Thomas was engaged ; and especially by its heroic conduct at Chickamauga, where the stubborn, tenacious resistance of Gen. Thomas' command alone saved Rosecrans' army from complete rout.

Veteranizing at the close of 1863, it took part in the Atlanta campaign, the march to the sea, and through the Carolinas, until Johnson's surrender closed the war. Its third colonel, Judson W. Bishop, received the well earned Brevet of Brigadier General.

1861. Portions of Companies A. and I. were enlisted here, and our townsman. Dr. Levi Butler, was its surgeon. It was sent to Buell's army, in Kentucky, and its surrender at Murfreesboro, July 13, 1862, through no fault of the men, but because its colonel was deceived into the belief that resistance would be futile, was almost providential in its results, as the men, being paroled, were sent back to Minnesota just in time to render much needed, gallant and very effective service in the outset of the Indan war, which began with sudden massacre in August,

1862. In January, 1863, it returned to Tennessee, and participated in the Siege of Vicksburg and campaigns in Arkansas; and having veteranized, served with great credit to the close of the war. Its third colonel, Christopher C. Andrews, became Brigadier General and Brevet Major General, and was succeeded in the colonelcy bv our townsman. Col. Hans Mattson.

The Fourth Regiment Vlinnesota Vol¬ unteers was organized about Christmas, 1861, and had several of our young men in its ranks, but no organized compain^ from this place. It joined Hallcck's arnn^ at Corinth in the spring of 1862, and shared in the battles and marches in the West of that and the succeeding year, including the Siege of Vicksburg. Hav- ing veteranized, it was in the Atlanta campaign of 1864, and was a part of a small force which tinder Gen. Corse made the memorable and successful defense of Allatoona, where the Fourth Minnesota captured the flags of the Thirty-flfth and Thirty-ninth Mississippi regiments. It also participated in the march to the sea and through the Carolinas. Its first Colonel, John B. Sanborn, became Brig¬ adier General and Brevet Major General, and its second Colonel, John E. Tourtellotte, became Brevet Brigadier General.

The Fifth Regiment Minnesota Vol¬ unteers also had no compan3f,but a con¬ siderable number of men from this place. It was organized in March, 1862, and companies B., C.and D. having been sent to frontier posts in this State, were for¬ tunately there at the time of the Sioux outbreak in August of that year, and rendered most important and effective service in that emergency. The other seven companies joined the Armj^ of the Mississippi in Ma3^ 1862, and at the second battle of Corinth, with marked gallantry, routed a large force of the enemy which had penetrated our line, re-capturing several batteries which they had taken. Being joined the next winter by the three companies left behind, it took part in the battles and marches in Tennessee and Mississippi in 1863, in¬ cluding the Siege of Vicksburg; and hav¬ ing veteranized, became a part of Gen. A. J. Smith's Sixteenth Corps, and shared in the Red river campaign, and later in the battle of Nashville, where, with the Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Alinnesota regiments, it participated in the final desperate and decisive charge on the enemy's defences, in which its Adjutant, Thomas P. Gere, captui-ed the flag of the Fourth Mississippi regiment. The Brevet of Brigadier General was well won by its Colonel, Lucius F. Hubbard, who commanded a brigade at that time.

The Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Regiments Minnesota Volunteers were raised nearly at the same time, in August and September, 1862, the Indian outbreak hastening enlistments at that time. Capt. Orlando C. Merriman's Company B. and Capt. Joseph C. Whit¬ ney's Company D,both raised here, were placed in the Sixth Regiment; and Capt. George A. Camp's Company A, and Capt. Richard Strout's Company B. also raised here, were placed in the Ninth Regiment. About one-half of Capt. AI. J. O'Con¬ nor's Compan3^K. of the Tenth Regiment was also raised at this place by Lieut¬ enants William Byrnes and Michael Hoy. Many of otir young men also joined the other regiments in companies mostly recruited elsewhere.

The Sixth Regiment Minnesota Vol¬ unteers, under Col. William Crooks, was sent to Fort Ridgley and into the Indian war in such haste that it was not mus¬ tered into the service until October; after it had taken part in the battle of Wood Lake, and in other fighting with the savages. It served in General Sib¬ ley's Indian campaigns in 1862andl863 with credit, and in the spring of 1864 was assigned to Hancock's corps in the Army of the Potomac. But its destina¬ tion was changed to Helena, Ark., where the deadly malaria, more fatal than the shock of battle, caused frightful mor¬ tality in its ranks. In January, 1865, it was sent to New Orleans, and later as a part of Gen. A. J. Smith's Sixteenth corps it took part in the capture of Mo¬ bile. Its second colonel, John T. Averill, was Brevetted Brigadier General.

Lieut. Col. Stephen Miller, of the First Minnesota, was made colonel of the Seventh Regiment Minnesota Volunteers, but before his arrival it had done good service in the Indian war under Lieut.

Col. William R. Marshall, who soon be¬ came its colonel on the promotion of Miller to the rank of Brigadier General. The regiment did excellent service in General Sibley's campaigns of 1862 and 1863, and in October, 1863, joined Gen. A. J. Smith's Sixteenth corps and took part with credit in the battle of Tupelo, and the campaigns in Arkansas and Alissouri; and in the battle of Nashville, as before mentioned ; also in the capture of Mobile. Colonel Marshall received the well-earned Brevet of Brigadier Gen¬ eral.

The Eighth Regiment Minnesota Vol¬ unteers, of which our townsman George A. Camp became major, and John H. Murphy, surgeon, served efficiently in the Indian campaigns of 1862, '63 and '64, and in October, 1864, joined General Thomas' army in Tennessee, and helped defeat General Forrest at Murfreesboro, on December 7, 1864. As part of Gen. T. H. Ruger's Division of the 23d corps, it was sent by way of Washington to North Carolina, and under General Sco¬ field co-operated with General Sherman's army in closing the war. Its colonel. Miner T. Thomas, became brevet briga¬ dier general.

The Ninth Regiment Alinnesota Vol¬ unteers also served in the Indian cam¬ paigns of 1862 and '63, and in October, 1863, was sent to Missouri. The next spring it went to Tennessee and took part with credit in the battles of Guntown and Tupelo, in the latter of which its gallant colonel, Alexander Wilkin, was killed, being then in command of the brigade to which his regiment was at¬ tached, in Gen. A. J. Smith's 16th corps. After further campaigning in Tennessee and again in Missouri, it participated with the other Minnesota regiments i/i the battle of Nashville, and in the final heroic charge which won that battle. It

The Tenth Regiment Minnesota Vol¬ unteers, under Col. James H. Baker, took part also in the Indian campaigns of 1862 and '63, and in October, 1863, was sent to Missouri, where Colonel Baker became commandant of the post of St. Louis, and so continued until the close of the war. In the spring of 1864 the regi¬ ment under Lieut. Col. Samuel P. Jennison was assigned to Gen. A. J. Smith's 16th corps, taking part in the battle of Tupelo, the pursuit of Price, and with the other Alinnesota regiments in the Battle of Nashville, where Col. Jennison was severely wounded in the final charge. He, as well as Col. Baker, attained the rank of Brevet Brigadier General.

The first company of sharp-shooters, raised by our townsman, Capt. Francis Peteler (afterwards lieutenant colonel), was organized in October, 1861, and re¬ cruited from several parts of the state. It became Company A, Second United States Sharpshooters, and joined Gen¬ eral Augur's Brigade of McDowell's Corps, and participated in the battles of Pope's Campaign, the Antietam Cam¬ paign, and all subsequent campaigns and battles of the Army of the Potomac, and with credit always.

The second company of sharp-shoot¬ ers, raised by our townsman, Cajffi. Wm. F. Russell, was organized in March, 1862, having a considerable number of its men from this place. It joined the First Minnesota Regiment just in time to participate in the closing of the battle of Fair Oaks, and served with that regi¬ ment thereafter in all its battles, being carried on its rolls as Compaii}' L, though never consolidated with the regi¬ ment. At the Battle of Gettysbuig it was detached from the regiment, as sup¬ port for Kirby's Battery I, First United

History Of Minneapolis

States Artiller^^ In the fall of 1863 it became the provost guard of the Second Division, Second Corps, and continued in that duty till its term of service ex¬ pired, when its recruits and re-enlisted men were transferred to the First Min¬ nesota Battalion.

The First Battery of Light Artillery, Capt. Emil Munch, came from this and the northeastern part of the state, and was organized in the auttimn of 1861. It participated in the Battle of Shiloh, and other battles in Tennessee and Mis¬ sissippi, including the siege of Vicksburg; also in the Atlanta Campaign, marched to the Sea and through the Carolinas.

The Second Battery of Light Artillery, Capt. William A. Hotchkiss, had more of our townsmen in it. It was raised in the winter of 1861-2 and took part in the battles of Stone River, Chickamanga, Chattanooga, Tunnell Hill, Buzzard's Roost, Nashville and many others. Both of these batteries won enviable fame.

The Third Battery of Light Artillery, Capt. John Jones, was raised in the spring of 1863 and served in General Sibley's Indian expedition of that year; and in Genei'al Sully's Indian campaign the year following ; and also in expedi¬ tions against Indian bands in 1865, per¬ forming very meritorious and arduous service.

Brackett's Battalion of Cavalry - thi'ee companies - was enlisted in Sep¬ tember, 1861, from all parts of the state, and in December of that year was sent to Missouri, and for some time was merged in the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, tak¬ ing part in the capture of Fort Donald¬ son, the battle of Shiloh ; and in the bat¬ tles and marches of 1862 and 1863, in Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama. In January, 1864, the men re-enlisted and returned to this state, and being joined by a fourth company served under Major Alfred B. Brackett, in General

The First Regiment of Mounted Ran¬ gers was enlisted for one year in the autumn of 1862. Capt. Eugene M. Wil¬ son's Company A was raised here. The regiment rendered effective service against the Indians in the fall of that year, and in General Sibley's campaign ofl863.

Hatch's Independent Battalion of Cavalry of four companies, was enlisted in August, 1863, and a portion of Capt. George C. Whitcomb's Company B was from this place. It was sent in October of that year to the British line at Pem¬ bina, passing a rigorous winter in that cold region. It inflicted signal punish¬ ment on roving bands of Indian out¬ laws who made forages across the bor¬ der, and received the surrender of about four hundred Siouxs, including Little Six and Medicine Bottle. Its comman¬ der, Major E. A. C. Hatch, resigned be¬ cause of ill health in June, 1864, and was succeeded by Lieut. Col. Charles Powell Adams, who had held the same rank in the First Minnesota Regiment, and bore the scars of battle from Bull Run to Gettysburg. The battalion was increased by two companies. That of Capt. George Boyd (also a veteran of the First Regiment) was raised here. The Battalion continued on frontier service till the spring of 1866.

The Second Regiment of Cavalry rvas organized in December, 1863, and Capt. James M. 'Paine's Company D and parts of other companies were enlisted here. It was at once sent to the frontier and participated in the marches and fighting of General Sully's Indian campaign of 1864, making a fine record for efficiency. During the winter following, and until mustered out in December, 1865, it

The Eleventh Regiment Minnesota Volunteers was enlisted in August and September, 18G4. Its eolonel, James Gil filial! , had been a captain of the Seventh Regiment; and its lieutenant, Col. John Ball, and its major, Martin Maginnis,had both carried muskets and risen to the rank of captain in the First Regiment. A large number of the line officers and men had already served terms of enlistment. The most of Com¬ pany F and a part of Company G was enlisted here. The regiment was sent to Tennessee in September, 1864, and while not engaged in any serious battle, was kept on arduous and exacting service in guarding a large district of country, and important lines of railroad from the as¬ saults and depredations of the enemy's cavalry and of the numerous bands of guerrillas who infested that region till the close of the war.

The First Regiment of Heav^^ Artill¬ ery was also enlisted in the autumn of 1864, and had in its composition a large proportion of veterans. Its colonel, William Colvill, was the last colonel of the First Regiment, and then still suffer¬ ing and disabled from the severe wounds he had received while leading its desper¬ ate charge at Gettysburg. And our townsman, Christopher B. Heffelfinger, who had carried a musket, and risen to the rank of captain in the First regiment, and had been wounded in the same charge, was one of its Majors. Many of its men, scattered in the various companies, were from this place. The regiment, as soon as raised, was sent to Chattanooga, and put in charge of the heav3' artillery' in the defences of that important place, where it remained on dut3' till the coming of peace.

latter part of August, 1862, the Second Corps was being moved from the Penin¬ sula to support Gen. Pope. Anson Northup, who went out as wagon mas¬ ter with the First regiment, and then had charge of the trains of Sedgwick's divis¬ ion, came home on leave of absence. Reaching St. Paul, he I'eceived from the government a Captain's commission, and coming directly here, within twenty -four hours raised a cavalry company of ninety-six men, and procuring horses and such arms as he could gather, marched at once to the relief of Foi't Ridgley,then beleaguered by savages ; bringing the first succor to the small, worn out and nearly desponding garrison. The compan3' was never regularly mustered into the service of the United States, and dis¬ banded when the emergency was over. But the repulse of the Indians at Fort Ridgle3' prevented an extension of the massacre, and had the important effect of dampening the hopes of the savages; and perhaps of holding back the Chippewas, who were manifesting discontent and some disposition to join in the out¬ break. Capt. Northup and some of the men remained with Gen. Sibley, and ren¬ dered good service in the subsequent campaigns against the Indians.

The ladies of our city were in their proper sphere throughout the war; as energetic and patriotic as the men. Their influence was active and potent in en¬ couraging enlistments, and their hands busy and untiringin preparing articles of comfort and convenience for the men when leaving, and for distribution among those engaged at the front, and in caring for the needy families of soldiers. Later they joined with zeal in the pleasanter task of extending grateful and festive welcome to the diminished regiments, as the3^ returned home from the war.

this State, who were represented in every Union army, and in every considerable battle of the war, earning and maintain¬ ing by their conduct a reputation cer¬ tainly second to no other soldiers in that war. The dead of Minneapolis rest in every battlefield of the war, and no city of the Union has to-day among its pop¬ ulation and business men a larger pro¬ portion of veterans.

In 1887 the city of Minneapolis do¬ nated, within its limits, to the State, the beautiful site upon which the State has erected its elegant and well appointed Soldiers' Home, where many veterans are well and comfortably cared for. This site is a tract of more than fifty acres lying between Minnehaha creek and the Mississippi river - at their junction, and immediately adjoining the beautiful Min¬ nehaha park, which encloses the cele¬ brated waterfall of that name. Although near and about equally distant from the business centers of Minneapolis and St. Paul, the site of the Soldiers' Home is withdrawn from any thoroughfare and nestles in well shaded seclusion, between the banks of the two watercourses, as quiet and undisturbed as if scores of miles distant from the noise and turmoil of city life and business. A pleasanter spot, where the veteimns of the State, otherwise homeless, may pass their de¬ clining years in peace and comfort, does not exist.

The Legislature of Minnesota, in 1891, mindful and proud of the valor of the soldiers of the state as illustrated by the charge of the First Regiment at Gettysburg, appropriated $20,000 to erect on that battlefield a fitting monu¬ ment to commemorate that action. The design selected includes a massive and symmetrical pedestal of granite, twentytwo feet high, surmounted with a bronze figure of heroic size, representing an in¬ fantry soldier in the rush of a charge.

Each side of the die has a bronze tablet, on one side of which will be represented the charge in has relief. Our townsman, Mr. Jakob Fjelde, is the sculptor engaged to execute the bronze work.

While the people of Minneapolis can contemplate with satisfaction the pa¬ triotic action of its citizens, and the record and achievements of the soldiers she sent into the war, it cannot but add to that satisfaction to know that she can claim no invidious distinction in this respect ; and that every city, town and hamlet of our state did proportion¬ ately as well and sent as good soldiers - the comrades of her own.

William Lochr^.n. The life of the subject of this sketch, until he took his seat on the bench, was somewhat varied and eventful. Mr. Lochren was born in Tyrone county, Ireland, April 3d, 1832. His father died the following year, and in 1834 his mother, with some relatives, emigrated to America and set¬ tled in Franklin county, Vermont. Here (and a part of the time across the line in Canada) he resided until the spring of 1850. He was brought up on a farm, and during his boyhood obtained such common school education as the faeilities of the country afforded. In 1850 he went to Auburn, Mass., still continuing to labor on a farm and in the mills of that town. But he had a strong ambi¬ tion to acquire further education, and during the four years he spent at Auburn by improving every spare hour not de¬ voted to manual labor, with certain in¬ tervals devoted exclusively to study, he was enabled to acquire a fair academic education. "The boy was father of the man,'' and the same habits and traits of close application and persistent determ¬ ination to succeed, which have eharacterized his later life, were even then strongly developed.

In 1854 he returned to Franklin county, Vt., and commenced the stud}'' of law which he continued until 1856, when he was admitted to the bar. In August of the same year he came to St. Anthony and first was employed in the law office of J. S. and D. M. Demmon, and in the wintei following in that of Geo. E. H. Day. In the spring of 1857 he formed a partnership with James R. Lawrence, Jr., (father of Mr. James W. Lawrence, late of the firm of Wilson & Lawrence) which firm continued the practice of law in St. Anthony for about three 3'ears. After that he continued the practice alone until the breaking out of the war, when, April 29, 1861, he en¬ listed as a private in Company E, First Regiment Minnesota Volunteers. Soon after he was made sergeant. He was with the regiment in all the battles of the Potomac during the first three 3'ears of the war; served with distinction and was promoted to second lieutenant September 22, 1862, and first lieutenant Jul\' 3, 1863, and acted as adjutant from the battle of Gettysburg until the middle of October following. All these promo¬ tions were mude on purel3' personal merit iind devotion to the service - Mr. Lochren having no influential political friends to urge his claims for promotion. But even had he had such those who know the man are aware he would never have'used them for such service.

The arduous labor imposed upon Lieutenant Lochren during the campaign of the Potomac, together with the ma¬ larial climate to which he was unaccus¬ tomed, had serioush' impaired his health, and he found himself pln sicalH' unequal to the discharge of the duties imposed upon him. He therefore was reluctantly compelled to resign, and was honorabh' discharged Dec. 30, 1863. He returned to St. .4nthon3'' and resumed the practice of his profession. It was almost like commencing life anew. But his old clients returned and many new were ad¬ ded. He was chosen and acted as city attorne3' for several 3'ears. In 1868 he was elected State Senator, and served two 3'ears. In the following spring he formed a partnership with W. W. Mc¬ Nair, under the firm name of Lochren & McNair. In 1871 J. B. Gilfillan became' a member of the firm. He was elected citv attorney for the 3'ears 1877-8. The firm, of which he was a member, was a leading one, and did a large business un¬ til the time he was appointed as judge In the meantime the legal business of the cit3' had rapidl3' increased, and an act was passed in 1881 giving a third jvulge to the Fourth Judicial District. Nov. 21, 1881, Gov. John S. Pillsbury appointed Mr. Lochren to fill the posi¬ tion. At the annual election in 1882 he was elected for the term of six years, and at the election in November, 1888, re¬ elected for another term without oppo¬ sition.

As will be noted, Judge Lochren is still in the prime of life, and with physical and mental powers it may be said unim¬ paired. The writer has frequentU' heard it stated from members of the bar that he is a model nisi prius judge. His long practice and close study has made him master of fundamental principles of law and equity. His discriminating intellect enables him to apph' them justU' to the cases brought before him for trial. His judicial temper is impervious to an3' charge of prejudice. And his patience, in oftentimes listening to tedious and irre¬ levant arguments, even from t3'ros at the bar, makes him beloved even Iw those whose cases he must decide ad¬ versely.

He was married in 1871 to Mrs. Martha Demmon, who died in 1879, leaving an infant daughter, Martha, who died in her fifth 3'ear. In April, 1882, he

C. B. Heffelfinger. After a genera¬ tion or two has passed away, and the future historian seats himself to chroniele the events that give the eommonwealth of Minnesota a high place in the sisterhood of the American Union, there will be one event that will stand out with constantly increasing prominence. This incident was the charge of the First Minnesota Regiment at Gettysburg. The story is so simply, but so dramatic¬ ally told by William Loehren, in his his¬ torical sketch of the First Regiment, contained in the volume "Minnesota in the Civil War," that there is no need that any portion of it should be retold here. It maybe proper to say, however, that during the four long years of that unfortunate fratricidal struggle, filled as it was with daily instances of courage and supreme self-sacrifice, no single in¬ cident equaled in reckless daring com¬ prised with disciplined courage, that sublime event. The occasion and the men came together. The moment was supreme in its importance, the issue pregnant for all of the future in its con¬ sequences. Never, probably, in all the vast stream of human history did so much that was vital to man hang upon the concentrated effort of two hundred and sixty-two men. Never in history did men more courageously, thoroughly and successfullj^ sacrifice themselves for the triumph of a sublime cause. In the whole history of warfare there are few instances of such a sponteniety of courage and sacrifice. Out of the two hundred and sixty-two who made the charge only forty-seven resjDonded that night, uninjured, at roll call.

Christopher B. Heffelfinger was born on the 13th day of January, 1834, in the town of Mifflin, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. He is of the fourth gen¬ eration of Heffelfingers born in America, his ancestors on both sides being of that hardy Germanic stock which so largely peopled South-western Pennsylvania in the colonial days. This race has given some of its best blood to all of the Northern and some of the border South¬ ern states, and wherever it has appeared has always been followed by courage, love of law and order, and all of the homely domestic virtues. Major Heffelfinger's mother was named Bristil, and was of the same blood - the Americanized-German race of Pennsylvania.

The infancy and boyhood ot young Heffelfinger was passed on a farm and in farm labor. The Heffelfingers were an old-fashioned people, professing the Lutheran faith of their ancestors, mod¬ est in their desires, and content with such things as they could honestly ac¬ quire by their own efforts, or as God might send to them out of his abundant goodness. The boy remained upon the farm, discharging ordinary home duties, until he was eighteen years old. Then he apprenticed himself to a neighbor¬ ing tanner, and received a thorough ti'aining inthat mechanical industry. As soon as his apprenticeship was ended he was at once taken into the firm and given an interest. Here he remained for a year or two, but growing restive with the fever to "go West," he sold out his interest in the tannerj^ business, and in 1857 started for Minnesota.

took hold of the first thing that came to hand which promised profitable returns for an expenditure of hard work. The town was new, building rapidity, and there was a demand for house painters and paper hangers. Although by no means a skilled workman in those lines, he took hold of them, and after a few months' practice became cpiite proficient in his new industry. He soon after es¬ tablished a businees of his own, hired men and began to take contracts.

He was doing a prosperous business at the outbreak of the war in 1861. In January of that j'ear he went East to his old home and remained there until the last of March. While in Pennsylva¬ nia he watched the progress of events with much interest. He was only a short distance from Washington, and daily read the exciting news which preceeded active hostilities. Before leaving for the West he had made up his mind that there would be war, and had at the same time determined that he would be engaged in the protentous struggle.

Soon after his return the guns at Fort Sumpter announced to the world that the Titanic contest had opened. H. R. Putnam, a prominent citizen of the town of Minneapolis, at once began to recruit a company, and young Heffelfinger was one among the first to volun¬ teer with him. The company was called the " Lincoln Guards," and was accepted under the three months' call. On the 29th day of April the organization was mustered into the service of the United States at old Fort Snelling, Captain Putnam's company ranking as Comj)any "D" First Regiment Minnesota Volun¬ teer Infantr}'.

Early in May, Hon. Alexander Ram¬ sey, then Governor of the State, was in Washington City in considtation with President Lincoln. He was privately in¬ formed by the President that it was the intention of the government to enlist 300,000 men ''for three years, or during the war." Gov. Ramsey at once ten¬ dered the services of the First Minnesota for that term, and the3" were accepted, thus making the First the senior volunteer regiment for The three years' service.

News was forwarded immediatel3' to Alinnesota, and the regiment was re-organized for the war without dela3\ In the re-organization, C. B. Hefielfinger was made a Sergeant in Compan3' ''D." Minnesota was at that time a frontier sta te, and along all the border were scat¬ tered detached companies of regulars. At first it was determined to place the First at these exposed points and relieve the regulars for duty at the national capitol. Several companies wei'e started for the frontier posts; but on the 15th of June orders came for a final rendez¬ vous of the regiment at Fort Snelling preparatoiy to departure for the South.

On the 20th da3' of June, 18 61, the organization left Fort Snelling for Wash¬ ington Cit3', arriving and going into camp on Capital Hill four da3s later. From that time the history of this mili¬ tary organization becomes, until the surrender at Appomattox, a part of the history of the nation.

Sergeant Hefielfinger soon became known to the ofiicers and men of the entire regiment as one of the most effi¬ cient non-commissioned officers in the orgarrization. Military service in time of waris the most perTect test of thejrlu'sical, rrrental and moral qualities of men. The writer persorralh- knew the subject of this sketch during the entir-e tei'rri of his soldier life, and therefore speaks 1)3' the car'd. In all soldierh' (jualitics he was sans peuev et sans reprochc. In both the contending arnrics of that great struggle physical courage and jjersonal her'oism were the ver3' commonest of virtues; and to say that Sergeant Heffelfinger was brave in action and steadfast in every duty were only to give him the praise due to an uncounted majority of his comrades. But there were other elements of character possessed by him that were not so common. To splendid j)hysical and moral courage were united great bodil3' strength, perfect health, a never failing fund of bonhommie, kindness of heart, and readiness for self sacrifice that made him a universal favorite with all his associates. Let whoso would shii'k hard or dangerous duty, he was never found unready at the supreme moment when duty called. Whether on the picket line, in camp, in the rough duty of road or bridge building, or in the front of the battle, he was alwaj^s there - his cheery, kindly voice and helpfulness mak¬ ing danger only a play spell and hard work the happiest of recreations.

Before the celebrated Seven Days' battles in front of Richmond he had won his commission and took rank as Second Lieutenant of Company "D." At the battle of Fredericksburg he was slightly wounded, but continued in command of his company, and at the battle of Antietam received his promotion to First Lieutenant. In the famous charge at Gett^^sburg, he achieved the rank of Captain. The duties of this position did not have to be learned, for Lieuten¬ ant Heffelfinger had for many months been almost constantly in command of his company. During the entire siege of Yorktown, althovigh onl3^a second Lieu¬ tenant in rank, he commanded Company "D" continuously, and performed his arduous duties in so distinguished a manner as to win the commendation of his superior officers. He was a strict disciplinarian, and a great stickler for following the tactics as laid down in the books. With his intimates among the officers he was known by the sobriquet

The likes and dislikes among soldiers are strong. The close and intimate asso¬ ciation of large bodies of men give uni¬ versal knowledge to each one of the virtues and failings of each of his com¬ rades. Militar3^ service is the most real ot democracies ; and men are here gauged at their actual worth. A t3'rant will be hated, a coward despised, a quarrelsome fellow avoided ; but ignoi'ant and edu¬ cated, homely and handsome, weak and strong, are all alike in camp, in bivouac, or on the field of battle. There are to¬ day (in 1892) not far from two hundred of the original members of the First Minnesota still living. There is not one who is not now, or who has ever failed to be the close personal friend of Major C. B. Heffelfinger.

At the expiration of the term of ser¬ vice of the oiiginal First Regiment, the organization as a bod3^ refused to veter¬ anize. A battalion did return to the front, under command of Captain Farwell, however, and thus perpetuated the name of the original organization. Cap¬ tain Heffelfinger did not veteranize. In the fall of 1864 the First Minnesota Heavy Artillery was organized, and Col. Wm. Colville, who had led the famous Gettysburg charge, was commissioned Colonel thereof. The war was abotit to close, and all signs pointed to an imme¬ diate peace. Capt. Heffelfinger was offered a Majority in the Heavy Artillery, and at first determined to refuse the honor and return to the walks of peace. But his old comi'ades would not listen to it, and finally, under protest, he accepted the commission and proceeded in the spring of 1865 to Chattanooga, Tenn., and entered upon the discharge of his new duties. Here he served faithfully, as of old, discharging all duties assigned to him, until September 27th, 1865, when he was finally mustered out with his reginunt, and resumed life as a citizen of thecountrv hedonehis share to preserve.

Major Heffelfinger had been slightly wounded in the Gett3^sburg charge, and after that great battle, which had driven the rebels from the commonwealth of his birth, had been granted a furlough and returned for a visit to the home of his boyhood. Here he met, loved and married at Shippensburg, Miss Mary Ellen, daughter of John Totton, of Dillsburg, York county, Penns\'lvania. From this most happy marriage a large famih^ has sprung, the second generation, now rapidH growing to maturitj", all being residents of Minneapolis and vicinity.

At the close of the war. Major Hef¬ felfinger entered into a partnershij) with John S. Walker and established a retail boot and shoe store in Alinneapolis under the firm name of Walker & Heflfelfinger. In this business he remained until 1873, when, in connection with Hon. A. M. Reid, he organized the North Star Boot & Shoe Compainy a corjjoration which has grown to be one of the most wideh' known and thoroughly sub¬ stantial maniifacturing and jobbing in¬ stitutions in the Northwest. From the beginning, Maj. Heffelfinger has had full control and direction of the business, and through his enei'gy it has developed into the largest concern of the character Northwest of Chicago.

Maj. Heffelfinger carried into his busi¬ ness life the same characteristics that distinguished him as a soldier. He has been faithful, honest, energetic, truthful and trustwortln'. As a citizen, alwa3's quiet, modest and unassuming, he re¬ ceives the respect and possesses the con¬ fidence and esteem of all who know him. He is a republican in polities, and strongl3' attached to the doctrines and tenets of that great political organiza¬ tion, although he has never been an extreme partisan or an active politician. From 1867 to 1870 he served in the cit3' council as alderman from his ward. Although often importuned to be a can¬ didate for official position he has resolutel3' refused, preferring to give all his time and energies to the responsibilities of his large business. He, with his wife and famihq have alwa3'S jn'ofessed the Presb3'terian faith and have for 3'ears been regular attendants at Westminster Presb3'terian church.

The effort of the writer has been to clearU', but briefl3', chronicle the leading incidents of one of the most modesth', beneficent lives that has graced the annals of Minneapolis - continuing from the territorial days of the common¬ wealth down to the present time. The writer was his comrade in the war and has been his friend for more than thirt3" 3'ears. Personal esteem and an intimate knowledge of his virtues and foibles were a strong incentive to praise that might too closel3' verge upon flatter3' - for good taste and custom suggest that all the virtues of a well spent life should not be elaborated until the object of them sleeps with his fathers - an event that all of Major Heffelfinger's friends ho])e nia3' be postponed for man3" 3'ears.

()kIv.\ni)0 Crosby Merriman was born JuK' 27th, 1827, at Somerville, St. Lawrence count3'. New York, and there passed his boyhood in farm work, and attendance upon the public schools. At the age of eighteen 3'ears he went to the Gouverneur Wesle3'an Seminaiw, then regarded as the best school of its class in northern New York, and attended the spring and fall terms of that institution for four years; teaching pid)lic schools in in the winters, and working at farm labor during the haying and harvesting seasons. In this wav he obtained a fairly liberal education, and at the age of twenty-three began the study of law in the office of Charles Anthony Esq., at Gouverneur; varying the routine of study and office work with considerable prac¬ tice in the Justice's courts.

Having been admitted to the bar; on April 3d, 1854, he married Miss Rosannah Herring. Their children have been: Frank, born Nov. 10, 1855, died July 8, 1860; Fred, born Nov. 2,1857, died Jan. 14,1859; Orlando Crosby, Jr., born Sep. 8, 1860; Arthur, born July 13, 1864, married Miss Heck McClaray; John Her¬ ring, born Oct. 29, 1866; Frances Frederika, born Feb. 8, 1869, now the wife of Fred G. James ; and Harry, born Aug. 3, 1872. With his young wife Mr. Merriman came to Janesville, Wis., where he met friendly reception and assistance from the hrm of Noggle, Pritchard & Berry, the leading attorneys in that sec¬ tion of the state. Through the recom¬ mendations and kind offices of Judge Noggle, Mr. Merriman was enabled to form a law partnership with ex- Fieut. Gov. John E. Holmes, of Jeffer¬ son, Wis., and Mr. Berry made him a small loan which the state of his finances, and change of location rendered very ac¬ ceptable. This was John M. Berry, afterwards for twenty-three years asso¬ ciate justice of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, and for several years the neighbor of Captain Merriman in our city. It is needless to add that the warmest personal friendship always existed between them. Mr. Merriman resided at Jefferson, engaged in the prac¬ tice of his profession, varied by also dis¬ charging the duties ofpostmaster, super¬ intendent of schools, and clerk of the board of supervisors until the spring of 1859 when he removed to St. Anthony, and commenced here the practice of law.

country was excited over the prospect of impending rebellion, he was elected mayor of St. Anthony; and with his characteristic earnestness, aided and promoted the enlistment of volunteers to sustain and preserve the union. Re¬ elected mayor in the spring of 1862, and with the needs of his family to detain him, he could not long withold his per¬ sonal service in his country's struggle, and in August 1862, enlisted as a private in a company then being enrolled at St. Anthony; and upon its organization was elected and commissioned its captain. The company became Company B. Sixth Regiment Minnesota Volunteers. But the expectation of the men that they would join their comrades in the south, was not for a time realized.

Just as the company was organized the Sioux outbreak in this state occurred, marked with indiscriminate massacre of settlers along and near the frontier. The sixth regiment, with such equipment as could be procured, and without wait¬ ing for muster into the service of the United States, was hurried to Fort Ridgley , then beleaguered by the savages, and into the midst of the conflict; taking part in several battles before being form¬ ally mustered, in the following Oct¬ ober.

Captain Merriman with his company was engaged in the battles of Birch Coolie and Wood Lake, atthecommencement of the Indian war; and in the other battles, skirmishes and marches in the Indian campaign of 1862, 1863 and early part of 1864, and in the service re¬ quired to guard against this insidious foe, during the intervening rigorous winters, and was recognized as a gallant soldier and efficient officer. In June 1864, from failure of health, and complications in matters of trust in his charge, he felt compelled to resign his commission, and leave the service.

He again entered upon the praetice of law with William Lochren as his law partner, and continued in practice, be¬ ing also part of the time ma3"or of St. Anthon3', until 1867, when he accepted the appointment of treasurer and gen¬ eral manager of the Mississippi and Rum River Boom Company. In 1870 he re¬ signed this appointment and entered in¬ to the general lumherbusiness, becoming a member of the firm of L. Butter & Co., composed of himself, Dr. Levi Butter, James S. Lane and Leonidas M. Lane. This firm erected at the easterlv end of the dam of the St. Anthon3" Falls Water Power Compan3', a veiw large and well equipped mill for the manufacture of all kinds of lumber, in which the3'' were wholesale dealers; and Capt. Merriman continued in the business in the subse¬ quent firms of O. C. Merriman & Co., Merriman, Barrows & Co., and Merri¬ man & Bari'ows Brothers, until nearthe close of the 3"ear 1891, when he withdrew from the lumber business. For a dozen or more 3'ears he has been a director of the Northwestern National Bank of Min¬ neapolis; and has also been a director of the Commercial Bank of Minneapolis, since its organization, and its cashier since his withdrawal from the lumber business.

Captain Merriman has always taken an active interest and influential part in all enterprises tending to promote the material, educational, social or moral advancement of the communitv, and de¬ voted his time and energv, and when needful his monev, frecl3',to such objects. A single instance only will be referred to. In 1874 the State Universit3', located in our cit3q was in a condition of appar¬ ently hopeless insolvenc3'. A large wing of a stone building had Ijeen erected as earh' as 1856 or 1857, but no school had ever been started in it; and the bonds issued Iw the Board of Regents for mone3' with which to build, bearing twelve percent interest, nopart of which had ever been paid, had grown to an in¬ debtedness that seemed enormous for such an institution ; and to which the governor called the attention of the leg¬ islature, expressing the hope that Iw compromise with crediters, and dispos¬ ing of the entire land grant made b3' congress in aid of the universit3q the debt might be satisfied, and the campus and building saved to the people of the state. B3" chapter 18 of the general laws of 1864, the legislature appointed O. C. Merriman, John S. Pillsbuiw and John Nicols sole regents of the universit3' for the term of two 3'ears, with full discretionarv powers to arrange, comprom¬ ise, settle and pa3^ all claims and de¬ mands against the University of Minne¬ sota or its regents ; and to that end to sell, conv'ey and dispose of the lands of the Universit3" to a specified extent. Captain Merriman and his co-regents entered activeh' upon the business of compromising and satisf3'ing this indebt¬ edness, and with such success that the whole was liquidated and wiped out in brief time upon terms which sav^ed to the institution more than three-fourths of its land grant. To this successful work may be ascribed the residt, that the uni¬ versity was at once enabled to begin its work, in which it has grown so rapidU' into rank with the foremost institutions of learning in the countrv.

While none of his acquaintances would ever think of describing Capt. Merriman as a politician, being a man who never engages in political wrangles, and has alwa3's, so far as ]iossible, avoided office and candidac3' for office, 3'et it would be impossible for an3' man of his active temperament, public s])irit and clear and decided views on all sub¬ jects which engage his thought and at¬ tention, to refrain at all times from earn- est participation in political contests. Adhering in his youth to the Democratic teachings of Jefferson, he has always, and from earnest conviction, acted with that party, and his counsel and influence, often sought, have been at its service ; and he has occassionally been prevailed upon to permit his name to be used as his party's candidate for political office - for State Senator and for Congress - though his districts have been so largely Republican that there were no chance for election, even with the great increase above his party vote, which his personal popularity never failed to bring. In 1875 he was elected Ma^^or of Minneapolis by the unanimous vote of all.xDarties.

But though firm and decided in fol¬ lowing his views and convictions he never attempts to foi'ce them offensively upon those who differ from him ; and no difference of opinion interferes with his social relations or personal friendshixDs.

Captain Merriman shows the same generous and earnest spirit in religious matters. His broad thought and humane sjunx^athies have made him liberal in his religious beh'ef, but have not lessened his church activities. Soon after coming to St. Anthon3^ he became a member and trustee of its first Universalist society, then in charge of Rev. Seth Barnes, and he afterward remained a devoted sipDirorter of its esteemed jDastor, Rev. Herman Bisbee. In 1881, Capt- Merriman heljred to found the First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis, and has since remained one of its foremost members - having been a trustee from the beginning, and the x^resident for a considerable x^eriod. He is a constant attendant at its meetings, has been a generous contributor to its edifice and exxrenses, and is warmly esteemed by all its members. He is, however, in no sense a sectarian, but has a broad charity

Scrupulousty honorable in his deal¬ ings, generous and urbane, conferring favors not grudgingly, but as if thankful for the opx3ortunit\', it is not strange that he possesses in much higher degree than most men the confidence, regard and esteem of all classes of our peoxfie. Happy in his domestic relations, with sufficient means as the result of his active business life, his mind and body are as active now, at sixty-five, as in the early prime of life. It is a xfieasure to review, even thus briefly, the career of such a man.

James M. Paine was born at North Anson, Somerset eounty, Maine, in 1834. He was the second born son of Capt. Asa Paine, and grandson of Rev. William Paine, a soldier and chaplain in the Revo¬ lutionary War, and connected with the militarv' staff" of Gen. Washington. His father was a farmer, training his sons to habits of industry, giving them the rudi¬ mentary . education of the common school, and exacting such labor on the farm as was suited to their age and strength.

At about the age of seventeen years, the young man left the home and em¬ ployment of his youth to earn his own living and prepare himself by a business training for whatever career might oxien before him. Going to Boston he obtained emxiloyment in Faneuil Hall market, where he remained for about five years. An uncle, Parker Paine, came to St. Paul, where he established one of the earliest banking houses in 1856. Young James accomxDanied him and found enixfiojunent for two \-ears in a wholesale grocery" store. In 1858 he engaged in the lumber business on the ux^per Mississipxfi, in

At the breaking out of the Rebellion he made preparations for joining the First Regiment of Minnesota Infantiy, but was prevented from joining the regi¬ ment in its campaign in the South by business complications. When the Jndian massacre occurred in 1862, he took an aetive part in i*aising and organizing troops for the proteetion of the frontier, and wascommissioned Lieutenant in the company of Minnesota Mounted Rang¬ ers, commanded by the late Capt. E. M. Wilson, with whom, under the command of the late Gen. Henry H. Sibley, he par¬ ticipated in the campaign of 1863, which resulted so happily in the deliverance of the white captives and the surrender of the hostile warriors. Lieut. Paine then interested himself in raising and drilling the Second Regiment of Minnesota Cav¬ alry, of which he was commissioned as Captain of Company D. Hewasengaged in the memorable campaign of 1864 under Gen. Sully, against the famous chief. Sitting Bull, and other hostile In¬ dians west of the Missouri river. He commanded muehof the time a battalion of eavahw, and personally engaged in every engagement with the hostiles in the campaigns of 1863 and 1864. The service of a trooper on the plains and through the mountains, at that period, was quite different from that of the cavah'y that engaged in regular warfare against the troops of the confederacy, though not less marked with stirring incidents, and filled with danger and strange adventure. They' followed a wily and elusive foe, and were never safe from surprise and ambush. Their cam¬ paign was in the v.dlderness, far from succor and support, and was never ex¬ empt from toilsome marches and sleep¬ less vigilance. While the I'egular cavahw performed their evolutions in the con¬ stant observation of the conn try', the ran¬ gers of the plains marched and camped, fought and famished in isolation, and the residt of their campaign was only' known when at itsclose they returned to the lines of the frontier. The populous towns and productive farms of Western Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming have sprang into marvelous proportions along the trails where the Mounted Rangers of 1862 to 1864 con¬ ducted their scouts, and from which they" drove the obstinate savages who barred the onward march of civilization.

When peace had been secured, and the troops disbanded, the experience which Captain Paine had gained caused him to beemploy'ed by the Northwestern Transportation Company' in opening up the freighting rotates between Forts Stephenson, Buford and other remote posts, and in charge of their trains and the execution of their eontracts with the government. This service was not with¬ out its military' aspect, for Capt. Paine had many' successful skirmishes with the savages, who still hung in scattered bands along the opening routes of travel.

In the fall of the year 1869, Captain Paine was employ'ed by' the Lake Super¬ ior & Mississippi Railroad Company', now known as the St. Paid & Duluth Railway", to ereet a saw mill near Duluth to furnisli timber for that part of the road then under construction, and to superintend the transportation of sup¬ plies.

Upon the completion of the railroad. Captain Paine, in connection with his uncle, I'arker Paine, purchased the null and moved it toapointnearthe junction of the Northern Pacific and St. Paul & Duluth railroads, where the village of Carlton has grown up.

and Vv . W. McNair, and later by Mr. McNair alone, the business has been condueted to the present time bj" Captaiii Paine. For a period of twenty -three 3'ears he has operated the lumber busi¬ ness, supplying timber, railroad ties and all products of the forest, along a wide stretch of country in Northern Minne¬ sota and the Dakotas. The average cpantityof logs manufactured into lum¬ ber has been some sixteen or seventeen million feet annualh^ Such an immense manufaeture, if not done at a profit, brings speedy ruin upon its owners. But the good judgment, wide experience and wise management whieh the managing proprietor had applied to the business, have brought their usual result of pecu¬ niary success. No more profitable lum¬ ber business has been conducted through so long a period as that of Paine & Co.

Many years ago Capt. Paine removed his residence from Northeastern Minne¬ sota to Minneapolis. His fine residence is at the corner of Nicollet and Twentysecond street. He has also a lake side home at West Superior, and a winter residence on the Indian river in Florida, where amid the bloom of the orange and under the shade of the pines he takes his familj' during the rigors of the northern winters.

Since December, 1863, Capt. Paine has been the head of a family. His wife is Ellen Adele Elkins, second daughter of Joseph Elkins, of Orono, Me. They have a son, Asa, and four daughters, Eliza¬ beth, Avis, Cordelia and Ellen, and have lost a son, James Paine, Jr.

Captain Paine is a member of the Loyal Legion of Minnesota and also of the Masonic fraternity, of which he has shown his appreciation and devotion by becoming a stock-holder and director in the Masonic Temple Association of Min¬ neapolis.

Captain Paine is a pleasant man to meet in social relations. His experience both as a daring scout be^'ond the fron¬ tier and as a path finder of the commerce of the wilderness, has furnished him with thrilling incidents which he communieates in a quaint and pointed style, while his manners are frank and his temper kindly and genial. He is tall in stature, spare in build, and active in his movements. His life illustrates the vir¬ tues of enterpi'ise, patriotism and worthy citizenship.

John Vander Horck. Captain Vander Horck is a native of the city of Eitorf, near Cologne in Rhenish, Prussia, where he was born on the fifth of May, 1830. He was the seventh of a family of nine children born to Henry and Maria Anna (Katterbach) Vander Horek. His father was an officer in the revenue service of the government, a gen¬ tlemen in position and living in easy, if not affluent tircumstances. Until four¬ teen years of age the son remained an in¬ mate of his father's family, attending the public schools of Eitorf. He then entered a hardware store at Elberfeld as a clerk and continued at that employment there and at other places until he reaehed his majority. He was of an enthusiastic nature and ardent temper, well informed upon current political topics, and sym¬ pathized with those patriotic Republi¬ cans, who, about the j^ear 1848, by their activity raised a revolutionary sj^irit throughout Central Europe, which threatened the stability of thrones and gave hope to the friends of the Demo¬ cratic institutions. The repressive meas¬ ures of the government sent manj^ rioting Republicans into exile, some of whom sought homes in Ameriea and have be¬ come among the firmest and most loyal supporters of our free institutions.