Minneapolis City (part 23 of 80)

No. 1. William Lithgow, of Boston, Massachusetts, pioneer of 1852 or '53. His claim and cabin was located on Lithgow Point, now called the State fruit farm. He was an educated gen¬ tleman, familiar with the customs of city life, and European travel. Once everj^ week, he made a trip to Minne¬ tonka, in a canoe or "dug out," for his mail, possibly for supplies. He was so charmed with his new home that he wrote glowing letters to his mother and other friends, to induce them to visit him and spend a winter. He had built a large double cabin, which, like the lamented Halsted's, was supplied with books and everything necessary for a bachelor's comfort. His mother, fearful he would be drowned in some of his trips to the outlet of the lake, sent him $200 to have the best sail¬ boat constructed for his use, that could be made at St. Anthony Falls. In due time the boat was finished, brought to the lake and launched at the mills, late in the summer of 1854. The boat was not long enough for the immense sail she carried - possibly too wide, and Lithgow had it ballas¬ ted with rock. One day in the fall, the south wind rising to a gale, Lith¬ gow set sail from his point, reached Hull's Narrows safelj^, and was warned by Miss Johnson that he had better reef his sail. He did not heed her advice. They watched him get through the Narrows safely. Some¬ where between the North Arm and the east point of Morse Island, the boat, with sail set, ran under, and, a few daj-s after, was discovered from the mast standing out of the water. A search was commenced for Lithgow, in which all the men of Minnetonka Mill and Wayzata joined. The body was finally found, washed ashore, on the beach of what is now known as Northome. The same da}^ his mother and aunt arrived in St. Paul, from Boston, to spend the winter with hitu in his comfortable and pleasant cabin. The weather, for days, while they remained, was unusuall}' cold, wet and gloomy. They, broken heart- ed from the loss of their son and nephew, could see no charm in the free life which he so heartily enjoyed. They returned to the falls, and their Eastern home, as soon as possible. Lithgow was much esteemed by those who had the pleasure of his acquaint¬ ance, and his early death was regret¬ ted. A young man named Oliver Locke and a Mr. McLeod, from Phila¬ delphia, bought his claim and im¬ provements. Settlers gave the name of Locke's Point to what should be called Lithgow.

No. 2. William H. Ferguson, Senior, November 22d, 1857, crossing from Ex¬ celsior on the ice, near the opposite shore, since knowyi as Bickford Point.

No. 3. Mr. Butterfield, Mr. Love¬ land, Mr. Stone, wife and two chil¬ dren, from a sailboat, overloaded, and moving the Stone family from the North Arm to Minnetonka Mill, in the fall of 1858 or '59. None of the drowned were ever recovered, only the body of Mr. Butterfield washed ashore in Brown's Bay. Robert McKensie floated, on the overturned boat, to the North Home beach, and barely es¬ caped with his life, by wading through the water, running to Mr. Bartow's house with the news of the disaster.

No. 4. In Stubb's Bay, North Arm, 1868, from a rowboat, George Haven and Lydia Stubbs. The third person was with them, a lady, who was rescued. Report said the drowned were on their way to Excelsior, to be married. The boat upset from the parties trying to change positions to assist in rowing.

No. 5. Charles Westlake, Junior, eldest son of the late Charles Westlake, an early settler, who first took his claim on an island in the Upper Lake. They came from Ireland. He was an amiable young man, and was returning, with some comrades, from a skating excursion to the Upper Lake, across the newly formed ice, in the fall of 1868. In Gideon's Bay, he skated into an airhole and his body was not recovered until life was ex¬ tinct.

No. 6. Mr. Dwyer (?) and Mr. Bond, from a sailboat going from Mound City, Upper Lake, to Excelsior. Resi¬ dence unknown; fall of 1869 or '70.

No. 8. June 23d, 1877, Charles Stod¬ dard, James Mitchell and Albert Sea¬ mans, from the explosion of the boiler of the steamboat Katie May. This occurred near Sunset Point, North Home beach. None of their bodies were ever recovered. Edgar Seamans and Howard Trumbull were saved.

No. 9. June 28th, 1878, the May Queen exploded, as she was leaving the wharf, at Rockwell's Island, in the Upper Lake. The engineer (name unknown), was killed, and Captain Rockwell dangerously injured.

No. 11. Jul^'- 1st, 1880, the steamer Mary exploded, at the St. Louis Hotel landing, killing three persons, and wounding her pilot fatally, and sev¬ eral others badl}^. The Mary was build by Frank Halsted, and on her trial trip, July, 1876, was supposed by him to be a failure as to speed.

No. 13. Five St. Louis Hotel wait¬ ers, returning from Wayzata, in an overloaded rowboat, at night, summer of 1881, reported to have been drunk.

No. 15. Ella Walker, the ver3^ beau¬ tiful and only daughter of Dr. Walker, of St. Louis; her bod}' recovered from near Shady Isle, where the family were spending the summer of 1882. She could have easily fallen from her empty rowboat among the lily roots, but was reported as a suicide.

No. 18. George Palmer, a carpenter, going from Excelsior to Orono Point, with his chest of tools, drowned, near Morse Island, by mismanagement of his rowboat.

No. 23. June 18th, 1887, C. C. Engelstad's sailboat cai:)sized between Solberg's Point and Gale's Island. Three men were in the boat, when it capsized, and it immediatel}' sank, be¬ ing heavily ballasted. Engelstad was drowned; the other two men were picked up by the steamer Rosiindcr.

No. 31. August 22d, George LTlil, twenty 3'ears of age, son of a resident of Logansport, Indiana, drowned, near Bartlett House, Upper Lake; rowboat capsized in a heavy wind.

No. 32. September 9th, 1894, Charles Whitehead was drowned, b}' the capsizing of a sailboat, in a squall, near the point of Big Island, about half a mile from shore. He attempt¬ ed to swim to the shore, and sank when he had made two-thirds the dis¬ tance. He was temporarily in Min¬ neapolis, in charge of the Montana silver statute, and was a resident of Albany, New York.

Boulevard Lakes. The chain of lakes strung like a necklace of pearls, around the fair city of Minneapolis, forms the outer line of the park system. Lake of the Isles, Cedar, Calhoun, Harriet, and Amelia, have alread}^ been sufficiently noted in the chapter of the History of Minneapolis devoted to parks and boulevards. The}' are supposed to lie in the pre¬ glacial channels of the Mississippi River.

Anderson Lake. Lying across the boundary between the towns of Bloomington and Eden Prairie, and occupying nearly equal area in each, this charming lake is a repetition on a diminutive scale of the form and peculiarities of Minnetonka. Groves cover its shores, which are indented with intruding points, and deeply cut with bays. Fish abound in its waters, and water fowl find it a secluded and safe retreat. It is rather inaccessible, except over blind country roads, but its beauty of form and scenery well repay a visit, and amply reward the sportsman.

Riparian Lakes. Along the valley of the Minnesota River, in the south¬ ern limits of the towns of Eden Prairie, and Bloomington, lie a num¬ ber of lakes, long and narrow, which seem to have been at one time parts of the river system. Their banks are marshy, supporting heavy growths of reeds, and rushes often push up through the water and obstruct the surface. Water lilies float upon the water, and wild birds frequent their flags and grasses. During the seasons of mi¬ gration wild ducks, geese and brant swarm in these lakes, making them a paradise for sportsmen. The principal of these lakes are Rice, Grass and Long Lakes.

Lake Independence is a beautiful sheet of water about two miles in length and one in width, lying partly in the town of the same name, and partly in Medina. The scenery about the lake is very charming. Fish are abundant, and game in earlier years was plentiful. The lake derived its name from a party of excursionists, who celebrated the Fourth of July on its banks. The village of Maple Plain

Katrina and Long Lakes are smaller, but very beautiful bodies of water, the former in the western part, and the latter in the southern of the town of Medina. Long Lake, lying upon the Great Northern line, is the site of a considerable manufacturing industry, having flouring mills, and hardwood manufactories. Its proxim¬ ity to Minnetonka detracts from the tourist patronage, which it otherwise would receive.

Sarah and Rebecca are consider¬ able lakes, lying along the boundary line between the towns of Greenwood and Independence. The former is about three miles long and the latter not far from one. They discharge their waters into Crow River.

Whale Tail and Ox Yoke, are lakes whose form have suggested their names, lying in the western part of the town of Minnetrista. They are less visited than their beauty merits, from the interposition of Min¬ netonka between them and the Mis¬ sissippi River. They are from one to two miles in length, and the former nearly a mile in breadth. They lie in forest depths, and like all their species, are among the most beautiful of sylvan lakes.

Eagle, Fish, Weaver, Rice and Cedar Island are names of several of a chain of lakes lying in the deep forest of the town of Maple Grove. Eagle Lake, lying in the southeast part of the town, is the largest, occupying nearly the entire of section 36. It discharges its waters through Palmer Lake and

Shingle Creek, while the others find their outlet into the Mississippi, through Hayden's Lake, in the town of Daj'ton, and Elm Creek, near the village pf Champlin.

Diamond, French and Hayden's are lakes each of about a mile in diame¬ ter, lying in the town of Dayton and discharging into the Mississippi, at the village of Champlin.

Wood Lake, with its congenor. Grass Lake, form the notable water expanses of the town of Richfield. They are prairie lakes, charming in their quiet beauty, but chiefly notable for the fine farms located upon their banks.

Medicine Lake, Parker's and Bass are principal lakes of the town of Plymouth. The former is a very beautiful and much visited water. It is about two miles in length by threequarters of a mile in width. Its banks are wooded, and from it flows the stream that waters Golden Valley. Being an easy drive from Minneapo¬ lis, many suburban improvements have been made about its shores. It furnishes an unexcelled opportunity for bathing, and is excellent for boat¬ ing and fishing. Its name is derived from some Indian legend.

The foregoing by no means exliaust the named lakes of Hennepin County. Others, like Crystal and Twins, Star¬ ing and Bryant, Sandy and Keegan's,

When it is considered that no drive can be taken over the prairie, or through the timber, in an}' part of the county, without meeting some tran¬ quil pool, lakelet or more pre¬ tentious lake, every few miles, what can be conceived to enhance the charm which these embellishments of nature give to the S3'lvan scene?''

Port Minnetonka and School Dis¬ trict Ninety-Eight. This winter har¬ bor for the lake steamboats obtained its name from John McKensie who built, in 1854, a large hewn log cabin on the shore in the southeast corner of section 26, which, in the spring of 1855, during his temporary absence from the State, was "jumped" by a compan}' of Illinois speculators, and converted into a church, and dedicat¬ ed, with the townsite, as St. Albans. The bay, from that date, retains the name given by the second claimants.

With McKensie, in Maj', 1854, came Nicolaus Cordel (Kordel?) and Bar¬ nard Feltes, in his employ. Later on, came Christian Cordel, Mary, and Regina, also sisters of Nicolaus, who soon obtained the patronym, "Old Nick," to distinguish him from his younger brother, Nicolaus, second, who came with Simon Cordel, and his wife, Katherine Lahnertz, and their three children, Mary, Eva and Regina, arriving at Port Minnetonka, from Michigan, the 14th of Nov'ember, 1854.

About the time of the arrival of the four Cordel brothers, came, from the same province of the Rhine, in Prus¬ sia, others, who settled near together, enough to soon form a large colon}', and obtain the religious services of

Among the first settlers of school district 98, since located on the town¬ ship corners of Excelsior, Minne¬ tonka, Eden Prairie and Chanhassen, in Carver County, were John Weller and his brother, Fritz Selan, Christian Cordel, Thomas Ohms, an English family named Horton, Nicolaus Zim¬ mer, Joseph Melchior, George Seiler, Mr. Maxwell, Mr. Stoddard and others.

Because of the avaricious buying up of all the land near them, and false pre-emptions of more, made at the first land sale, it became impossible for the four Cordel brothers, for want of gold, to each obtain, as they ought to have had, one hundred sixty acres together. "Old Nick" removed to a farm in Dakota County, and married a widow, also a land owner, and died many y^ars ago.

Christian Cordel married, late in life, a widow with two young daugh¬ ters named Susan and Elizabeth, and lived, until the time of his death, on his farm. He left six children of his own, Matthias, Simon, Theresa, Chris¬ tian, Junior, Anna and Katherina. His widow died two years ago.

Nicolaus Cordel, second, the young¬ est brother, married Katherine, eldest daughter of Peter Screeder and his wife, Elizabeth Lahnertz. They re¬ moved to Sedgwick County, Kansas, where they prosper, the parents of a large famil}^ of children, and owners of a comfortable farm.

Simon Cordel and his good wife, Katherina Lahnertz, yet live, beloved and respected, on their homestead farm, in the southeast corner of Ex¬ celsior Township. Of the three chil¬ dren who came with them, in 1854, from Michigan, Mary married John Mergen, a soldier in Company C, First Regiment, Minnesota Volunteers, and live, with their thirteen children, near her father's homej in section 6, Eden Prairie. Eva married Benjamin Neuhouse, and removed, six years ago, to McLeod County. They are the par¬ ents of seven living children. Re¬ gina, a well beloved child, died, March, 1865, aged fourteen 3^ears.

There have been born to Simon Cor¬ del, in Minnesota, the following chil¬ dren: Kate, Gerhart, Christ, Nick, Anna, Margaret and Bernard. Among their children's children are some great grandchildren.

All the families of the first settlers of district 98 have been a blessing to our county. Those who continued on their homesteads have been honest, hard-working, self-supporting people. Could every quarter section between Port Minnetonka and the Purgatory Springs have been cultivated by resi¬ dent homesteaders with similar habits as those from the Rhine, instead of re¬ maining unoccupied forty years, the isolation of pioneering would not have been so severely felt by those who cannot semi-annually migrate south or quit their farms, to live in city flats during cold weather.

The first school in district 98 was kept in a vacant log house, belonging to Nicolaus Zimmer, of Chanhassen, Carver County. The first teacher was Josephine McArty, daughter of Mrs. McArty, a war widow, who removed from their homestead, in Chanhassen, to Excelsior. Her pupils, at first, were Kate, Gerhard and Christ Cor¬ del, Barney Zimmer, George and John Seiler, Charles and Mary Ohm, Mar¬ garet and Peter Mumms, Nick Mel- chior, Dennis and Bartly Peters, and others. Simon Cordel donated a half acre of land, near his brother's house, by the roadside, on the southeast cor¬ ner of section 36, so long as the schoolhouse should stand there, their fam¬ ilies and relatives having at that time the majority of children. It was also understood when there should be enough children in section 23, town¬ ship 118, range 23, to form a new dis¬ trict, it should be then located in the most convenient spot for "the major¬ ity" to attend. The non-resident own¬ ers of thousands of acres in district 98 have not yet produced the required baker's dozen. The majority removed their school into section 31, Minne¬ tonka, upon an acre of ground, donated for school purposes, by Frank Dworak, on similar terms as that first given by Simon Cordel, Senior, where they hav^e built a modern house, without bonding either the district 98, or their respective townships. For reasons too numerous to mention in this sketch, newcomers in section 24, Ex¬ celsior, became a part of Minnetonka. Mr. Burton, of Deep Haven, gave land in section 24, on "the boulevard," which is no\ir being built towards "the four township corners," for school purposes, in 1893. It seems, at the present time, as there is yet a larger and more modern schoolhouse built on the Burton gift, and section 25 cannot yet furnish a "bak¬ er's dozen" of "a poor man's blessing," we, the late residents of Minnetonka Village, are yet the gainers, if we have not bonded our new district for our modern schoolhouse.

These changes in district 98 will now require the boulevard from the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 25, township 117, range 23, to receive its share of public money and attention, now, more than ever needed, to reach the nearest schoolhouse, and post office, in an easterly direction.

By mid-summer, 1856, extensive set¬ tlements were made in that portion of the "Big Woods" lying in the western part of Hennepin County, and on Crow River, and clearings of consid¬ erable size surrounded the dwellings of the settlers, which were set with a healthy growth of various kinds of agricultural products, and each set¬ tler, inspired with the thought that the privations and hard labor borne and performed on the part of himself and household, in chopping down, rolling together and burning heavy timber and making his home at that place had not been fruitless, was look¬ ing forward not only hopefully but with much pleasure, at the idea of having once raised much toward, if not sufficient, from his land, to feed man and beast, living thereon, during the coming winter, accompanied by the encouraging prospect that, in the future, he should have plenty of good vegetables, meat, bread, etc., so that all would not have to be purchased, as heretofore, from means brought with him and from his earnings, and there¬ by saving something to enable him to make further improvements and in¬ crease his live stock and obtain many conveniences of life.

Those prospects were not to be re¬ alized, just yet, however. The settlers had not then learned much of the ad¬ verse conditions to which the country was subject. The unusual calamities and untoward circumstances which seem to attend the first settlement of all new countries, had not yet inter¬ vened. All that seemed to be in any degree discouraging to them were the myriads of mosquitoes and cold win¬ ters.

From this happy dream of prosper¬ ity they were suddenly awakened, by the grasshopper raid of August 19th, 1856. During the eve following that smiling Minnesota morn, myriads of those insects passed over the country, in clouds, from the northwest, obscur¬ ing the light of the sun, and swooped down in great masses upon the grow¬ ing crops, in the small openings of the great forest, and commenced de¬ vouring corn, potato stalks, garden vegetation and trimming the green leaves of small grains and trees, so that by the setting of the sun, many of those luxuriant spots had become barren wastes, on which nothing more was to be seen except masses of the destroyers, several inches deep, on the ground and about stumps, at¬ tempting, it seemed, to devour the lat¬ ter in their madness. Vegetation that escaped the first day's devastation was destroyed in the few days follow¬ ing. Some small grain that was too ripe, as rye, and Rio Grande wheat, on account of its beards, escaped. Of small grain, however, very little was sown up to that time, in the region lying immediately north of Lake Min¬ netonka. The tobacco crop of the German settlers did not even escape destruction, which, in some instances, at least, proved to be too much for the constitution of the grasshopper. Many of the insects were found dead about tobacco patches. During the few days following, it was discovered that the grasshoppers were laying eggs and the prospect of having another plague, during the next spring, at the plant¬ ing time, was a matter of much dire apprehension, so, with what had just taken place, the immediate future was not very bright for the settler.

Although the crops were destro3"ed, the settlers were not left without re¬ sources. The grasshopper raid did not affect financial matters in Minnesota. Immigration and money still con¬ tinued to flow in, so that the oppor¬ tunities for employment, at ample compensation, continued, and the^settler, during the winter of 1856-7, man¬ aged to maintain himself by the methods pursued the previous win¬ ters, namely", by his labor and from other resources under his control, so that the winter was passed, suffering more from apprehension of future in¬ jury from the grasshoppers than from actual want, for the latter was not, perhaps, much different from what it had been previous winters.

In the locust, or grasshopper raid, of 1856, the insects, after depositing their eggs, remained in some localities until killed by cold weather and snows of the succeeding fall and winter, while in others they disappeared in a manner about as mysterious, to the observation of the settlers, as was their appearance in the previous August. From whence they came or whither they went no one knew.

In the spring of 1857, with the shoot¬ ing growth of both the spontaneous and cultivated vegetation, came the numberless brood of 3'oung grasshop¬ pers, hatched from the eggs deposited in the earth, the previous fall, and proceeded to devour the vegetation that emerged from the earth with them; the blade of hardy grass of the native meadows suffering the same fate as the most tender garden plant, brought in b3" the. settler, so that the prospect of raising a crop during the season of 1857 was truly discouraging. Toward the latter part of June and after the young grasshoppers had de¬ veloped from small but destructive insects, scarcely visible to the e3"e, restlessly hopping and migrating over the cultivated spots, to well matured grasshoppers, provided with perfect wings, the3' began to take flight, in a southerly direction, and, about July 1st, they had totally disappeared from the country.

Following this, from some vegeta¬ tion, planted and replanted, during the operations of the grasshoppers, and other vegetation, of later varie¬ ties, planted after the pests had left, a partial crop was raised, that season, 3^et not sufficient to make the little forest communities self-sustaining, in a general sense. It was, however, a case where the discouragingl3^ late springs of Minnesota, as the3^ were re¬ garded by the early settlers, as com¬ pared with those of the more souther- 13' climes, proved to be a benefit. The late planted vegetables rallied from the effects of the insects, while the earlier perished.

After the grasshoppers left, pros¬ pects brightened. Settlers readily found emplo3'ment, at the newl3' laid out townsites, whose growth did not seem to be affected b3' the grasshop¬ per raid, and ever3'thing went on fiourishingl3'^ in the "Big Woods," till the financial panic of 1857 set in, after which money vanished, distress fol- lowed, and the prospect for the com¬ ing winter to the average Minnesotian was indeed gloomy, having lost two crops, by grasshoppers, and no money to be earned. Those parties who were conducting townsites and steam saw¬ mill enterprises had also suffered by the great financial revulsion and were, too, in the throes of bankruptcy, from having purchased merchandise or machinery on credit, and being re¬ fused further credit, were about as destitute as the average settler, so. that further employment with them was out of the question. Many aban¬ doned the country, being aided by friends in the East, and making haste to take steamers at St. Paul, before the closing of navigation of the fall of 1857, the latter being the only means of general travel to and from the coun¬ try, then. Clearings were left to re¬ sume their native wildness. Others, of previous experience in pioneering, consequently better fortified for the emergency, both in finances and cour¬ age, remained; while others, finan¬ cially unable to leave, were obliged to remain and make the best of it.

Many of the settlers did not have much else than Indian corn, potatoes, and other vegetables for subsistence, they being of the short crops which they succeeded in rescuing from grasshoppers of the previous season, which was accompanied by an occa¬ sional piece of venison, captured through the sporting skill of the pio¬ neer. The abundance of game was a God-send to the pioneer, then. While many, of limited circumstances, suc¬ ceeded in sustaining themselves through the winter by their own means and efforts, accompanied, in many cases, by means raised from mortgaging their lands, some having . pre-empted soon after settling in the country, while others pre-empted, on the pressure of this occasion, to en¬ able them to raise means. These loans were made from bankers and parties at Minneapolis, who possessed and controlled means, and who fore¬ saw a prosperous future to the coun¬ try and had no hesitancy in taking the fertile acres of the "Big Woods" as security, at a rate of a few dollars per acre, to secure loans bearing three and four per cent per month interest. Other parties were aided by means sent to them by relatives and friends in the East.

The "Big Woods" settler, then, was glad to accept the Gosport and Tekama money in exchange for what few products, in the way of vegetables, game or fur that he had to offer on the Minneapolis market, without asking questions as to its stability at home, as long as it was acceptable to the merchants in exchange for things needed by the settler, it being about the onl3^ circulating medium to be seen, at that time, and was supposed to have performed a good service.

Grasshoppers and financial crashes could not deprive Minnesota of its healthy climate. The settler was blessed with health and strength, which was a great aid to him, in com¬ batting the conditions following those calamities.

B3- the United States census, the several municipalities composing Hennepin Count}^ are shown to have had a population, in June, 1890, as shown in the following table:

Source changes here: from Vol. 1: History of Minneapolis and Hennepin County, Minnesota / Edited by Judge Isaac Atwater, Col. John H. Stevens, published 1895; 449,036 words in this source stream.

Preface

The early histor5' of everj' citj^ has a peculiar interest, not only to its founders, but hardly less to those who come later. Even incidents, considered at the time of their occurence unimportant, later assume a value unsuspected to those connected with them. This fact is true in the life of individuals, and it is more emphasized in the life of a city. Cities which have failed to preserve authentic records of their early beginning's, have never ceased to regret it, and this feeling becomes intensified with each passing j^ear.

The aim of this history is to embody in a permanent form, the leading incidents in the historj- of Minneapolis from its earliest settlement to the present. Partial and detatched sketches of this histor}^ have at various times been published, but no work of the magnitude and scope of this, has heretofore been issued. It is hoped that it niaj^ be found so complete, as to satisfy all the reasonable reqiremets of a history of the city to the date of its issue.

The main facts and incidents narrated herein, have been mostly obtained from liv¬ ing witnesses of and participants in the same. It is rarely that this can be said of a city containing more than two hundred thousand inhabitants. The growth of the city has been so abnormal, and unprecedented, that a considerable number of its first settlers are still living. Some part has been gleaned from memoranda left by writers not now living, but who were witnesses of the events narrated. Great pains have been taken to verify the accuracy of all facts and incidents herein mentioned. It would be perhaps too much to hope that the work will be found to be entirely free from any errors, but it is most confidentE'^ believed, that if any such there are, they will be found few and unimportant.

The early histor5^ of the country before Minneapolis had a beginning, and while it was inhabited by the Indians, has not been dwelt upon at length, because the same has been treated of quite fully in works devoted to that subject, and especially because the aim and limits of this history preclude the introduction of such matter, however important in itself. An interesting article however, will be found on the geology of the country surrounding the falls, contributed by Prof. Winchell, (now State Geologist), which has not 3^et appeared in print, and will well repaj^ perusal. Hence this volume will not include much material usuallj' inserted in Histories of this kind, as the record of matters pertaining stricter to the growth and development of the citj', will give a size larger than convenient, and than was originallj'' contemplated.

The work was first undertaken nearly four j^ears since, and manj^ of the articles were prepared some two j'ears since. Owing to unforeseen and perhaps unavoidable dela5^s in the publication, some of the statistics may not correspond with the facts at the date of the publication of this volume. Candid readers will make due allowance for any discrepancies which may occur in this regard. So rapid has been the growth of the cit}' in maii}^ directions and lines of busines, that were all the material for tlie history prepared six months onlj', previous to publication, some chapters might require to be almost entirelj' rewritten, to give a complete statement of matters treated of to the latest date. Defects of this kind should rather be charged to the abnormal growth of the city, thati the fault of the historian.

The writer desires to state that he accepted the responsibilitj' of editor of this work with great reluctance, on account of the absorbing nature of his duties and labors in connection with his priv'ate business. The over persuasion of too partial friends, and maiul}^ that he might be of some service in so important a work as preparing the Hisiii tory of Minneapolis, finally overcame his objections to taking charge of the work. To what extent his hopes may be realized, must be left to the decision of the indulgent public. It is confidently believed that at least a large amount of material contained in this volume will be found of permanent value - a value constantly increasing with the lapse of years.

The Editor is under great obligation to several gentlemen who have assisted in the preparation of this volume and have allowed their names to be used in connection with the articles furnished by them. Those names will be a sufficient guarantee of the correctness and importance of the material written by them. It may seem invidious to mention individual names, but it is only simple justice to James T. Wyman to call attention to the exhaustive article on manufactories furnished by him, and involving a large amount of research and labor. To R. J. Baldwin is also due a large amount of credit, not only for a number of articles appearing under his own name, but also manjinteresting biographical sketches which add much value to the work. And in this connection it may be stated, that the editor can only claim credit (if an3^ such is due) for those biographical sketches appearing under the head of Bench and Bar, and some four or five others, written by special request of personal friends.

T. B. Walker, Herbert Putnam, S. C. Gale, Geo. M. Bleecker, H. J. Altnow, Chas. F. Hanej^, John H. Stevens, Chas. W. Johnson, Gen. A. B. Nettleton, E. S. Corser, Prof. S. Oftedal, Prof. W. W. Folwell, Mrs. I. Atwater and several others whose names the writer regrets that he cannot now recall, have freely and generously rendered valuable assistance in the preparation of this volume, and to whom the editor desires to express his most sincere thanks.

While the writer hereof is in no manner interested in the success of this historj^ pecuniarl}^, j'-et having spent much time and labor on its preparation, he naturallj^ feels a deep interest that it should be made as acceptable as possible to the citizens of Minneapolis. He therefore desires to express, both on his own account and in behalf of the publishers, their obligation to the ladies and gentlemen who have aided this enterprise by allowing their portraits to appear in this work. It is unnecessary to state how largely these portraits add to the interest of this volume. Indeed, it is manifest that considering the large expense involved in the publication of such a his¬ tory, it would be impossible to undertake it without such aid.

The editor also takes occasion on behalf of himself and the patrons of this his¬ tory, to express their acknowledgment to the enterprising firm of Messrs. Munsell & Co. for the public spirit and energy they have shown in pushing to completion a work of so much importance and interest to the citizens of Minneapolis. The publication of such a work requires a large outlay of capital, the returns for which must be to some extent problematical, and in any event delayed longer than in ordinary business enter¬ prises, About the time, or soon after this work was undertaken, an unusual business depression was experienced throughout the country, in which of course, to some ex¬ tent, Minneapolis shared. Desirable as such a history might be for the city, yet this caused the possession of the work to be regarded by many rather as a luxury than a necessity. Consequently, the list of subscribers was not as large as the publishers had reason to expect considering the large cost of issuing a work of this kind.

Nevertheless, the Messrs. Munsell & Co. entered upon the prosecution of the enter¬ prise and have notwithstanding all obstacles, carried it through to a successful com¬ pletion. They have spared no pains and expense to make the work fully equal to their pledges, and satisfactory to their patrons in all respects - engravings, paper, type and binding - irrespective of pecuniary profit to themselves. Indeed, the firm is so widelj" and favorably known in the publication of this class of histories that it could not afford at whatever loss to fall short of their engagement in this undertaking. What¬ ever may be the result in a financial aspect, they desire to express their acknowledg¬ ments to the many public spirited citizens who have taken an interest in promoting the success of the enterprise, and sincerely hope the result may meet the public approval

Chapter

Arms of France at Falls of St. AnthonJ^ - Louis Hennepin, discoverer. - Route hither, - Description bj' Hennepin and La Salle. - Pristine view of the falls. - Duluth in Minnesota. - Grosellier and Radisson. - Memorials of early occupation found by Martin McLeod. - Jonathon Carver at the falls, - His description. - First engraved sketch of falls. - Carver's grant from the Indians. - Visit of Capt. Zebulon Pike, - His notes. - Visit of Maj. Long. - His description. - A legend of the falls. - Recession of falls. - Ancient Channel of the Mississippi river. -

Chapter Ii

Moundbuilders. - Dahkotah Nation. ^ - Ojibwa3'S. - Origin of the name Sioux. - Traditional enmities. - Indian battles on the site of Minneapolis. - Continual war¬ fare between Ojibway and Sioux nations. - Conducted by foraj's. - Sioux graduallj' yielded the territory' East of the Mississippi river. - Sioux prisoners run¬ ning the gauntlet. - Sioux massacre of 1862. - Execution of leaders. - Transporta¬ tion of tribes. - Reservations established- for the Chippewas of Minnesota. -

Carter Iii

Fur Traders, - Col. Snelling's description. - Arrival of Col. Leav^enworth with two Companies of the Fifth U. S. Infantr3^ - Visit to the Falls of St. Anthonj-. - Arrival of Col. Snelling. - Building and occupation of fort, called Fort St. AnthonJ^ - Name changed to Fort Snelling. - Military Reservation. - Saw Mill at the Falls. - Farming in the vicinitj-. - Swiss farmers. - Visit of Rev. T. Boutwell and description of falls. - Col. Snelling's description of falls. - Arrival of Revds. S. W. and G. H. Pond. - Building First house, - Rev. J. D. Stevens opens a school for half-breed girls. - Birth of first white child. - Arrival of Martin McLeod and Pierre Bottineau. McLeod's narrative of catastrophe on the journey from Selkirk Settlement. - Sketch of McLeod. Sketch of Bottineau.

Chapter Iv

Site of Minneapolis covered by English and Spanish flags. - F)ast Side belonged to Virginia. Included in Northwest Territory organized in 1789, West Side passed to the French, - Included in Louisiana Purchase. - Militarj-^ occu¬ pation by U. S. in 1848 first organized authority. - Territor}" of Minnesota organ¬ ized in 1848. - Population of Territorj^, and of St. Anthony. - Admission of Minne¬ sota to the Union as a State, 1857, - Population in 1860.

No survej's of lands on the East side of the Mississippi until 1848. - Military Reservation on the West side reduced in 1855. - Squatters. - Arrivals in 1847. - Charles Wilson, the first settler. - William A. Cheever. - Other settlers of the year. Wife and daughter of Luther Patch, first resident ladies. - Franklin Steele sells nine-tenths of the water power to Robert Rantoul, Caleb Cushing and their associates, - Erection of Dam and Saw mill. - St. Anthonj^ Cit5^, and Town of St. Anthony surveyed and platted. - First Court held in 1849. Post-office established. - Opening of School. - Preaching by Rev. E. D. Neil. - Librar5r Association incorporated. - Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches organ¬ ized. - Congregational and Episcopal churches. - Steele and Rtxssell's, Marshall's, Orth's and Bottineau's additions. - St. Charles Hotel built. - Arrivals in 1850. - LTniversity located at St. Anthony. - Ford, Ferry and Suspension bridge. - City of St. Anthony incorporated. - Improvements. - Business establishments in 1851, St. Anthony Express established. - Hon. Robert Smith obtains permission to occupy the old mill and to purchase 160 acres of land adjoining the falls. - Arrival of Col. John H. Stevens. - . Takes claim and builds house. - Other claim houses.

- Claimants annoyed bj^ Military authorities. - Settlers' Protective Association organized. - Order of location of early claims, Town of Minneapolis surveyed and platted. - Patentees of lands in twelve sections comprising Minneapolis. - Atwater's, Morrison's, Smith and Hancock's and Murphy's Additions platted. - Real estate "boom." - Liberality of Col. Stevens and Franklin Steele in dispo¬ sition of lots. - First buildings on Bridge Street. - Woodman's Hall. - Lt. S. Land office, Postoffice and Court House located in lower town. - Nicollet House built in upper town and Cataract House in lower town. - Minneapolis incorporated in 1856. Adoption of name. - Town government organized in 1858. - And aband¬ oned. - Appearance of the town in 1857. - Population. - Principal Structures. - Minneapolis Mill Company. - Steamboating in 1857. - View of St. Anthony and Minneapolis. - Lower and upper town bridges. - List of Settlers prior to 1860. -

Chapter Vi

Natural attractions of location. Highest development of civilization upon the Azoic and Paleozoic rocks. - Causes. - Special advantages of Hennepin Count}^.

- Drift soil. - Forest and prairie. Latitude, Attitude, Rain fall. - Falls of St. Anthony. - St. Peter Sandstone, Trenton limestone. Geological Section at the Falls of St. Anthon5^ - Underlying stratas. - Recession of the Falls. - Elucidates geologic history. - Mississippi river gorge existed since Taconic age. - Gorge from Fort Snelling to the falls, post glacial. - Calculation of rate of recession. - Pre-glacial gorge from Rice Creek to Da3'ton's Bluff. - Conjecture of most ancient channel of the Mississippi river. - Explanation of plates. - Plates. Fig.

1. Inter glacial channel at Shingle creek. Fig 2. Post glacial channel at Falls of St. AnthonJ^ - Fig. 3. Post glacial channel below falls. - Fig. 4. Post glacial gorge at Fort Snelling. - Fig. 1. Section of Minnesota river above Fort Snelling. - Fig.

Chapter Vii

St. Anthony in 1850 a dull little town. Settlers from different Eastern and Southern States. Winter isolation. Books, newspapers and magazines. David Copperfield,

- L5^ceum. - Lectures. - Ladies' paper. Menu. Purit3'' and beaut3^ of climate. Thirty degrees below Zero. - Frederica Bremer. - Exhilarating winter weather. - Parhelia. - Sunday Service at the little school house. - Varieties of costume, Saturday washing day. - Thanksgiving day, 1850. Housewarming party at St. Charles Hotel. - Indian scare in 1851. - Indian visitors. - Two seasons, "when the river closed," and "when the ice went out." - "When the logs came down." - 'Beauty of the view. - Spirit Island. - The landscape. - Earl3' Spring of 1851. - First boat brought seed potatoes. - Luxuriant crop. - No domestic help. - No nurses. - Hospality. - Improvised meals. - Unexpected guests. - Cranberries and preserves. - Game, Sportsman's paradise. - Deer, wild pigeons, plover.

ducks, j^rouse. - Waters swarm with fish. - Young lady catclies a twenty-four pounder. ~ Wild fruits. - Grapes, plums, cherries, berries. - Xo end of straw¬ berries. - Churches begun in 1861. - Rev. Charles Seccombe, Rev. Mr. Brown preaches a funeral sermon. - Three bachelor priests. - Missions. - Revs. Merr¬ ick, Breck and Williamson. - Their devotion and hardships. - Accessions to population in 18,10. - Rapidit}- of building houses. - Roses and flowering shrubs planted in the sod. - A cat brought, and catnip. Rats and mice unknown. Dogs scarce. - Striped squirrels as pets. Birds abundant, and tame. They devastate the gardens, and devour the Champion of Kngland peas. - Kniigration at flood tide in 18,14. - Steam boat traveling. - - Negro servant musicians. Delica¬ cies among the cargo appropriated for the larder. Side wheel steamboats over¬ crowded. - Locating claims on the re.srvation. Man lost locating a claim near West Hotel. - Soldiers burn settler's homes. - Naming the new town. Claim jumpers. - Squatter's homes. - Jo3'in securing legal titles.- A beautiful Spring. - Thrift3- settlers. - A prosperous 3'ear. - Reverses, rewards. - Judge B. B. Meeker. - His enthusiasm. - His prophetic vision. -

Chapter Viii

First Settlers from New England and Middle States. Families of Canadian French. Ramse3' Coixnt3' organized. Hennepin Count3' established. Hennepin Count3" extended across Mississippi river. - Incorporation of town. - Boundaries.

- Town government organized in 18,18. First Council. - Council of 1859. - Repeal of charter. Reversion to town government. - Fhilargement of jiowers. First Board of Supervisors. - Cit3' charter granted in 186(i. ~ Limits. - Wards. - Outline of charter. - Consolidation of cities in 187'2. - Provisiotis of act of incorporation. - Subsequent amendments. - Cit3' officers of St. Anthony from 1855 to 1871. City officers of Minneapolis from 1867 to 1''71. Officers of the two cities united as the cit3- of Minneaijolis, 1872 to 18i)2. Earl3' Settlers as Ma3 ()i s and Aldermen. - Ehilargement of Cit3'^ Council. Salaries. - Growth of Cil3'. Census of 1890. - Recount. - Condensed statement of growth of Cit3- from 1860 to 1890.

Chapter Ix

whigs. -- Territorial and State governments democratic. Newspapers, whig and republican. - First Count3- Election non-partisan. Officers electetl. First Municipal government. Cit3- of St. Anthoin'. Ma3ors of St. Anthon3'. - Of Minneapolis. - Of the consolidated City. Representatives in Territorial legisla¬ ture. - Anti Slav'er3' convention. - Hnbeus Corpus issued for a woman held as a slave. - Organization of Republican part3^ - Election of 1855. Officers elected in 1856. Legislative session of 1857. Land Grant Act. Railroad lines secured for Minneapolis. - Ejection of delegates to Constitutional Convention. Dele¬ gates elected from Hennepin Count3'. Four minorit3' Condidates received certificates of election. - Each political part3' organized its own adherents at the Convention. - Constitution adopted b3" conference of the two bodies. At first State Election, democrats carried State and republicans Hennepin Count3'. - First members of .State legislature. - l-ilection of 18,18. F'ive million railroad loan bill. - Causes great excitement. - \^ote upon the measure. - Issue of bonds. Their discredit and repudiation. - Settlement after twent3' 3'ears. Filection of 18,19, 1860 and 1861. - David Heaton, senator fromSt. Anthon3', disagreed with other representatives of Hennepin Count3'. - Failure of railroad companies. E'eorganization. - Fiventual completion of original lines. .'I in neajx)! is and .81.

Louis railroad. - Common School S3'Steni. Rebellion hushes partisan dis])Utes. Filection of 1866.. - Candidates of Soldier's ticket electetl. Political calumnies.

Contents

Subsequent politics devoid of peculiar issues. - Prominent Senators and Repre¬ sentatives. - U. S. Senator W. D. Washburn. Col. Cj^rus Aldrich, Representative in Congress. - State officers. - John S. Pillsbury, Governor. - Issac Atwater, Justice of the Supreme Court. - F. R. E. Cornell, Attornej' General, and Justice of Supreme Court. - John M. Berr}', George B. Young and Charles E. Vanderburg-, Justices of the Supreme Court. - Messrs. Vanderburg, William Lochren and A. A. H. Young, judges of District Court. - Number of votes at elections of 1888 and 1890, Union League. - Algonquin Club.

Minneapolis the literar3^ center of the northwest. - General interest of citizens in education, - Mission schools at Lake Harriet in 1836. - Miss Bockee's private school in 181:9. - First Sunday school. - First school house built bj' subscriptions. School building on East Side. - November, 1851, Rev. E. W. Merrill opened Primary school of the University of Minnesota. - Board of Education of St. Anthony. - Successive members. - Teachers' salaries. - High school. ^ - Building of Central School House.

- Other sites purchased. - School sj^stem of St. Anthony and Minneapolis consoli¬ dated in 1878. Miss Mary Schofield opened school on West Side in 1851-2. - Succeeded by Miss Marj^ E. Miller. - Miss Hartwell taught school in 1851:. Charles Hoag, teacher of district school. - Union school house commened in 1856. - Completed in 1858. - Intermediate schools. - George B. Stone, principal of Union school in 1858. - - Destroyed by fire in 1861. - -Schools held in leased buildings in 1865. Accommoda¬ tions inadquate. - Salaries. - Union School House re-built in 1867. A. S. Kissell elected Superintendent of Schools. - School houses erected in North and South Minneapolis. - Teachers, salaries and Board of Education in 1868, and subsequent j^ears. - W. O. Hiskey, superintendent. His death in 1871. - O. V. Tousley, superin¬ tendent, from 1871 for fifteen j^ears. - Successive members of the Board of Education.

- Prof. John E. Bradley elected Superintendent in 1886. Rapid devolpment. - Exhibit of school work at National Educational Association. - Observation Lessons and Manual Training Introduced. - -John S. Crombie, Principal of High school. -- Stimmary of public schools in 1891. - Rev. E. D. Neill connected with Baldwin school and preparatory department of Me Alester College.

Incorporated Feb'y 25, 1851. - First Board of Regents. - Grant of lands. - Franklin Steele donates block of land. - Erection of building for preparatory school. - Two townships of land g-ranted and selected. - Present site of University obtained b^' donation and purchase. - ^ University building commenced in 1856, and partiall5^ completed in 1857. Liberality of Regents. - Financial panic suspended work. - Legislative investigation. - Regents exonerated from blame. - Additional land grant obtained. - Labors of Regents, J. S. Pillsbury and John Nicols. - Act of 1860 for the government and regulation of the University. - Board of Regents. - Rev. E. D. Neill resigns his office as Chancellor of the University. - - Special commissioner appointed to sell lands and settle debts. - Debts paid in 1867 by sale of less than 12,000 acres of land. - Legislative ai^propriation $15,000. Rev. W. W. Washburn, B. A., with two assistants employed to commence instruction. - Hampered by political influence. - ^ Agricultural colleg'e grant of Land in 1862. - Entrusted to Universitj^ b}" act of 1868. Scope of University enlarged. - First Board of Regents under act of 1868. - Col. William W. Folwell chosen President. - Sketch of his life and public services. - Inaugrated Dec. 22d, 1869. - College opened in SejJtember, 1869, with a class of fifteen. - High School Board. - First example of a complete public school S3'stem. - Building projected in 1857, completed in 1875. - - Building for Agricultural department, and relacted sciences erected. - ^ Burned in 1888. - -Act appropriating $30,090 per year for six 3-ears passed in 1881. - Exigencies of state finances postpone new buildings. - 120 acres of land purchased for agricultural college. - Sold in

Folwell resig-ns and is appointed Professor of political science, Librarian and Lecturer on international law. - Cyrus Nortlirup, L. L. D., elected President in 1881. Sketch of his life. - Number of students in 1890. - 1,002. -Services and liberality of Regent John S. Pillsbury. - Devotion of Gov'. Henry H. Siblej'. Jobez Brooks. Professor of Greek. - N. H. Winchell, Professor of Geology. - Colleges of Medicine.

Corporate name. - Origin. - Removal to Minneapolis 1870. - Building completed 1872. - Prof. Weenaas. - Prof. Sven Oftedal. -New Semitiary building 1871. - Profs. Svendrup and Gunnersen. - Kmbarassments. - Contributations of $18,000 received in 1878. - Endowment of $30,000 -New building. Influence among Norwegain Lutherans. - Departments. -Boarding department. Progress and prosperit}'. - Endowment fund increased to $120,000. - ^Seniinar3^'s property* $120,000. - -31 Ministers graudated in 1891. - 188 ptipils. - Associated ministers and churches.

- Sj'uod for the Norwegian Evangelical Luthern Church of America organized in 18.03. -Norwegian professorship established at St. Louis in 1807. - School located at Decorah, Iowa, 1862. - Luther college dedicated 1860. - - Cost $70,000. - Providential aitl. - Professors. - Graduates. - Reasons for confining the institution to college work. - Theological Seminary at Madison, Wis. - Doctrinal controversj. - Seven j-ears theological work. Decided in 1887 to remove Theological Seminar}- to Min¬ neapolis. Ten acres of land at Robbinsdale donated, and seminar}- located. - Corner stone laid July 15, 1888. - May, 1889, Luther College burned. - Seminary dedicated Sept. 8, 1889. - ^Description of building. - Value of property $60,()(X). Attend¬ ance. - Faculty. - Normal School at Sioux Falls. - Academy at Albert Lea. - College at Decorah. - Pacific Lutheran University.

Unpromising field when organized. - Prof. W. W. Folwell, President. Succeeded by T. B. Walker. - Board of Directors. - - Loan exhibitions of paintings. - FvStablishes an art school. - Number of pupils in attendance. - Douglas Volk, Director. An artist. - Removal to Public Library. - Art Museum. - Classes in art school. - Equipments. - Art Exhibitions. - Officers and Directors in 1891.

Chapter Xi

A City of Churches. - 131 organized religious societies, besides Missions and Sunday schools. - Methodist Episcopel chhrches. - Rev. J. W. Putnam, in 1846, first Protest¬ ant preacher in St. Anthony. - In July 1849, Rev. Matthew Sorin organized the Methodists into a class. - First M. Fk Church organized July 7th, 1849. - Rev. Enos Stevens appointed Missionary to St. Anthony Falls. - His circuit. - Rev. C. A. Newcomb, Rev. E. W. Merrill. - Rev. Eli C. Jones. - Frame building erected for church in 1853, costing $1,000. Rev. S. T. Creighton. - Rev. Andrew J. Nelson. - Rev. Silas Bolles. - Parsonage built. - Rev. J. F. Chaffee. -Rev. Cyrus Brooks. - Succeeding Pastors. - New church built in 1872. - Present church obtained in 18!K), valued at $40,000. - Centenary M. E. Church organized in 1855. Rev. Win. C. McDonald first Pastor. - Under pastorate of Rev. J. D. Rich, church was built on Third Avenue South. - Succeeding Pastors. - In 1864, stone church and parsonage built at First

Avenue South aud Grant Street. - Name changed to Wesley M. E. church, member¬ ship, Sunday school. - Mission. - Hennepin Avenue M. E. Church. - Organized in 1875. - Fine red brick church at Hennepin Avenue and Tenth Street, and parsonsonage near it. - Pastors. - Franklin Avenue M. E. C7j urch. -Organized in 1873.

- Located at East Franklin and Fifth Avenues. - Memership. - Twenty- Fourth Street M. E. Church Organized in Ma5^ 1881, at Twenty-Fourth Street and Twent}"- Third Avenue South. - Pastors. - Membership. - Siinpson M. E. Church. - Located Twent5^-Eighth Street and First Avenue South. - Orgaiiized as a mission in 1882. - Pastors. - Membership. - Church edifice cost $17,000. - Thirteenth Avenue M. E. Church. - Thirteenth Avenue and Tenth Street South. - Built in 1883. - Member¬ ship. - Sunday school. - Ladies' Aid Society. - Society of Christian Endeavor. -- Broadway M. E. Church.- Grew out of a mission. - Organized December 2.5th, 1886. - Forest Heights M. E Church. - Organized Oct. 28, 1885. - Pastors. - Trustees.

- Org-anized Nov. 10, 1886. - Pastors. - - Membership. - Sunday school. - Blooming¬ ton M. E. Church. - At Bloomington Avenue and East Thirty-Second Street. - Parsonage. - Membership. Foss M. E. Church. - Located at Eleventh Avenue North and Sixth Street. - Rebuilt in 1885.1^300 members. - North M. E. Church. - Organized Oct. 1,1885. - 98 members. - Forty-Fourth Avenue North and Emerson Avenue - Built in 1888. - Taylor Street M. E. Church. - Tajdor Street and Twent^^- Fifth Avenue Northeast. - Built in 1883. - Western Avenue M. E. Ch urch. -- 185 members. - Built 1886. - North Irving and Western Avenues. - Minnehaha Church.

- Organized 1889. - Building erected and dedicated the same j^ear. - German M. E. Churches. - Three - Located at Second Street and Tenth Avenue Northeast. - One at Eighteenth Street and Lyndale Avenue, and one at Eighteenth Street and Thirteenth Avenue South. - Parsonages. - Value of properties. - Norwegian-Danish M. E. Church. - Built in 1887. - Ninth Street South and Thirteenth Avenue. - Swedish M. E. Church. - No. 2526 Tvventj^-Seventh Avenue South. - First African M. E. Church. - Organized 1863. - Second Street between First and Second Avenues Southeast. - St. Peter's African M. E. Church. - Twenty-Seventh Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues South. - Sunday School.

Andrew Presbyterian Church. - In August, 1857, a church was organized as the First Presbyterian church of St. Anthony. In 1861 name was changed to Andrew Presbyterian church. - Rev. Levi Hughes first acting pastor, followed by Rev. James A. McKee. - Rev. R. F. Sample pastor in 1866. Succeeding pastors. - Church building located on Second Street Southeast. - Removed in 1870 to Fourth Street and Eighth Avenue Southeast. - Rebuilt in 1890. - Dedicated 1891. - Sunday school. Industrial school colony. - Mission. - Board of Elders.^ - First Presbyterian Church. - Originally organized in 1835 at Fort Snelling. - Rev. J. D. Stevens, mis¬ sionary to Indians. - Reorganized in 1849 as Oak Grove Presbyterian church. - In 1862 became First Presbyterian Church of Minnesota, at Minnehaha. - Indian mem¬ bers. - Clergymen Revs. T. W. Williamson, J. D. Stevens, S. W. Pond and G. H. Pond. -- Absorbed by First Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis, organized at Minneapolis May 22, 1853. - First Board of Elders. - Rev. J. C. Whitney, first pastor. - Services in hall. - Church built at Fifth Street and Sixth Avenue South. - Pastor Whitney resigned in 1857. Services suspended for six 5^ears. - Resuscitated by Rev. Henry Ward in 1865. - Chapel built at Eight Street and First Avenue South. - Rev. A. H. Carrier, pastor. - Churh enlarged and re-dedicated. - Rev. Henry N.Pajme, pastor.

- Church built on Park Avenue and dedicated Aug. 31, 1873. - Rev. Daniel Stewart, D. D., pastor. - Rev. S. M. Campbell, D. D., pastor. - Present church building at Portland Avenue and Nineteenth Street built in 1889. - Cost over $75,000. - Its mis¬ sions become churches. - Board of Elders. - Rev. James S. Black, present pastor.

- Westminister Presbyterian Church. - Organized August 23d, 1859. - Services in Free Will Baptist church, and Woodman's Hall. - Rev. C. B. Dorrance. - Rev. L. Hughes. - Building erected on Fourth Street. - Several times enlarged. - Removed to Franklin Avenue. - Rev. Robert Strong, Rev. R. A. Condit, Rev. R. K. Sample, D. D. - Rev. D. J. Burrell, D. D., pastors. - Eldership. - Members. New church at Nicollet and Seventh Street built 1880 :1. - Sunday school. - Missions. Riverside chapel. - Kindergarten. - Long pastorate of Dr. Sample. Franklin A roniic Pres¬ byterian Church. - Organized 187:i. - Pastors. - House of Worship bought of hirst Presbyterian church. - Fifth Presbyterian Church. - Organized December 1870. Church edifice built 188:i. - ^ Burned and rebuilt. Pastors. - Elders. - Good Will chapel and Sunday school. - Christian Endeavor Societ3\ - Ladies' Missionary Society. - Bethlehem Presbyterian Church. - Preaching in 188:i. Sunday school and Missionary society. - Church organized in 1884. Old Westminister church removed and fitted up. - Sunday school. - Pastors. - Oliver Presbyterian Chtirch.

- Outgrowth of Mission Sunday school on Bloomington Avenue. Organized 1887. - ^ Remarkable growth. - Providence missioti and Chapel. Permanent church built in 1889. Gift of Mrs. Sarah E. Oliver. - Description of church. - Highland Park Presbyterian Church. - Organized xinder ausi)ices of Presbyterian Alliance in 1884. - Church dedicated September, 1886. - Located at Emerson Avenue and Twenty-First Avenue North. - Pastors. - Membership. - Stewart Memorial Pres¬ byterian Church. - Thirty-Second Street and Stewart Avenue South. - Church erected in 1886. - A gift of Hon. C. E. Vanderburg. - Church organized in 1887. - Building removed to present location 1890. - Membership. - House of Faith Pres¬ byterian Church. - Organized 1887. - Location Broadway and Jefferson Streets Northeast. - Pastors. - Membership. - Elders. - - Shiloh l^resbyterian Church. - Child of Andrew church. - Organized 1884. - First Swedish Presbyterian Church.

- Nineteenth Avenue South and Third Street. Dedicated Sept. 6, 1891. Welsh Presbyterian Church. - Franklin Avenue and Seventeenth Avenue South. - Church built in 1882. - Hope Mission. - A mission of Westminester church. - Cliurch organized in 1884, as a branch of Westminester.

First Congregational Church. - Organized in I80I. - Rev. Charles Seccombe as a Home Missionary. - Installed 1851. - Retired 18(56. - Pastors. - Dedication of church in 1854. - New church at Fifth Street and Third Avenue Southeast. - Dedicated in 1874. - Enlarged. - Redicated. - Burned. - Worship in skating rink. - New church built at Fifth] Street and Eighth Avenue Southeast. - Dedicated 1888. - Cost ^^76,(HX). Sunday school. - Branch schools. - Mother of two Congregational churches. - Officers of church and society. - Plymouth Congregational Church. - Organized April 28,1857. - Rev. Norman McLeod, pastor. - Rev. H. C. Atwater. Rev. 11. M. Nichols. - His tragic death. - Succeeding pastors. - First house of worship. - Burned in retaliation of faithfulness of pastor denouncing intemperance. - New church. - Enlarged. - New site and church erected. - Intluence of church. Mem¬ bership. - Officers. - Sunday school. - Missions. - Contributations. Park Ave¬ nue, First called Second Congregational Churc/i. Outgrowth of Mission of Plymouth Church. - Organized 1867 as Vine Street church. Pastors. Removal to Eight Street and Thirteenth Av^enue south. - Built again at Park and Franklin Avenues. - Description of building. - Officers and Trustees. Suiulaj' school. - Pilgram Congregational Church. - Originated from Sunday school, at Second Street and Twentieth Avenue North. - Organized 187:1. - Pastors. Membership. Sunday schools and Missions. - Kindergarten. - New church at Ljuidale and h'ourteenth Avenue North. - Vine Congregational Church. - Grew out of Sunda}' school. - Established by Second Congregational church. .\t Lake Street and Minnehaha Avenue. - Organized 1882. - Rev. S. V. S. Fisher, [)astor. Membership. Como Avenue Congregational C/jurc/i. -Organized 1882. Located in Elwell's Addition. - Pastors. - Church dedicated January 9. 1887. - Sundaj' school. l^nion Congregational Church. -Missionary work begun in 1871 bj^ K'ev. 11. .\. Stimson. Sunday school by members of Plymouth church. - Chapel built. .Named Clark chapel. - Pastors. - Sunday school. - Church built on Excelsior Avenue, west of Calhoun. - Parsonage. - Branch Sunday school. - Open Door Congregational

Church. - Located in Northeast Minneapolis - Organized in 1884. - Mission of First church. ^Pastors. - ^ Sunday school. - Lyndale Congregational Church. - Move¬ ment of population along the Motor line. - Church organized in 1884. - Portable chapel. - Sunday school organized. - Chapel built - Dedicated 1885. - Main Edifice built. - Description of building. - Sunday school. - Society of Christian Endeavor.

- Deacons. - Pastors. - Silver Lake Congregational Church. - Organized 1886. - Society incorporated and Sunday school started two years earlier. - Pastors. - Sunday school. - Fifth Avenue Congregational Church. - Grew out of pra5^er meeting held in private houses. - Sunda5^ school started in tent in 1885. - Portable chapel. - Church organized in 1886. - Pastors. - Deacons. - Sunday school. - Chapel dedicated in 1887. - Mizpah Congregational Church. - Located in West Minne¬ apolis. - Organized 1888. - Outgrowth of Sunday school sustained by Union church.

- Church building dedicated 1889. - Rev. James McPherson, pastor. - Bethany Congregrational Church. - Grew out of Sunday school opened in 1889. - Church organized April 1, 1889. - Chapel built. - Rev. Samuel J. Rogers, pastor. - Lowry Hill Congregational Church. - Organized Oct. 3d, 1889. - Members mostly from Plymouth church. - Chapel built. - At juuction of Lyndale and Hennepin Avenues.

- Rev. Harlan P. Beach, pastor. - Oak Park Congregational Church. - Organized Feb'y 6, 1891. - Rev. N. D. Fanning, pastor-elect, died of apoplexy just after preach¬ ing. - Chapel built at Sixth and Humboldt Avenues North. - First Scandinavian Church. - Organized December, 1890. - Rev. L. C. Johnson, pastor. - Chapel at Seventeenth Aventxe South. - Dedicated.

Holy Trinity Church. - Founded under auspices of the Associate Mission. - Mem¬ bers ofMission. - First service Julj^ 7th, 1850. - First Episcopal visitation. - Parish organized 1882. - Ministers and Rectors. - Corner stone of first church building laid Oct. 30, 1850. - Located Second Street and Second Avenue Southeast. - Consecreated 1878. - Rectorj^ built in 1880. - Font. - Alter. - Bell. - Mission. - Sunday school. - Gethsemane Protestant Episcopal Church. - Began in 1856. - Dr. David Knickerbacker. - Bishop Kemper. - Bishop Knickerbacker. - Brotherhood of Gethsemane.

- Corner stone of first church laid August 5, 1856. - Free sitting's. - Building enlarged. - New stone church built at Fourth Avenue and Ninth Street South. - Rectory. - Parish school. - St. Barnabas Hospital. - A free church. - Rectors. - St. Mark's Protestant Episcopal Church. - Organized 1868. - Chaixel built at Fourth Street and Hennepin Avenue. - Rev. E. S. Thomas, rector. - Suceeding rectors. - Communicants. - Church built on Sixth Street. - Organ. - Recory. - Industrial school. - St. Andrew's Brotherhood. - Ladies' Aid Society. - Contribu¬ tions. - Support. - All Saint's Protestant Episcopal Church. - Portland Avenue mission established by Church of Gethsemane in 1871. - Mission chapel removed to Nineteenth Street and Fourth Avenue South. - Parish organized in 1875. - First Vestry. - Rectors. - Parsonage. - Location changed to Clinton Avenue. - New church built in 1887. - Englarged. - Wardens. - St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church. - Child of St. Mark's. - Organized 1880. - Rectors. - Building erected 1881 on Hennepin Avenue. - Mission services. - Families in perish and communicants.

- Sunday school. - St. Andrew's Protestant Episcopal. - Amission of Gethse¬ mane begon in 1857. - Church organized 1874. - Location North Sixth Street and Twelfth Avenue. - Rev. W. Wilkinson, rector. - Sunday school. - St. Lukes Protest¬ ant Episcopal Church. - Building erected on West Thirty-Second Street and Pleasant Avenue, in 1887. - Sunday. School - Communicants. - City Missions Protestant Episcopal inclvxding Ascension, Holy Innocents, St. Johns, St. Matthews and Minnehaha Chapel dedicated 1889.

Olivet Baptist Church. - Organized Jxxly 13, 1880, as First Baptist Chxxrch of St. Anthony. - Orginal members. - Ministers. - Membership. - Deacons. - Sxxnday school. - Removals. - First Baptist C/jurcA. - Organized in small residence on Portland Avenue in 1853. - Constituent members. - Worshipped from house to house. - In Fletcher's Hall. - Sunday School organized 1859. - Church built at Nic¬ ollet and Third streets in 1858. - New Church built at Hennepin and Fifth Street. - Enlarged. - Dismissal of members to four other churches. - Deacons. - Baptist Union. - New Church at Tenth Street and Harmon Place. - Cost !fl35,0C(). - Dedi¬ cated 1887. - Meeting of all the Baptist Churches on the West Side. - Central Bap¬ tist Church. - Organized as Marshall Street Baptist Church, 1869. - Name changed to Fifth Avenue Baptist Church. - Renewed 1883, when removed to Fourth Avenue and Grant Street. - First Pastor, Deacons and Trustees. - Pastors. - Membership Sunday School. - Fourth Baptist Church. - Outgrowth of Mission Sunday School.

- Started in 1874. - Jewett Chapel erected. - Church organized 1881. - Edifice built at Dupont and Eighteenth Avenue North. - Membership. - Pastors. - Deacons. - Sunday School. - Memorial Mission. - Young Peoiiles' Association. - Immanuel Baptist Church. - Organized 1883. - First Deacons. - Pastors. - Sunday School. - Calvary Baptist Church. - Organized 1883. - Pastors. - Deacons. - Sunda3^ School. Chapels. - New Edifice built 1889. - Grace Baptist Church. - Organized 1885. - Located Thirteenth Avenue and Madison Street Northeast. - Tabernacle Baptist Church. - Organized 1889. - Outgrowth of Tabernacle Mission. - Located Eighth Street and Twenty-third Avenue South. - First Sivedish Baptist Church. - Or¬ ganized 1871. - First meetings in blacksmith's shop. - Afterwards in hall. - Lot bought by Rev. Aniory Gale, at Twelfth Avenue and Sixth Street South. - Building erected. ^ - Pastors. - Church enlarged. - Burned. - Bought Church of Second Con¬ gregational Society. - Missions. - Sunday School. - Elim Swedish Baptist Church. Organized 1888. - Grew out of a mission Sunday School. - Chapel on Jackson street and Twentieth Avenue Northeast. - First Norwegian and Danish Baptist Church.

- Edifice dedicated 1891 at Thirteenth Avenue and Seventh Street South. - First German Baptist Church. - Organized 1855. - Chapel Twentieth Avenue North. - Sunday School. - Trustees. - Bethesda (colored) Baptist Church. - Organized 1889. - Chapel built at Eighth Street South, below Eleventh Avenue. - Dedicated 1892. - Addresses. - Rev. J. W. Dunjee, Pastor. - City Temple Baptist Church. - Located Seventeenth Avenue South and Sixth Street. - Grown out of missionary enterprise conducted by Rev. O. A. Weenolsen. - Baptist City Missions. - Co-oper¬ ation of Baptist Churches. - -Tabernacle, Emerson Avenue, Bethel, Chicago Ave¬ nue, Dane, Norwegian and Bethany Missions. - Free Baptist Church. - I^lanted in 1854 in St. Anthony. - Removed to West Side and Church built on Washington Avenue North. - Removed in 1871 to Seventh Street and First Avenue South. - Property sold in 1891 and Church built at Nicollet and Fifteenth Street. - Pastors. - Paper pirblished. - Stevens Avenue Free Baptist Church. - Organized 1885. - Building erected. - Pastors.

The Catholic annals of Minnesota run back to the visit of Father Hennepin, in 1680. - Mission at St. Anthony in 1830. - Missionary Galtier. - Father Ravoux pur¬ chased land for the Church of St. Anthonj^ of Padua, and commenced a frame building for a Church in 1839. - Father Ledan first resident I'astor, 1857. - Father Fayolle Pastor in 1855. - Commenced erection of the present Church. - Father John McDermott Pastor from 1860 to 1866. - Completed Church and built parochial school. - Rev. F. Tissot. - Built parsonage. - Father James McGolrick. Holy Rosary Church. - Under charge of Dominican Fathers. - Founded in 1878. - Father Thomas L. Powers. - Purchased two and a half lots on Fifth street and Nineteenth Avenue and moved an old Church building to them. - In July, 1878, a new frame Church built. - Other priests. - Foundation of Convent laid in 1879. - School opened. - Rev. James Dominic Hoban. - Rev. J. A. M. Dalj'. - Assistance in mis¬ sionary labor. - Very Rev. P. A. Dinahan. - Purchased present site of Church and convent at Eighteenth Avenue and Twenty-fourth Street South. - Head([uarters of Dominican order in the Northwest. - Church the best building of the kind in the

Xiv Contents

West, and largest in the Twin Cities. - Description of Church. - Cost $204, OOO. - Dedicated Dec. 9, 1888. - IJev. J. P. Turner. - Rev. R. M. Bloomer. - Holy Name Society. - Altar Society. - Young Ladies's Sodality. - Sunday Schools. - Surpliced Choir. - Rosary procession. - Salaried choir and quartette. - School and hall. - Church of the Immaculate Conception. - At Third Street and Third Avenue North.

- Building erected in 1869. - Large edifice built in 1872. - Father James McGolrick Pastor for twent3^-five years. - Catholic Association Hall. - Rev. J. C. Byrne. - St. Boniface fGerman^ Church. - Second Street and Seventh Avenue Northeast. - Erected in 1889. - Parish School. - Parsonage. - Under charge of the Benedictines. St. Stephen 's Parish. - Organized 1885. - ^Corner stone of new Church laid August 18, 1889 - Located at Clinton Avenue and East Twenty-second Street. - iVTofre Dame cle Sourdes (French) Ch urch. - Located on Prince Street. - Church bought of First Universalist Society. - Occupied in 1877. - Pastors. - Convent and Parish school. - Church of St. Elizabeth. - Parish organized in 1883. - Previously Society of St. Vincent. - ^ Located at Seventeenth Avenue and Eight Street South. - Church built at Fifteenth Avenue South and Eighth Street. - Parochial School. - Societies. ^ - St. Joseph's German Catholic Church. - Fourth Street North. - Church building com¬ pleted September, 1889. - Hall. - Parsonage. - Parish established 1875 by Ihe Order of St. Benedict. - Church of the Holy Cross (Polish). - Building erected in 1884. - Located at Four and One-half Street and Seventeenth Avenue Northeast. - St. Clotilde (French) Ch urch. - Edifice built 1887 at Lyndale and Eleventh Avenue North.

- Rev. James 'O'Reilly Pastor. - Greek Catholic Church. - Church building erected in 1888. - Fifth Street and Seventeenth Avenue Northeast. - Church of the Ascension. - Organized 1890. - Has a temporary building at Eighteenth and Bry¬ ant Avenue North. - Rev. Father Christie, Pastor.

First meeting held June 1st, 1854. - Regular Sunday services commenced April 22d, 18.55. - Meeting House built 1860, at Hennepin Avenue and Eighth Street. - Sunday School. - Membership. - Ministers. - Lake Street Meeting formed 1886. - Mission es¬

- Met in Central Hall - Rev. Seth Barnes, first Pastor. - Other Ministers - In 1859 Society built a stone Church on Prince Street. - Society disbanded in 1869. - All Souls Church. - First named Second Universalist Church. - Organized 1884. - Church edifice built in 1835, on Eighth Avenue Southeast. - Ministers. - Auxiliary societies. - Church of the Redeemer. - Dr. J. H. Tuttle, Pastor for twenty-five years. - First orginization at Cataract House, October 24, 1859. - -Dr. Adolphus Skin¬ ner, Preacher. - Re-organization. - Church organized. - Rev. J. W. Keyes, Pastor. - Dr. Tuttle called from Chicago. - First Church building erected at Fifth Street and Fourth Avenue South, in 1855. - New Church at Eighth Street and Second Avenue South dedicated July 10, 1876. - Description of Church. - Growth and prosperity. - Church burned. - Hospital ity of neighboring churches. - Church rebuilt. - Support¬ ers. - Trustees. - Choir. - Sunday School. - Weekly Prayer Meeting. - Auxiliary societies. - Associate Pastors. - Dr. Tuttle resigns and becomes Pastor Emeritus.

- Dr. M. D. Shutter, Pastor. - Third Universalist Society. - Grew out of Sunday School opened in Chestnut Hall. - Organized May, 1865. - ^Chapel built at Blaisdell Avenue and Twenty-Seventh Street. - Sunday School. - Fifth Universalist Society.

- Organized June 16, 1889. - Services held in Somer's Hall, Twentieth Avenue North. - Fourth Universalist Church (Swedish). - Organized in 1886. - Rev. August Dalgren, Pastor. - Services held in Labor Temple.

German Lutheran Trinity Church. - Located Fourth Street and Ninth Avenue South. - Organized in 1856. - House of Worship built in 1868. - Enlarged 1885. - Pas¬ tors. - Mission. - Parochial Schools. - Norwegian and Danish Lutheran Trinity

Church. - Location, Tenth Avenue and Fourth Street South. - Organized 18()6. - Pastors. - First house of worship. - Chapel built in 1870. - Enlarged. - Sunday School. - Mission Schools. - Lutheran Deaconess' Institute and Hospital. - Scandinavian Young Men's Christian Association. - Tabitha Relief Society. - Young Ladies' Society. - St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran Church. - Location, Main Street Northeast. - Building erected 1869. - Sunday School.- Parochial School. - Parsonage. - Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Bethlehem Curch. - Or¬ ganized 1874. - Regular services commenced 1877. - Rev. A. J. Eustace, Pastor. - Sanctuary dedicated June 14, 1891. - Located at Twentieth Avenue North and Lyndale. - Parochial Schools. - Augustana Swedish Lutheran Church. - Located at Eleventh Avenue and Seventh Street South. - Rev. Charles J. Petri, Pastor. - Mis¬ sions. - Danish Evangelical (St. Beter's) Lutheran Church. - Church built in 1887. - Located at Twentieth Avenue and Ninth Street North. - Branch service at Minnehaha. - Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church. - Fourth Street, above Filth Avenue North. - Rev. Ingvold Eisteinsen, Pastor. - Immanuel (German) Lutheran Church. - Built in 1886. - Located Lake Street and Twenty-First Avenue South. - Immanuel Evangelical(Norwegian) Lutheran Church. - Located on Monroe Street Northeast. - Church built 1850. - Ch urc/i of Our Savior. - Built 1870. - Located Seventh Street and Fourteenth Avenue South. - Rev. Ole P. Vangsnes, Pastor. - South Minneapolis Mission. - Immanuel (Swedish) Lutheran Church. - Organ¬ ized 1884. - Fifth Street and Fourth Avenue Southeast. - St. John's. - Rev. A. Thiele, Pastor. - Church built 1888. - Located Third Street and Sixteenth Avenue North. - Immanuel Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church. - At Franklin and Twenty-Sixth Avenue South. - St. Olaf's. - Church built in 1886. - Bryant and Four¬ teenth Avenue North. - St. Paul's Church. - Located Fourth Street and Fifteenth Avenue South. - Erected 1882. - St. Peter's Church. - Organized 1887. - Tenth Street North. - Swedish Evangelical, St. Paul's. - Organized 1887. - East Twenty-Fifth Street and Bloomington Avenue. - Zion. - Building erected 1887. - Sixth Street and Twenty-Fourth Avenue North. - St. John's English Evangelical Lutheran Church. - Organized 1883. - Rev. G. H. Trobert, Pastor. - Sunday School. - House of worship at Eighth Avenue and Fifth Street South. - Bought in 1883. - Remod¬ eled. - Parsonage. - Bohemian Lutheran Congregation. - Organized in 1888. - St. Peter's Norwegian Lutheran Church. - Church dedicated July 7, 1889, at Fif¬ teenth Avenue and Madison Street Northeast.-^ Sa/e/u Evangelical Lutheran Church. - Organized 1890. - Garfield Avenue and Twenty-Eighth Street.

Minneapolis Society of the New Jerusalem. - Temporary organization formed in 1867. - Society organized September, 1868. - Building for worship erected 1870. - Located at Fifth Avenue and Ninth Street. - First Pastor, Rev. Elwood C. Mitchell. - Resigned in 1880. - No Pastor for six years. - Services conducted by lay readers. - Present Pastor, Rev. J. S. David. - Regular services. - Sunday School.

First Church erected in 1878. - Tabernacle at Eighth Avenue and Seventh Street South built in 1885. - Cost of $50,000. - Parsonage. - Seats 2,800. - Seats free. - Rev. L. A. Skogsberg, Pastor. - Rev. W. Boqvist, assistant. - Membership 500. - Sunday School. - Mission house. - Riverside. - East Side Mission house. - Built in 1884. - Church organized' in 1889. - Sunday School.

Highland P*ar/f (German) Church. - Building Fremont and Twenty-fifth Avenues North. - Erected in 1871. - Located Fourth Street and Sixth Avenue North.

Messiah. - -Second Avenue and East Fourteenth Street. - Erected 1884. - Rev. J. Blobbs, Pastor. - Scandinavian Seventh Day. - Built in 1888. - Sabbath School Services held on Sattirday. ^ Ser'enth Day. - Building erected in 1886. - East Lake Street and Fourth Avenue Soiith. - Elder A. D. Olson, Pastor, and Elder H. Grant, Associate. - Sabbath School. - Services held on Saturday.

Jewish Synagogue. - Located at Tenth Street and Fifth Avenue South. - Organ¬ ized in 1878. - Pastors. - Rev. Samuel Marks, present Pastor. - Adoth Yeshurin. - Congregation organized 188.7. - Services in hall, in center of block. Rev. Nathan Gambrier, Pastor and Teacher. - Owns cemetery at Lake Harriet.

Outgrowth of meetings held at Bijou Theater in 1890. - Committee of management Services held at Harmonia hall. Century hall, and finally Lyceum theater leased. - Non-sectarian. - Rev. S. W. Sample, Preacher. - Expectations for the future.

Chapter Xii

Young Men's Christian Association. - Organized in 1866. - Purpose and work. - Membership. - Temporary quarters. - New building. - Branch. - Senior Depart¬ ment. - Ladies' auxiliary. - Railroad department. - Women's Christian Associa¬ tion. - Founded in 1866. - Special objects. - Woman's Boarding Home opened 1884.

- New building 1878. - Branch. - Jones Harrison Home for Aged Woman. - Relief work. - St Barnabas Hospital. - Founded March 1, 1871.^ - Building dedicated 1874. Incorporated 1883. - Under auspices of Protestant Episcopal Church. - Charitable work. - Sisterhood of Bethany. - Organized 1875. - Object. ^ - House rented in 1876. - Removals. - Present house gift of Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Brown. - Located on Bry¬ ant Avenue. - Results accomplished. - Northwestern Hospital for Women. - Located on Chicago Avenue. - Organized 1882. - Purpose. - Training school .for nurses. - Young Ladies' auxiliary. - Building erected 1887. - Hebrew Relief Society. - Organized 1882 for relief of poor. - Sisters of Peace. - A Hebrew charita¬ ble Association. - Sir Moses MontiGore Relief Association. - A Hebrew relief association. - Results accomplished. - Officers. - Woman's Industrial Exchange.

- Organized 1884. - Incorporated 1889. - Officers in 1891. - General purposes. - Bureau of information. - Emergency fund. - Visitation. - Home for Children and Aged Women. - Located on Stevens Avenue. - Incorporated in 1881 as Children's Home Society. - Humble beginnings. - Building completed in 1886. - Gift of Mrs. Harvey W. Brown. - Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum. - Opened 1886. - Be¬ quest of Gov. C. C. Washburn of $375,000. - Provisions of will. - Trustees appointed-

- Extracts from dedicatory address of Dr. Tuttle. - Site at Nicollet and Forty-ninth Street. - St Mary's Hospital. - Opened in 1886. - Under Roman Catholic auspices. - Site on Sixth Street, facing Riverside Park. - Managed by Sisters. - Maternity Hospital. - Located Fourth Avenue South. - Building. - Opened 1886. - Officers and directors. - Objects. - Projected by Martha G. Ripley. - Liberality of L. F. Menage. - Incorporated. - Scope and work. - Results. - Norwegian Lutheran Deaconess Institute. - Twenty -fourth Street and Fifteenth Avenue South. - School and hospital. - St. Vincent de Paul Society. - A charitable Association among the Catholics. - Catholic Orphan Asylum. - Located on Chicago Avenue. - Home for orphans and half orphans under fifteen years of age. Jlonse of the Good Shepherd. - A non-sectarian institution conducted by Sisters of the (Jood Shepherd. Established in 1888, at Bloomington Avenue and Twentj^-second Street. Ilutnune Society. - T>exote6. to protection of children and animals. - Neu shoys' Home. Organized in 1886. - Home at Sixth Street North. -Free Dispensary of Minnesota Hospital College. - Ninth Avenue South and Sixth Street. - Homeopathic Hospital. Twent3'-Fifth Street and Fourth Avenue South. Directors, thirty ladies. - iromen's Christian Temperance Union. - Eocated at 14 Founh Street South. Maintain res¬ taurant and coffee house. - Profits devoted to missionary work. Non-Partisan IF. C. T. U. - Free reading room. Lunch Room. - Women's Relief Corps G. A. R.

- Devoted to charitable work. - Eighth Ward Relief Association. Organ¬ ized 1887 as a stock compan}". - Owns building. Relieves all povertj' in its ward.

- City poor department. - Its work. - City Hospital. - At corner of Eleventh Ave¬ nue and Eighth Street. - Sheltering Arms. - On Emerson Avenue. Provides a home for destitute children. - Under direction of ladies in the Fipiseopal Church.

Chapter Xiii

Court House and Jail. - New Court House. - Plans. - View. - Contracts. - Cost. - Post-Office. - First post-office in 1848. - First on West Side, 1854. - Locations. - Post¬ masters. - Appropriation by Congress for post-office. - Sites offered. - Architects. - Expenditure. - Description. - View. - Statistics of business. - A thcneuni and Pub¬ lic Library. - First meeting of a Library ^Association held May 16, 1859. - Young Men's Library Association formed. - Officers. - Baj^ard Taylor lectures. - Minneap¬ olis Atheneum organized. - Incorporated. - Library" started. - Officers and Direct¬ ors in successive years. - Progress. - Bequest of Dr. Kirbj" Spencer. - A close cor¬ poration. - Plan of transformation into a public librarj'. - Opposition. - Gradual changes. - Discussion. - Thomas Hale Williams, Librarian, resigns. - Groutul and building sold to city in 1866. - Contract for uniting with public librar3^ Herbert Putnam, librarian, - James. R. Hosnier, Ph. D., elected librarian. Plans for a Ivi- 'brarj" Building. - Meetings. - Joint contributions of city and citizens. Act for establishment of Library Board and Citj" Library. - Financial statement. Private subscriptions of $61,665. - Agreement with Atheneum, Academj^ of Natural Sciences and Art Society. - Purchase of site at Tenth Street and Hennepin Avenue. - Plans and contract. - Library opened December 16, 1889, - Detailed items of cost. Num¬ ber of books. - Number of cards. - Freedom of access to books. Branch libraries.

- Art Gallery. - Gifts of paintings. - Loan of pictures. - Antique casts. Museutn of Academy of Natural Sciences. - Personnel of Librar3^ Board. Minneapolis In¬ dustrial Exposition. - Illustrates puplic spirit. $800,060 subscribed. A jjopular movement. - Fairs. - First meeting held September 21,1885. - Resolutions. Incor¬ porated. - View. - Site selected. - Corner stone laid. Dimensions. Art depart¬ ment. - Gallery. - Opening. - Machinery started b3^ Mrs. Grover Cleveland. Offi¬ cers, Directors. - Visitors. - Advantages. - Receipts. - Music 1)3^ bands. Man¬ agement secures reversion of property. Republican National Convention of 1892 held. - Changes to seat 12,000 persons. - City Hall. Erected in 1874, on Second Street, from Nicollet to Hennepin. -Cost. - Occupied 63^ post-office, telegraj)!!, Trib¬ une newspaper. - Occupied by cit3' offices. - Masonic Temple. - Situated at Hen¬ nepin Avenue and Sixth Street. - Erected 1)3^ Masonic Corporation. - Coimuenced fall of 1885. - Description. - View. - Board of Directors. Guaranty Loan Hnihling.

- Situated on Second Avenue and Third Street South. Commenced in 1888, com¬ pleted in 1890. - Twelve stories high, with tower. - Fintire height, 220 feet. Descrip¬ tion. -Offices. - Law Library. - Safe Deposit Vaults. Restaurant. \'iew. Cost.

- Architect. - TVeiu York Life Building. Located at Second .Avenue and fifth Street South. - Commenced in 1888, conii)leted 18iK). Ten stories high. Architec¬ ture. -Electric clock. -Law library. - Fllectric Light. Chamber of Commerce -

Corporation formed in 1881. - Objects. - Officers. - View. - Exchange opened in 1882. - Membership. - Building erected in 1883. - A financial success. - ^Officers for 1891. - Lumber Exchange. - Located at Hennepin Avenue and Fifth Street. - De¬ scription. - Partly destroyed by fire winter of 1891. - Reconstructed and enlarged. - Minnesota Loan and Trust Company -^Erecied. in 1887. - Safe deposit vaults. - View.

- Built in 1882. - Owned by Syndicate Corporation. - Largest commercial building in this country. - Grand Opera House. - Located on Sixth Street. - Part of Syndi¬ cate Block. - Company capitalized at $1,000,000. - View. - City Market. - Established in 1875 at First Street and Hennepin Avenue. - New City Market. - Occupies whole block between Sixth and Seventh Streets and Second and Third Avenues North. - Description. - Temple Court. - An office building situated atHennepin and Wash¬ ington Avenues. - Completed in 1886. - Eight stories high. - Law library. - Boston Block. - An office building at Hennepin Avenue and Third Street. - Description. - West Hotel. - Built by the late Charles W. West. - One of the most palatial and best appointed hotels in the world. - Description. - Court. - View. - Heating. - Nicollet House. - Origin of name. - Built in 1857. - Bonus of $10,000 raised. - Accepted and built by Messrs. Eustis and Nudd. - Banquet at completion. - Parti¬ cipants. - View. - Cataract House. - Built by stock company in 1887. - Nicollet House leased. - Purchased by. F. S. and F. L. Gilson. - Enlarged to cover entire block. - A famous hostlery. - Managed by John T. West. - Great popularity. - Illustrates increase in land values.

Pioneers too busy with acquiring homes to gratify their inclitiation for amuse¬ ments. - Earliest place for theatrical performances. Woodman's Hall. - Sally St. Clair Troupe. - Harmonia Hall at Second Avenue North and Second Street. - Alice Vane and Fay Templeton. - Harrison Hall built in 1864. - Pence Opera House built in 1867. - Academy of Music, at Washington Avenue and Hennepin, built in 1871. - Grand Opera House. ^ ^ Italian Opera introduced. - Bijou Opera House. - Burned in 1890. - Rebuilt. - Lyceum Theatre at Seventh Street and Hennepin Avenue. - Opened in September, 1887. - Palace Museum. - Theatre Comique. - Concert Halls. Minneapolis Choral Association. - Harmonia Society. - Normannes. - Scandinav¬ ian Choral Club. - Danz Concert Orchestra. - Shaksperian and Browning Clubs.

Chapter Xiv

Commercial interests developed by railroad connections. - Water communications little more than a dream. - Upper Mississippi navigation. - Scheme of land grant act of 1887 provided three lines for Minneapolis. - Collapse of railroad bond scheme.

- Franchises preserved and regranted. - First railroad connection from St. Paul in 1862. - Extended to Red River. - Minnesota Central Railway trains run to Faribault in 1865. - To Iowa State line in 1866. - Branch line of Minnesota and Pacific extended across river in 1868. - Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R. Co. builds its river division to La Crosse in 1867, Short line to St. Paul built in 1881. - Minnesota Western Railroad charter revised and branch road built in 1891 to White Bear lake, to connect with the Lake Superior and Mississippi. - Bonus of $100,000. - Minneapolis & St. Louis with bonus of $150,000, builds a line to the Iowa State Line. - Branch westward into Dakota. - Inducements for building the Minneapolis & St. Louis road. - St. St. Paul & Northern Pacific Railroad built in 1879. - Secured an independent track in 1884. - Minneapolis, Sault Ste Marie & Atlantic Railway completed in 1887. - Man¬ itoba line to Lake Superior. - Other roads make connections. - Twenty independ¬ ent lines of railroad radiate from Minneapolis in 1889. - Minneapolis a distributing point. - Largest receiver of wheat and exporter of its products in the United States. Lumber trade. - Passenger depot. - Union depot. - 130 passenger trains arrive and depart daily. - Twin Cities' terminal points of railroad systems. - Minneapolis Eastern - A transfer line, - Jlinigiesota transfer. - Wheat receipts in 1891. - Daily use of cars. - An average dail}" of 1080 cars. - Table of commodities transported in 1891. - Comparison with shipments of 1801. Edmund Kice. The most efticient and indefatigable promoter of the railroad system of Minnesota. Heconies presi¬ dent of the Minnesota & Pacific Company. (h ades sixty-two and one-half miles of roadbed, and introduces the first locomotive. Winters A Drake complete first ten miles from .St. Paul to St. Anthony. Reorganized by Messrs. Litchfield Road passed to a receiver. Reorganized by James J. Hill and the late Norman Kittson. Service of Manitoba line to Minneapoli.s.- Project for substituting a single trunk line of railroad for the system, provided in the land grant act. Supported in the Legislature of 1862 by contractors and capitalists. Opposed bj' Minneaj)olis dele¬ gation. - Scheme defeated. Grant of the railroad lines to citizens in trust. Diflicult questions of law. - Acts framed by the late F. R. K. Cornell and John M. Derry. - Minneapolis & Cedar Valley line, reorganized as Minneapolis, Faribault and Cedar \Alley Railroad Company. D. C. Shepard surveys a new line across Minnesota Riv'er. - Negotiations with Messrs. Selah Chamberlain, Alexander Mitchell and Russell Sage. - Minnesota Central Railway formed. First rail connections witli the East made. - Citizens of Minneapolis present the company with five blocks of ground and water power to operate their shops. Minneapolis A St. Louis Rail¬ road Distinctively a Minneapolis enterprise. - First object to make connection with Lake Superior. - Next to reach the wheat growing districts of the South and West. It was auxiliary to the milling and lumbering business of Minneapolis. Company organized Maj"- 27th, 1879. - Officers and directors. - Road completed and merged into the Rock Island system. - Governor Israel Washburn addresses the Minneapolis Board of Trade in 1873 on a railroad connection with the East by wa)^ of Saxilt Ste Marie. - In 1883 W. D. Washburn, with other enterprising citizens, or¬ ganized the Minneapolis, Sault St. Marie & Atlantic Railway Company to carry out the project. - Officers and directors of the company. - Road completed to Turtle Lake in 188.7, to Rhinelander in 1886, and to the Sault St. Marie in 1887. - Minne¬ apolis & Pacific Railroad Company carries the line eastward into Dakota. - The companies consolidate under the name of Minneapolis, St. Paul & Saidt Ste Marie Railway Company. - Soon to extend the line to a connection with the Cana¬ dian Pacific system at Regina. - The crowning work in the railroad development of Minneapolis. - Street Railway. - Judge B. B. Meeker secured a charter for a railroad connecting Minneapolis & St. Paixl, before the war. - The air line and hour line too chimerical. - Minneapolis Street railway Company incorporated in 1873. - Incorporators. - Track laid from Hennepin Avenue to Cedar. Enterprise col¬ lapsed. - Col. W. S. King- revives the enterprise in 1875. - Thomas Lowr}" joins the company. Contract let. - Line from railroad depot on Fourth Street North, across Suspension Bridge to Thirteenth Avenue Southeast. - Septensber 2d, 1875, first car drawn by one horse, passed over the line. - Extended same j'ear down Washington Avenue to Nineteenth Avenue South. - Next year extended down Riverside Avenue. - Also out Hennepin to Twelfth Street, and to Portland Avenue. - Col. W. S. King the controlling spirit of the enterprise until 1877. Then Thomas Lowrj^ obtained a controlling interest. - Seeks capital at the East. - Year Ixy year extensions were made. - Lines in advance of actual development of business. - A leading factor in building up outlying districts. - An enterprising company. - Adopts all new im¬ provements. - Obstacles. - In 1889 electricity introduced on Fourth Avenue line.

A success. - Marvelous transformation of the sj'stem to an electrical one. Ac¬ complished in fifteen months without serious interference with travel. Power house built. -Among the largest engines in the world. Motor line built by Col. William McCrory, in 1879, to the lakes. - Line sold in 1885. In 1888 the Minneapolis .Street Railway Company acquires the line. Eleclricit3' adopted, and becomes a part of the electrical sj\stem. - F)fforts to organize an opposition line. City Coun¬ cil refused to sanction a rival line. Two cable lines resolved upon and ])ower houses built. Thompson-Houston Compaii}" demonstrates practicabilit}- of electricitj^ as propelling power, and the cable project dropjxed. - Everj' line in the citj' tranformed to use electricity, including interurban line to St. Paul. - Thomas Lowry managed the finances, and C. G. Goodrich the mechanical department. - Length of lines. - Number of motors. Number of cars. - Electrical power generated. - Monthly pay roll. - Increase in receipts. - The most complete and best managed street railway system in the world.

Chapter Xv

Necessity of communication across the river. - Ford. - Dakota squaw ferried foot passengers. - Rope ferr3^ - ^ First bridge across the Mississippi river. - Charter granted in 1852. - Incorporators. - No steps taken to build bridge until 1854. - Pro¬ gress and description of work. - Celebration of completion of suspension bridge. - Dinner at St. Charles Hotel. - - Toasts and speeches. - Wind storm damages bridge.

Damages repaired. - Sold to Hennepin County. - Rebuilt in 1875. - Replaced by steel arch bridge in 1886. - Opening of suspension bridge stimulates settlement of west side of river. - Upper and lower bridges built in 1857. - Both carried away b)' floods of 1859. - The suspension bridge the only means of crossing the river for thirteen years. - Union of St. Anthon5^ and Minneapolis in 1872 accomplished bj'^ agreement to enlarge suspension bridge and build two new ones in upper and lower town. - Bridge built at Twentieth Avenue North and Franklin Avenue in 1888. - Lake Street bridge built in 1888 by joint contribution of Hennepin and Ramsey County. - Bridging Bassett's Cfeek. - University Avenue bridge. - Rail¬ road bridges. - Manitoba viaduct. - Cost $650,000. - Milwaukee and St. Paul Short Line bridge at Meeker's Island. Transfer bridge at Tenth Avenue South. -North¬ ern Pacific railroad bridges. Injunction procured by State Universitj'. - Dis¬ solved. - Bridging railroad tracks in citJ^ -Litigation. - Milwaukee viaduct on Washington Avenue. - Viaduct on Pljuuouth Avenue. -Lowering tracks on Great Northern and Minneapolis and St. Louis roads, four viaducts constructed. -Nego¬ tiations for bridging tracks of the Dakotabranch of Milwaukee road. - Comparison between cities of London and Minneapolis in respect to bridges.