Minneapolis City (part 28 of 80)

Sec. 2. There shall be established in the Uni¬ versity of Minnesota, five or more colleges or de¬ partments, that is to say, a department of elemen¬ tary instruction, a college of science, literature and the arts, a college of agriculture and the mechanic arts, including military tactics, a college or de¬ partment of law, and also a college or department of medicine."

Section seven provided that there should he placed at the disposal of the Regents, " all the interest and income of the fund to be derived from the sales of all the lands granted or to be granted to the State of Minnesota by virtue of an Act of Congress, entitled "an Act donating lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of Agriculture and the Afechanic Arts ; " and also all such gifts, srrants and contributions to the endow-

From this Act it will be seen the scope and powers of the University were greatly enlarged, and its means for car¬ rying on its work much increased. The ground work and plan was laid out, for a University in the true sense of the term, and not in name only. The foun¬ dations were broadly laid for the begin¬ ning of the real work of the institution. A change was also made in the govern¬ ment of the Universitj^ It was vested in a Board of nine Regents, of whom the Governor of the State, and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, were to be ex-oFicio members, and the seven remaining members thereof to be appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The term of office of a Regent is three years. The first Board under this Act consisted of the following named persons, viz:

Gov. Wm. R. Marshall, and AI. H. Dunnell, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex-oIRcio ; R. S. Donaldson, of Farmington ; A. A. Harwood, of Owatonna; H. H. Sibley, of St. Paul; E. J.

Thompson, of Chatfield ; O. C. Merri* man, of St. Anthony; John Nicols, of St. Paul, and J. S. Pillsbury, of St. Anthony. J. S. Pillsbury was chosen President, O. C. Alerriman, Secretary, and John Nicols, Treasurer.

The Board having determined, in 1869, as before stated, to proceed with the organization of a college course proper, the most important cprestion first to be solved was the selection of a President. This position - almost alwa^'s a difficult one to satisfactorily fill - was in the present instance, ren¬ dered much more so, by the peculiar cir¬ cumstances, of the case. A complete S3''stem of Universitj^, or at least college education, and instruction, must be planned and put into execution, as fast as the exigencies of the institution re¬ quired. A faculty was to be organized, classes, both preparatory and collegiate to be formed, text books to be decided on, and innumerable matters of detail, requiring the pei'sonal attention of the President, which ordinarily are not a part of the duties of that officer. Alany changes in the system of education were going on, in the old established colleges, some of them quite radical and untried, and it was a most difficult problem, to determine the best methods. Cleaidy, the position was to be no sinecure. It was certain to be most fruitful of labors, with no prospect of reaping the fruits for many years to come.

The Regents were not unmindful of the gravity of the situation, and pro¬ ceeded with caution. After due deliber¬ ation and careful investigation, they finall}' unanimously^ agreed in the selec¬ tion of Colonel William M. Folwell, as Pi'esident of the University. The selec¬ tion was in every^ respect a most fortu¬ nate one, and the result proved the wis¬ dom of their choice.

in the town of Romulus, Seneca County, N. Y., Febntary 14, 1833. His youth was divided between work on a farm and attendance on common school. At the age of fourteen he passed a year at the Academy in Nunda, N. Y., and later, after the experience of two winters in teaching common schools, a year was spent in Ovid Academy, in the same State, after which he entered the Sopho¬ more class of Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y. He was graduated from this col¬ lege in 1857, with the rank of valedic¬ torian.

A year after his graduation he was appointed Adjunct Professor of Mathe¬ matics in Hobart College, devoting also a part of his time to instruction in languages. In this position he remained for two years, devoting all his leisure to the study of law, under the direction of the Hon. Chas. J. Folger, the distin¬ guished jurist, and late Secretary of the Treasury.

About this time his attention was turned to a subject, then but little studied in American colleges, that of comparative philology". It possessed a peculiar attraction for him, and after pursuing it for a time under disadvant¬ ages, he resolved to go to German}^ where far better facilities could be enjo\'ed.

In October, 1861, he was matriculat¬ ed as a student of Philology in the Uni¬ versity of Berlin. Letters which he brought from home introduced him to several distinguished German professors, including such names as Weber, Roediger, Lepsius, Bopp and Grimm.

The breaking out of the war, how¬ ever, cut short the programme of his philological studies, as he felt his first duty was to his country in her hour of peril. After a trip through several coun¬ tries of Europe, he returned home in the latter part of 1861, and immediately offered his services in any position where his education and experience might ren¬ der him useful. He was commissioned First Lieutenant in the 50th New YMrk Regiment of Engineers. In Februarj^, 1862, he was in command of a compan}' of Engineers, then stationed with the 50th Regiment in Washington, D. C. From this time on, till his muster oitt of the service in July, 1865, he was unre¬ mittingly engaged in active service in the Engineering Department. He was promoted to Captain in the fall of 1862. In 1864 he was promoted to be Major by brevet, " for gallant and meritorious service," in the campaign of that year against Richmond. In the following winter he was commissioned a Alajor of Engineers in his own Regiment. At the opening of the campaign in 1865, Major Folwell was placed in command of a de¬ tachment of 450 Engineer troops, re¬ served for such duty as the Chief Engi¬ neer might order. This detachment was in most active service during the whole campaign, and rendered services which earned for its commander the brevet rank of Lieutenant Colonel U. S. Vols. No higher rank was then obtainable in the Volunteer Engineer corps as then organized.

During his four years of active ser¬ vice, his studies had been necessarily en¬ tirely neglected. Life was to be begun anew. Soon after his discharge a posi¬ tion was offered him of sharing in the management of a large business in Nor¬ thern Ohio, embracing coopering, mill¬ ing, merchandising, and a large landed estate. This he accepted, and continued in the emplo^^ment nearly" four years. It was during this time that he took up in earnest the stiidies in economics and politics, which of late j'cars have almost exclusively occupied him.

Alathematics and Engineering in Ken¬ yon College, Ohio. The position was accepted and the duties performed for part of the 3^ear. In August, 1869, he was elected President of the Universitj" of Minnesota, and entered u])on the dis¬ charge of his duties the following month. I^rom this brief sketch, it will be seen that Colonel Folwell had a large experi¬ ence of men and affairs, which in addi¬ tion to his scholastic attainments, was of great service to him in the discharge of the new duties to which he had been called.*

The position of President of the Uni¬ versity' was tendered to Colonel Folwell unsought, and in view of the situation before stated, was one of grave respon¬ sibility'. Had the choice been left to him, his own preferences and habits of thought, wouid have led him to a pro¬ fessional, rather than executive chair. But the line of duty' was presented in such a way that he did not feel at liberty' to decline the responsibility'. As before stated, in 1869, he accepted the position, and with his accustomed energy', entered upon the discharge of the duties incident thereto. He was inaugurated December 22nd, 1869.

For the next fifteen y'ears he applied himself unremittingly' and successfidh' to the work before him. The progress of the University during that period, is the endtiring evidence of the wisdom of his administration, not less than of the hearty' co-operation of the Board of Regents, and their eaniest efforts to place the institution on a broad and secure foundation. Some of the leading incidents, following the induction of President Folwell to office, connected with this part of the history' of the Uni¬ versity', may' properly here be stated.

*For most of the facts contained in the foregoing sketch, we are indebted The Gophek, an interesting publication of 189U, by class of '90, of the University.

belonging to the institution was conser¬ vatively estimated at a round million of dollars. Of course, but a very small portion of this was available, or inter¬ est bearing ffnids. But the result was conclusive evidence of the wisdom and energy with which the Regents had la¬ bored for nearly' ten y'ears, to rescue the institution from a state of what was thought almost hopeless bankruptcy', and placing it in a condition for future work and usefulness, unsurpassed by' that of any' similar institution in the Northwest.

As before remarked, it was in 1869, that the first beginning of college work was made. The preparatory depart¬ ment had fitted a small number of excel¬ lent and ambitious students for such work. The college y'ear o])ened in Sep¬ tember with a class of fifteen. From that time the work of the University' has proceeded steadily in a course of health¬ ful development. The preparatory' de¬ partment having served its purpose in the early day's when the high schools of the State were undevelojied, has been lopped off', the last vestige having disap¬ peared with the close of the college y'ear, 1889-90.

The operation of the High School Board, as designed, and for several y'ears conducted by' the President of the Uni¬ versity', has more than exceeded expecta¬ tions, and Minnesota pre.sents the first example in the country' of a public school system, organically' connected in all its elements, from the pidmary' school to the ])ost-graduate course of the University.

In the y'ear 1875, the main part of the Academic building as projected in 1857, was erected, although much changed in ])lans and elevation. At the same time the old wing cmderwent such alterations as to unite it with the new addition as a whole. The result was a I'easonabh' confluent and comfortable, if not hand- some, structure. Repaired and improved by the introduction of heating and ven¬ tilating apparatus, this Academic build¬ ing is still in use, and will be of service for many years to come.

To accommodate the work of the College of AgricidLure and the sciences related thereto, chemistry, ph^'sics and l)otany, a brick building of considerable dimensions was erected in the same j'-ear. 1875. The appointments of this build¬ ing were such as to make it very useful, although it soon became too small to accommodate the enlarging work of the departments occupying it. The removal of the Department of Physics to the new Engineering building, and of Agriculture to the new farm on Como Avenue, gave room for the expansion of the Depart¬ ment of Chemistr3^ In the fah of 1888, a fire destro3'ed the old Agricultural Col¬ lege, at least to the extent of rendering the upper story useless. In anticipation of Legislative assistance, it was decided to put on a temporary roof to render the first story and basement usable for the remainder of the year. An entmely new building now occupies its site. In this structure the Departments of Phys¬ ics and Chemistry' are to be accommo¬ dated in a manner and style unecjualled in this countiw.

A period of eight j^ears elapsed after the erection of the buildings described, as erected in 1875, before any new struc¬ tures appeared on the campus. Al¬ though the immediate demands on these buildings were met within five 3'ears at some inconvenience, it became apparent, at least to those on the ground, that the growth of the institution would soon recpiire larger accommodation. So much impressed with this idea was President Folwell, that at the annual meeting of the Board of Regents, occurring on the last days of December, 1880, he sub¬ mitted to that body a plan for the addi¬ tion of new buildings, and recommended that the Legislature be asked to appro¬ priate for their erection, the sum of $30,000 a year, for ten successive years. The Board concurred in his views, but thought it wise to reduce the sum to be then asked for, to $30,000 a year, for a term of six 3'ears. In pursuance of the action of the Regents, the President drafted a bill, which passed both houses, without the least alteration, and stands as Chapter 175 of the General Laws of 1881.

It so chanced that on the night fol¬ lowing the day on which this Act re-- ceived the approving signature of Gov¬ ernor Pillsbmw, the State Capitol was burned to the ground. Not long after, the State Hospital for the Insane at St. Peter was extensive^ damaged b3"fire; and the State Prison at Stillwater, had been likewise unfortunate. These disas¬ ters occasioned sudden and unexpected drafts upon the State treasury. Under the circumstances, the Board of Regents, patientl3" and magnanimously resolved to ]jostpone the development of the in¬ stitution the3riiad planned, till theextraordinaiw drain on the treasur3" should be over. This was a sore disappoint¬ ment to the president and faculty, who keenU' felt the need of enlarged accom¬ modations, to render their work more effective ; and to some extent perhaps in¬ curred censure for the condition of ap¬ parent stagnation in University affairs, for some pei'iod following the date men¬ tioned.

It is a fact which deserves to be em¬ phasized, that the Act of 1881, provid¬ ing for the erection of new buildings, to accommodate the growth of old depart¬ ments, the opening of new ones, and the inevitable increase in attendance, was the foundation of all subsequent build¬ ing development. The law of 1881, provided for the erection of (1) a farm house, (2) a gymnasium and drill hall, (3) a museum, (4) a building for engi¬ neering and physies, (5) an observator3^, and (6) a librarj' building. The departures from the plan in detail, have been such as subsequent casualities and exigencies suggested.

The charter of 1868, authorized the Regents to buy for the use of the Agri¬ cultural College, lands suitable for an experimental farm. Thej' soon after purchased, for the sum of $8,500, 120 acres of land lying east of the Univer¬ sity campus, on the old territorial road be\"ond the Cit\' limits.

This farm proved to be in some re¬ spects unsuitable, and the growth of the City made it possible to dispose of it to excellent advantage. In 1883, it was put on the market, and sold at such rates, for lots and blocks as to yield over $150,000.

Out of this fund a tract of land on Como Avenue, distant about two miles, and known as the "Bass Farm," and comprising 155 acres, was bought at $200 per acre. Ninetj^-two acres adjoin¬ ing were afterwards purchased, but at a higher price.

Utilizing temporarity the old build¬ ings of the farm, the Regents proceeded the same year (1883) to erect an ample farm house, and later, a large barn, a plant house, and a laboratory'.

Two other buildings have lately' been added for the accommodation of a school of practical agriculture, opened in October, 1888, in accordance with what was belie ved to be the demand of the farmers of the State as a body. The catalogue for the year mentioned gives the plan and course of studies, and exer¬ cise of the school.

It should be remarked that a labor¬ atory and a plant house have been pro¬ vided to carry out the provisions of the "Hatch Law," establishing agricultural experiment stations in all the States - the Minnesota station having been established on the Experimental Farm of the College of Agriculture of the Uni¬ versity of Minnesota.

In pursuance of the Act of 1881, ap¬ propriating $180,000 for building, the Regents proceeded in the summer of 1883, to plan for the erection of a drill hall and gy'-mnasium. The sketch of a floor plan submitted by President Folwell, outlined a large oblong building about 150 Iw 60 feet, one story high. To adapt it to use for seating large audiences, at commencement, the sketch showed an enlargement on one of the long sides, for a stage and green rooms, and a corresponding one opposite to be occupied with seats. This plan was later enlarged and elaborated, and the original idea and purpose so obscured, that when the architect's building plans were completed, the President was con¬ strained to say in writing, that "he could not conceive that any^ such struc¬ ture could be seriously contemplated." The plans however, were approved, and a large sum of money expended on the building and its furniture.

In the meantime, the academical work of the University had been steadi¬ ly and prosperously progressing. In the y^ear 1884, the number of students con¬ nected with the institution had increased to 394. The executive duties naturally' devolving upon the President, and other labors co-relative thereto, and especially more exigent in a young, than in an old well established college, were such as to require the whole time of that officer. While engaged in the discharge of these duties. President Pol well had by no means lost his taste and preference for the exclusive work of an instructor. And the time seemed to have arrived when he could indulge this preference without injury, and as he hoped, to the advantage of the Universit^'. His labors had been nnremitting in its behalf since his connection with it, and he enjoyed the great satisfaction of having aided its growth from the hum¬ blest beginnings, to a position among the colleges of the Northwest, second to none in comparison with its age. That his labors in this behalf were appreci¬ ated by the Regents, was shown by the flattering resolutions spread upon the minutes of the Board on his retirement from office. He was unanimously elected as professor of political science, and librarian and lecturer oh international law, which chair he still fills to the en¬ tire acceptance of the Faculty and Re¬ gents. He also finds time to give more or less attention to important objects oittside his jirofessional duties. He is a member of the Park Commission, a Timstee of St. Barnabas Hospital, a Di¬ rector of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, and for six 3'ears its President, and not infrequenth", is called upon to lecture before various public bodies in different parts of the State. Although he re¬ signed the office of President in 1883, it was not till a year and a half later that the Board of Regents actually relieved him from the discharge of its duties.

Cyrus Northrup, L. L. D., was elect¬ ed President of the University' in 1884. He was born in Ridgfield, Conn., Sep¬ tember 30, 1834. He attended school in Ridgfield until sixteen years of age, then spent one year at study at Williston Seminary', East Hampton, Mass. ; en¬ tered Yale College in 1852, but was soon after obliged to leave for a year on account of ill health. He resumed his studies in 1854, and gi-aduated with the class of 1857, with the third highest honor in scholarship in a class of 104.

the jn-actice of law in Norfolk, Conn., the following y'ear. He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1861, and of the Senate in 1862. The same y'ear he became Editor in Chief of the New Haven Daily Palladium, one of the most influential papers in the State. The fol¬ lowing y'ear he was elected Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in Yale College. This position he held till 1884, when he resigned to accept the I'residency' of the University'.

After his graduation. President Nor¬ thrup was aetive in politics in his native State for twenty' y'ears, making many' addresses in every' eampaign in behalf of the Republican party'. In 1867, he was a candidate for Congress in the New Haven district. He has delivered numeroi;s addresses in different States of the Union, on educational, religious and political subjects.*

President Northrup was jjeculiarly' fitted by' his education, executive ability', and varied and extensive knowledge of the world, to take up the work of the Ibiiversity', where it had been laid down by' President Folwell, and carry' it for¬ ward to a successful issue. Possessing to an unusual degree popular and enga¬ ging traits and manners, he has the faculty' of making friends with almost all with whom he comes in contaet. The affection of the students for him, and his entire control over them, is something epute unusual and extraordi¬ nary'. In this respect he more nearly' re¬ sembles the lamented ITesident Day' of Yale College, than any other one wc have known in the same position.

The remarkable and rapid increase in the number of students attending the University' dinfing the last six years, attests the eonfidence in the wisdom of its management, and the facilities it is giving for a thoi'ough education. It must become increasingly in the futui'c a most important factor, not only in the educational development of the City, but in its material prosperity as well. It must inevitably attract a large num¬ ber of cultivated people, who seek its advantages for the education of their children.

From the catalogue of the Universit}' published in 1890, we learn that there were connected with its different depart¬ ments, 770 gentlemen, and 232 ladies - an aggregate of 1,002. This showing, considering the age of the institution, is in the highest degree flattering. This rate of increase continued but a few years longer, will leave it without a rival in number of students, b\^ any Uni¬ versity or College in the United States.

It does not fall within the limits as¬ signed to this article, to give an account of the internal goverment of the institu¬ tion, or the scope of studies pursued therein. Those interested in that re¬ gard, have only to consrdt the complete and excellent catalogue above men¬ tioned. Nor indeed, to give any detailed sketch of the earnest and praiseworthy labors of Regents and Faculty, con¬ tinued through many 3'ears, and with¬ out which the University" could by no means have attained the high rank which it now occupies. Our design has rather been to rescue from oblivion, some of the incidents connected with its early history", which might be lost, when those taking part in the same have passed away".

It would, however, not be fitting to close this sketch without some brief reference to the distinguished services rendered to the institution by" Gov. John S. Pillsbury". For thirty" y"ears he has been instant in devoting his time and money to further the interests of the in¬ stitution. During the long y-ears of its dejmession, he labored unweariedly- to rescue it from financial ruin, and estab¬ lish it on a finn foundation. And later, in 1887, when State aid was lacking to carry- on the work which had been un¬ dertaken of building the Science Hall, he most generously" donated from his ample fortune, a sum sufficient to complete the same, then estimated at $150,000. His interest in the institution is still undi¬ minished, and being in the full vigor of life, there is good reason to believe, it may- enjoy- for many- y-ears to come, the services which in the past have l)een of such inestimable benefit.

To another honored name - that of Gov. Henry- H. Sibley- - does the Univer¬ sity- owe a deep debt of gratitude. For nearly- forty- y-ears has he been a member of the Board of Regents, and given un¬ stintedly- of his time and labors to the interests of the institution. In its dark¬ est days he did not waiver, and his in¬ terest and efforts in its behalf have never relaxed, until perhaps in some small measure recently, from ])hysical infirmi¬ ties, due to advanced age. His position, his wisdom, and sound clear judgment, have always been a tower of strength to the University-, and no one will be more missed' from the counsels of the Board than Governor Sibley-. His la¬ mented death occuri'ed February- 18th, 1891.

Jabez Brooks, D. D., Professor of Greek, is the oldest member of the Faculty-, having been elected to the chair in 1869. N. H. Winchell, M. A., Profes¬ sor of Geology- and Mineralogy-, ranks next, having been elected in 1872. For several y-ears. Professor Winchell has been exclusively- occupied as Chief Geol¬ ogist of the Geological Natural Historyof the State, being relieved from teach¬ ing for that piir])ose. This siirvey- by¬ virtue of a Legislative Act, i)rei)arcd and formulated by President I'olwell, is placed tinder the care of the Board of Regents of the University. One of the results of this arrangement will be the establishment of a great and splendid Museum, illustrating especially the en¬ tire Geologj^ of the State, and eventu¬ ally, doubtless, of a large part of the Northwest. Very ereditable progress has already been made in this direction.

The College of Medieine of the Uni¬ versity, opened October 6th, 1891, (fourth year), under the most flattering auspiees. The attendance was larger than ever before. The new building, for this College now in eourse of construc¬ tion, at an expense of about $60,000, is expected to be completed early in 1892. The opening exercises in the College of Homoeopathy, also took plaee on the same date. Both schools now belong to the University, and are under its con¬ trol. The Veterinary Department of the Agricultural School, also opened on Oetober 6th, for the first time. It is located at the comer of Fourth Street and Fourteenth Avenue South. It is un¬ der the direction of Olaf Schwartzkopf, and starts out with thirty students.

Newton Horace Winchell. In re¬ sponse to an invitation from the Board of Regents of the University of Minne¬ sota, Prof. Winchell came to the State in the summer of 1872, and in execution of the duties entrusted to the Board of Re¬ gents, by an Aet of the Legislature of 1872, to eause a Geological and Natural History Survey of the State to be prose¬ cuted, was appointed Direetor of the survey, and also was elected to the Professorship of Geology and Mineral¬ ogy in the University. Sinee that time he has been known throughout the State by the energetie and intelligent proseeutionof the survey , summerized in Nine¬ teen Annual Reports, and two vol¬ umes of final reports ; by his instruetion in science to the successive elasses of the University ; and to scientific men of other States and foreign countries, by his numerous publications upon scien¬ tific subjects, by his original investiga¬ tions in Geology and Paleontology ; and by his eonduet in recent years as Man¬ aging Editor of the American Geologist, a monthly periodical circulating among scientific men in all eivilized eountries of the world.

An elder brother, the late Alexander Winchell, had for many 3^ears allied his name to the illustrious leaders in Geo¬ logical and kindred seience throughout the world. To plaee Winehell, and Daw¬ son and Agassiz in the same category of fame with Hugh Miller and Lyell, is no disparagement of those great men. The eareer of Prof. N. H. Winchell, yet in full eourse of intellectual activity, gives bright promise that the younger brother will oecupy an equally exalted pedestal of fame, in the scientific world, with the elder, when it shall have run its course.

Alexander and Newton H. Winehell were sons of Horace Winehell. Newton, was born Deeember 17th, 1839, at Spen¬ cer's Corners, in the town of North East, Dutchess County, New York. The family had resided on the fertile slopes of one of the mountains of the T aconic Range, sinee known as Winchell Mountain, sinee about the year 1760, and traces its deseent from Robert Winehell, who eame from England and settled at Dorehester, Mass., as early as 1634. Though none of the immediate aneestors were special¬ ly devoted to science, they were many of them men of letters, and not a few gra¬ duates of Yale, Brown and other New England Colleges.

Nevertheless, the worldly eircumstances of the parents were so limited, that the sons, yearning for a liberal edueation, were forced to earn by their own labor much of the means for obtaining it. The subjeet of this sketch taught a district school near his birth place when sixteen years old, and taught in adjoin¬ ing districts for three suecessive seasons. He then removed to Ann Arbor, and be¬ came a resident in the family of his brother Alexander, who was Professor of Geology in the University of Michigan, and completed the studies pi'eparatory to entering college. He was matricul¬ ated in the University in 18. '8, but did not graduate until 1866, being compelled to earn his expenses, first by service in 1861 and 1869, on the Alichigan Geo¬ logical Survey, and afterwards by teach¬ ing in the intervals of stud^". He re¬ ceived the bachelor's degree of his Alma Mater, and in coarse the Master's also. During the four succeeding years he was successive! 3" Principal of the High School at Kalamazoo, and Superintendent of schools at Port Huron and Adrian, and for two years was engaged upon the Geological Survey, in Ohio. The report of this last emplo3onent, coming to the knowledge of the Regents of the Universit3' of Minnesota, induced the giving of the invitation mentioned, to undertake the Directorship of the Minnesota Sur- \ty.

In 1864, before his graduation. Pro¬ fessor Winchell married Miss C.S. Imus, of Galesburg, Mich., who was a gradu¬ ate of, and afterwards a teacher in Al¬ bion College, Mich. They have five children. The older son, Horace V., a graduate of the University of Michigan, possesses the scientific genius of his uncle and father, and has been associat¬ ed with his father on the Minnesota Survey, and is in request for the examin¬ ation of economic enterprises, requiring the application of scientific principles. A 3'ounger son, Alexander N., is yet pur¬ suing his studies. A daughter is the wife of F. N. Stacy, one of the Editors of the Minneapolis Daily Tribune, and another is married to Uh^sses S. Grant,

Professor Winchell is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advance¬ ment of Science, a Corresponding Mem¬ ber of the New York and Buffalo Acade¬ mies of Science, a Fellow of the Ameri¬ can Geological Societ}^ a Alember of the National Geographical Society, and Honorary Member of other scientific bodies. He has been among the most diligent and active members of the Min¬ nesota Academr^ of Natural Science at Minneapolis, and has more than once served as its President. He is a life Member of the Minnesota Historical Societ\q and for several years has served on its Executive Council. Besides his Professorship in the University he has been Curator of its Museum, which is an outgrowth of the Geological Survey. It contains over eight thousand entries in its geological and mineralogical depart¬ ment, and in the zoological nearly two thousand, embracing sevei'al times as many specimens. This is a valuable means of instruction to the students in Natural Science, and of enlightment and pleasure to all visitors.

Professor Winchell's life work and en¬ during monument is the Geological Sur¬ vey of the State of Minnesota, in which he engaged with enthusiasm and has pursued with unwearied diligence. Nearl3^ all parts of the State have been explored, mapped and described imtheirgeological relations, and the final reports are being published. Besides the scientific value of these examinations, not a few economic advantages have resulted. Impracticable and visionary enterprises have been checked, and others guided to successful results. Especially valuable have been the labors of the Survey, in developing and guiding the iron mining industry in the Vermillion and Mesabi ranges of the Northern part of the State. One of the latest reports is an exhaustive treatise upon the iron ores of the State. The chief means for the prosecution of the survey has been derived from the sale of the Salt Springs grant of public lands, which were rescued from threatened spoliation b^' the counsels of the State Geologist, and placed in the control of the Regents of the University, to be de¬ voted to this work. *

Professor Winched has been a prolific writer upon scientific subjects, chiefly connected with Geology, nnd has pre¬ pared many papers for scientific bodies, and current publications.

The Glacial Features of Green Ba\', of Lake Michi gan.with some observations on a probable former outlet of lake Superior. - Am. Jour. Sci., ( 3 ), ii, 15 ; July, 1875.

Reports on the Geological Survey of Ohio ; counties of Sandusky, Seneca, Wyandot and Marion, in the Srst volume of the hnal report', counties of Ottawa, Crawford, Morrow, Dela¬ ware, Van Wert, Union, Paulding, Hardin, Han¬ cock, Putnam, Allen, Auglaize, Henry, and Defi¬ ance, in the second volume of the final report.

The First Annual Report ot the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1872. First and second editions identical, 112 pp. 8 vo. Con¬ tains a list of earlier publications, and a sketch of the geology of the State, with a colored geological map of the State.

The Second .Annual Report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1873, 219 pp. 8 VO. Contains chapters on the Belle Plaine salt well ; peat, and the geologj- of the Minnesota valley.

The economical geology of the region of Cheboj-gan and old Mackinac in the counties of Prescpi' Isle, Cheboygan and Emmet, State of Michigan. Report of the Michigan Board of Agri¬ culture for 1873.

Geological notes from early explorers in the Minnesota valley; two papers. - Bulletins of the Minnesota .Academy of Natural Sciences. Vol. i, I)p. 89 and 153; 187-1 and 1875.

The third annual report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 187-1. Free¬ born and Mower counties, with colored geological maps.

Report of a reconnoissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, made in the summer of 1874 by Capt. Wm. Ludlow. Geological report IwN. H. Winchell ; contains the first geological map of the interior of the Black Hills.

Report on the copper and silver districts of Southwestern New Mexico. Published in Ray¬ mond's Mines and Mining west of the Rocky Mountains. Washington, 1874, pp. 335-43.

Notes on a deep well drilled at East Minneapo¬ lis in 1874-1875. - Bulletins of the Minnesota Aca¬ demy of Natural Sciences, i, 187. Reprinted in the fifth report on the Minnesota Survey.

The fourth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1875. Con¬ tains Fillmore county; and other counties by M. W. Harrington.

The fifth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1876. Con¬ tains reiiorts on Houston and Hennepin counties, the latter having the discussion of the recession of the F'alls of St. Anthoii}' ; with reports on chemis¬ try, omitholog%% entomolog3' and botan}-, bj' as¬ sistants.

The sixth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1877. Con¬ tains a discussion of the water supply of the Red River Valley; the geology- of Morrison, of Pipe¬ stone and Rock counties, and of Ramsev countj- : also chapters on Rice count}' ; chemistr}- ; entomolog_v and ornitholog}', b}' assistants.

The seventh annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey ofMinnessota, 1878. Contains a pi-eliminary report on the stratigraplu' of the rocks of the northern part of the state, with their mineral characteristics; with reports by as-

University Of Minnesota.'

Annual address of the President of the Minne¬ sota Academj' of Natural Sciences. - BuIIetinsof the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. i, 389.

The eighth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1879. Con¬ tains chaptei-s on the microscopic examination of rocks; on the Cupriferous at Duluth ; descriptions of two species of Lingula, one of Crania and seven of Orthis; and reports b3'- assistants; also a paper on Castoroides Ohioensis at Minneapolis.

The ancient copper mines of Isle Ro\'ale, [abstraet], - Bulletins of the Alinnesota .Academy of Natural Sciences, 1880, vol, i., 29. Printed in full in the Popular Science Alonthly, xix, 601.

The State and higher education ; an address de¬ livered Jan. 12, 1881, before the Minnesota Academv of Natural Seiences. - Bulletins of the Alinncsota .Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. ii, 1881.

Dali's observations on arctic ice, and the bear¬ ing of the facts on the glaeial phenomena of Minne¬ sota. - Am. Jour. Sci. (3), xxi., 358, 1881.

The ninth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Alinnesota, 1880. Con¬ tains field descriptions and notes on 442 cr\'stalline rock samples ; description of two species of Orthis and one of Strophomena ; with chapters on the water supjdj' of the Red River Valley, with simple tests of the cpialities of water, and on the Cupriferous series in Minnesota; also reports b3" assistants.

The tenth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1S8A. Con¬ tains preliminary descriptions and field notes' on 393 crystalline rock samples, ehapters on the Potsdam sandstone, t3'pical thin sections of the rocks of the Cupriferous series in Minnesota, de¬ scription of fossil elephant's teeth from Montana, and a translation from the German of Kloos, of " Geologieal Notes on.Minnesota," and notes on a deep well drilled at Minneapolis; also contains chapters bv assistants.

The eleventh annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Alinnesota,, 1882. Contains a report on the mineralog3- of Minnesota and a translation from the Neues Jahrbuch fur Alineralogie for 1877, of Streng and Kloos' papers on the cr3'stalline rocks of Minnesota, w'ith a note on the age of the I'ocks of the Mesabi and Vermil¬ ion iron districts, with other ehapters by assistants.

The Geology of Alinnesota, vol. 1 of the final report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 4to, 697 pages, 43 plates, and 52 figures, 1872-1882 ; also contains chapters by M. W. Harrington and Warren Uphani.

The strength of Minnesota and New England granites. - Am. .4ssc. Adv. Sci., 1S83, xxxi., 249, [abstract]. Reprinted in full in the twelfth annual report on the Minnesota Surve3'.

The twelfth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Alinnesota, 1883. Contains a paper on the strength of Minnesota and New England granites and various miscellany ; -also chapters by assistants.

Circular letter to the Geologists of America ( as chairman of a committee for the organization of w'hat became the Geological Society of America, 1881). This was subsequentlv reprinted in the American Geologist, vol. vi, p. 184.

The cr3'stalline rocks of the Northwest, Vicepresidential address before Section of Geologv' and Geograph3', .Am. Assc. Ac7i'. Sci., Philadel])liia, Sep. 5, 1884.

The Thirteenth annual report of the Geological and Natural History survey of il/innesota contains observations in Pope couiitv- and ontheciystalline rocks of the northeastern part of the State. Here is first foreshadowed the classification of the iron ores of the State wdiich afterwards was ado])ted, with slight modifications, in the final report ( Bull¬ etin No. 6 ) on the iron ores of Minnesota, and which has wrought a great change in the prevail¬ ing ideas of the geologv and of the origin of those ores. This report also antiounces primordial fos¬ sils found in the red quartzyte in Pipestone coun t v, correcting the reported age of a great formation w'hich before had been jnit in the .\rchean, and eontains various miscellan3'.

The mineral exhibit of Alinnesota at the Aleu- Orleans exposition. 1884. Published in the report of the State Mineralogist of California for 1885, pp. 167-69.

Augsburg Seminary

No^es on classification and nomenclature for the American committee of the International Geol¬ ogical Congress, March, 1887. American Natural¬ ist, August, 1887.

Fifteenth annual report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota for 1886. This gives a multitude of detailed observations in the country northeast from Duluth, illustiative of the geology of the iron-bearing rocks, and contains a geological map, 1887.

Sixteenth report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, for 1887 . This re¬ port is similar to the fifteenth, but embraces com¬ parative studies in the area of the original Huronian, at Marquette and on the Gogebic range in Michigan. 1888.

The Geology of Minnesota, vol. ii, of the final report of the Geological Survey of Minnesota. This is one of the matured results of the survey, and like volume 1 consists of about 700 quarto pages, with over forty maps and plates. The chief feature of the volume is the final discussion of the recession of the Falls of St. Anthony, which is abundantly illustrated with reproductions of old maps, paintings and other views of the falls show¬ ing their position at various dates from the time of their discovery liy Hennepin to 1857. 1888.

The Animikic black slates and quartz^'tes, and the Ogishke conglomerate of Minnesota the eejuivalentof the"0riginal Huronian." American Geolo¬ gist, 1888.

Report of the Sub-committce on the Lower Palfcozoic. Presented for the .American Committee to the International Congress of Geologists, L<mdon Session, 1888. American Geologist, Sept. 1888. Also published in the report of the Congress, Lon¬ don, 1891.

Eighteenth annual report on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Alinnesota, for 1889. This report also is concerned with the crj-stalline rocks, and speciall^^ with ])henomena that bear on a theory of the origin of the iron ores of the State.

The eastern equivalents of the Minnesota iron ores. Read before tii<.' Minnesota Academj' of Sciences Oct. 7, 1890. Published in " The Iron Ores of Alinnesota," pp. 4-11-419.

Museums and their purposes. A lecture before the St. Paul Academ\' of Sciences, May, 1891. No. 1 of the publications of the St. Paul .Academy.

A letter to the Horticultural Societv, describing certain maps of the State of Minnesota. Report of the Horticultural Societ}', 1891, pp. 296-299.

The Iron Ores of Alinnesota ; their Discoverv, Development, Geologv, Origin, yualit'es, and com¬ parison with those of other iron districts. 8 vo.. 430 pp., 43 plates and a colored geological map of the iron district, 1891 (with H. A'. Winchell ).

As managing editor of the American Geologist he has contributed numerous editorials and re¬ views, which, however, are published anonymously.

The nineteenth annual report of the Geological Surve}' is now in press, and the twentieth is being written. He is also engaged on vol. iii of the final re])ort of the Surver-.

wegian Lutherans who immigrated to this eountry. They had split in three separate bodies, none of them having a theological institution of their own. One fraction did not believe in scientific education of preachers ; the other had joined the Gernian Missouri Synod, and had their ministers educated in St. Louis, Mo. The third fraction had united with the Swedes, and organized a church body called the Augustana Synod, in which, however, the Swedes were far supeidor in numbers. They had founded a Theological Seminary in Pax¬ ton, Ills. In 1860, the Norwegians of this Synod had, in order to assert their nationality, called Rev. A. Weenaas from Norway, to be their Theological Pro¬ fessor and representative, as it were, at Paxton. He became very soon dissatis¬ fied with the whole joint arrangement, and shortly conceived the idea of build¬ ing up a separate Theological institu¬ tion for the Norwegian Lutherans.

Without money or even assurance of support, he started, with some devoted pupils, a temporary school in Marshall, Dane Co., Wis. That was the beginning of Augsburg Seminary. The severance from the Swedish Augustana Synod and school followed as a matter of course. A number of ministers and churches, however, were not satisfied wdth the new order of things, and the dissatisfac¬ tion broke oiit in open revolt, when Pro¬ fessor Weenaas and his closest followers united with some seceders from the Mis¬ souri branch of the Norwegian Luther¬ ans, and organized a new church society, " The Conference of the Norwegian Da¬ nish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America;" afterwards, however, briefl\^ known as "The Conference." They then left Professor Weenaas entirely, organ¬ ized a " Norwegian Augustana Synod," and having elected a Board of Trustees, they drove Professor Weenaas and his

From then on Professor Weenaas' school carried on an utterly precarious existence. The little rickety hall they had rented was almost uninhabitable dui'ing the winter months ; the free con¬ tributions from churches - the only source of revenue on which Professor Weenaas had to rely - grew utterly scarce, and at times both he and the pupils were literally on the point of starvation. Thus Augsburg Seminar}'- was born and baptized in tribulations.

The stay at Marshall was now, how¬ ever, only a C[uestion of time ; there was no alternative left for Professor Weenaas but to move or give up.

As early as 1870, at a convention at Madison, Wis., a committee had been appointed to select a permanent location for Augsburg Seminary, and through the foresight and energy of Rev. O. Paulsen, at the time pastor at Minneapolis, now of Blanchard ville, Wis., determined on Minneapolis. Rev. Paulsen had secured some lots in the Southern part of the Town, obtained from citizens some sub¬ scriptions in lumber and money, and with $50 cash - boi'rowed from a ser¬ vant girl - he started with a couple of carpenters the building of a two-story, 40 X 50, brick veneered frame biiilding, the attic of which, throvigh the primi¬ tiveness and elasticity of the architec¬ tural principles applied, w^ls, in the course of construction, expanded into a third story. This structure forms now one of the wings of the present Semi¬ nary building proper. It was at the time intended to comprise family apart¬ ments for Professor Weenaas ; dormi¬ tories for the students - at that time in all 18 - class-rooms, kitchen and dining hall.

In 1872, when the building was com¬ pleted and Professor Weenaas with his pupils moved in, there was an indebted¬ ness on the institution of considerably over $5,000 ; the cost of the building had been about $9,000, of which churches and individuals outside of Minneapolis had contidbuted an amount not exceeding $500.

In 1873, Sven Oftedal accepted of a call as Theological Professor at Augs¬ burg Seminary. He was a graduate from the University of Norwa}^ and had passed several years in travels and studies in other European countries. He was singularly well' fitted for this country and the position, being thorough going American in all his views. His ambition was to draw the churches of his countrymen out of the sterile doc¬ trinal controversies in which the clergy were one sidedly all powerful - to confine the doctrines to the simple and acknow¬ ledged truths of the catechism, thereby enabling the lay element of the churches to control themselves the purity of doc¬ trine, and finally turn their energies to more practical Christian work in connec¬ tion with the building up of an institu¬ tion to educate ministers in accordance with these views.

After looking over the ground for a 3"ear, and having familiarized himself with persons and things, he caused in 1874, the present Seminary building to be erected, together with a tenement house for three professors. Simultane¬ ously were called from Norway two additional Theological Professors, his friends, George Sverdrup and S. R. Gunnersen, both exceptionally able and learned men, actuated by the same mo¬

With no funds, no endowments, little sympathy or understanding amongst the people, few pupils, niauA' poor ones at that, it was indeed an uphill work to build up the institution, take financially care of buildings already heavily encum¬ bered, and pay the salary of four Theo¬ logical Professors. It takes time to enlist the sympathy of the public in a new move, jDarticularly when it involves expenses. The Professors had to work ven*' hard, and had to content them¬ selves with partial and very irregular payment of their salary. Professor Weenaas soon grew discontented and tired; he resigned, and returned to Nor¬ way" in 1876. Internal discussions both in the Faculty and out of it, made mat¬ ters still worse. An incompetent and undesirable Professor had been elected in Professor Weenaas' place.

The financial condition of the institu¬ tion became every j^ear more entangled, and its indebtedness had in 1877, reached $16,000. The churches that never had evinced any great substantial zeal for the school grew more and more indifferent ; the school as well as the societ3', threatened to split up in parties and go under.

Something had to be done this ^-ear ; 1877 is, therefore, the great turning point in the histor\" of Augsburg Seminary. A large and enthusiastic conven¬ tion in Wilmar, consisting of one-third ministers and two-thirds la3' delegates from the churches, connected with the Seminar3', took the matter in their hands. It was a remarkable assembh-; determined Norsemen and earnest Chris¬ tian farmers, the large majorit3' of them. Apparenth', irreconcilable discussions and an unsurmountable debt stared them in the e3'es. All around, the fields were in June dark with the ravages of grasshoppers, that had at the time in¬ fested the entire Northwest, the main sup¬ port of the sehool. But nothing deterred them from taking the steps that seemed necessary to save both Seminar^^ and society. After long and earnest debates, sometimes prolonged until after mid¬ night, the convention discharged the last appointed Professor, and resolved to raise $16,000 cash, on condition that if it was not all paid in before January 1, 1878, the whole amount collected should be returned to the contributors. It was live or die. Professor Oftedal was appointed Chairman of a Commit¬ tee to collect this money, with authority to select the Committee.

He went about the work in dead earnest. He first started a paper for the purpose, and printed it in 10,000 copies. Through this instrumentalit3", chiefl}^ and with very little traveling, he organized Committees in eveiw Church, gave them detailed instructions, and wrought up in two or three months an enthusiasm hitherto absolutely un¬ known amongst a cool-headed, conser¬ vative people like the Norwegians. The results followed. From the beginning of October, most of the Committees were read3" work, and in three months the whole amount, $16,000, and some to spare, was subscribed.

In three weeks, from the 1st to the 21st of Januar3% 1878, after having given order to send in the amounts sub¬ scribed, Professor Oftedal received cash $18,000, contributed by over 30,000 individuals.

The school was saved, and more; from now on Augsburg Semin ar3^ was not the concern of some ministers or of a clique, but - as of right it ought to be - the School of the Churches, of the peo¬ ple. The farmers got the habit of call¬ ing it "Our School."

What this meant for the future of the Seminary, the histor3"of the last fourteen 3^ears has proved. There were stirnggles afterwards, but they have been those of progress ; the question has always been : "How large a step forward shall be made each time." But always, onward. The financial condition of the institu¬ tion has been constanth^ improving. An endowment fund has been collected of $50,000, in the same way as the debt was paid, by small free contributions - ver3" few individual gifts reaching the amount of $100. New buildings have been erected, a dormitarv building and a professor's residence, together costingin the neighborhood of $12,000.

Almost an entire block of land has been acquired, partly by purchase, parth' by the substantial aid of some.few pub¬ lic spirited citizens of Minneapolis. Able professors, educated b3' the institution itself, have been secured for the Elementar3" and Collegiate Depai'tments, and the number of pupils have been time and again doubled.

The opponents of the institution have gradualh' dwindled away into insignifi¬ cance. Nothing succeeds like success, and the plain democratic principles of Augsburg Seminary have constant^ gained ground, not only in the " Confer¬ ence," but also outside, to such an ex¬ tent, that in 1890, three separate Nor¬ wegian Lutheran Synods of the North¬ west have formed a union around Augs¬ burg Seminar3^ as their centre.

But while the success of Augsburg Seminary in simplifying doctrines and church policy has been felt through the whole Northwest, its influences in other spheres amongst the Norwegian Luth¬ erans has hardl3^ been less marked. It has become the avowed advocate of the common school system of America against influences in the opposite direc¬ tion coming from the German Lutherans of the Missouri S3'nod. The cause of temperance and prohibition has, through the professors and students of the Augs¬ burg Setninarj', got a foothold in the Northwest, that already- has shown its effect in the two Dakotas. From Augsburgh Seminary go abroad influences that foster and strengthen the convic¬ tion, not only that Lutheranism has to pla^' an important part in the religious development of the Northwest, but that the Scandinavians in thoroughU' becom¬ ing Americanized, also have to carrj' with them into the new American people in process of development,' the best fea¬ tures of Norse national character.

1. Elemental'}', two years; partly preparatory' for the colleges ; jiartly' nor¬ mal, enabling the pupils to take first and second grade certificates as com¬ mon school teachers.

2. Collegiate or Greek Department; Greek taking the lead instead of Latin. The course here is four years, at the end of which, after due examination, the pupils are graduated as B. A.

The terms run from September 15th to June 7th for the Theological course; from October 1st to May 7th, for the College. All pupils have to attend the whole term.

Augsburg Seminary is a boarding school, and the boarding department is a peculiar and most important feature in its make-up. The boarding club is namely' organized and managed by the students themselves. They elect their own manager and treasurer, pay' in at the beginning and in the middle of every' term a certain amount cash, and buv everything wholesale ; the Seminary' fur¬ nishes them only stoves and dining-room furniture. The consequence is, that they' have a healthy and substantial board for about $1.50 a week, and many' a y'oung man is thereby' enabled to get an education who otherwise could not. Intellectually', however, this boarding arrangement is perhaps of still greater benefit to the students. When the club meets for discussion, no member is ajit to be absent ; for the debates there ap¬ peal immediately to his purse, and when questions come up of a new assessmen t for improving the board, or of reti'enchment and closer economy' towards the end of the term, there will be a vigor and earnestness in his arguments, that are usually sadly' lacking in the ordin¬ ary formal discussions of a debating club.

In other respects Augsburg Seminary does not differ materially' from other American institutions of similar kind. A majority' of the Norwegian Churches in America, howev'er, demanding preach¬ ing in their own langixage, necessitates yet the use of both languages, English and Norwegian, on equal terms through¬ out the entire curriculum. While this may have certain advantages, it makes the institution more complicated than if it all could be communicated in one lan¬ guage, which eventually' will be the case.

The last years have been a ]3eriod of unqualified progress and prosperity' for Augsburg Seminary'. There are now five endowed chairs of theology', with five professors, five additional ])rofessors for the preparatory departments.

The endowment fund has been in¬ creased to $125,000, and the value of the Seminary''s property', including a large book concern, amounts to another $125,000.

total ntimber of graduated ministers to 162. The number of pupils the same year was 188, a number that at any time eould be doubled if the sehool was not, as it is now, strict^ confined to prepare for the ministry.

In 1871 there were connected with the institution in all sixteen ministers and thirty churches. In 1891, Augsburg Seminary had associated with itself 268 ministers, with 869 churches, mainly in the six Northwestern States, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, North and South Dakota.

We have thus given a full and com¬ prehensive sketch of this institution from its origin, both because its work, and what it has accomplished, are but imperfectly known, to a large majority of the citizens of Minneapolis, and on account of the invaluable moral influence it is already wielding, not onl3^ in Min¬ nesota, but throughout the Northwest, an influence which manifestly must rapidly increase year by year. The histoi'y of the Seminary reads almost like a novel; so interesting in its origin, and Iw the difiiculties it has encountered and surmounted, before achieving final and complete success.

The sketch shows a resolution, deter¬ mination and perseverance of the Nor¬ wegian people, on behalf of their school, unsurpassed by anjThing recorded of our Puritan ancestors of New England. But two men stand forth pre-eminently as leaders in the enterprise - Professor Oftedal and President Sverdrup. The latter was not so closely connected with the financial affairs of the institution, but his distinguished name and finished scholarship, through all these years, have been a tower of strength to the Seminary. Professor Oftedal undertook the herculean task of rescuing the insti¬ tution from almost hopeless bankruiDtcy, and placing it on a solid financial foun¬ dation. By his indomitable will and energy, in a comparatively short time, he achieved even a greater success than he deemed possible. Professor Oftedal is hardly less an American than Nor¬ wegian, and has repeatedly been elected as School Director, was President of the Board for some years, and is a Director of the Librar3" Board, and is prominent in all moral and reformatory move¬ ments, tending to improve the condition of the people.

Luther Seminary

The histor3^ of Luther Seminar3' is so intimately connected with the history of the Norwegian Lutheran Church, yea even with the histor3" of the Norwegian people of this countiw, that it would be impossible to treat of the first, without to some extent at least, to touch upon the latter.

Emigration to this country from Nor¬ way commenced as eaidy as 1836. The first colonists, after unspeakable hard¬ ships, especialW at sea, founded new homes in the vicinit3' of Rochester, New York, and in Texas.

It was a sturdy, hard working, earn¬ est, pious class of people, that left their poor rugged home and settled on the fertile prairies of the Northwest. As the Greek colonists of olden times took some soil from their father-land or mothercity along to their new homes, symboliz¬ ing their fidelity towards the religion of their mother-country, so the pioneers of the Norwegian nationalit}" had made up their mind to perpetuate and build up their old dear Lutheran Ghurch in this country. A layman by the name of Elling Eielsen, had tried in his peculiar way to administer to the spiritual wants of the emigrants. But the men who commenced the organization of congre¬ gations, that later on became an essen¬ tial element of a lai'ge church society, were W. Dietrichson, the first minister from Norway, and C. L. Clausen, a Dane, about the year 1844.

In 1848, H. A. Stub, the second min¬ ister from Norway arrived. Dietrichson returned to Norway in 1850, but A. C. I'reus, the third minister from Norway, filled the vacancy.

As the constitution adopted at the first attempt of organizing a larger chui'ch body or synod was found to be faidtyin one particular point, the organ¬ ization was formalh' dissolved again in 1852, and a new constitution laid before the congregations for approval and adoption.

These men, who had to serve at least twice as many congregations as those that originally formed the Synod, were convinced, that the success of the ehui'ch to a great extent depended upon a well educated and efficient clerg\". But in order to get a well educated and efficient clergy, a thorough training is required, at least, as a rule.

Being so few, and having their hands full, they naturalh^ looked around for some other Lutheran society, with which they might join in establishing the neces¬ sary^ educational institutions.

In the year 1857, it was resolved to create a Norwegian Professorship at the German Lutheran Concordia College, in St. Louis, Mo., and the prospects were held out, that eventually this would de¬ velop into a separate Norwegian Theo¬ logical institution.

The theological students consequent¬ ly went to St. Louis - Professor L. Lai'- sen serving as the special Professor of the Symod. The necessary preparatory^ training had Tjeen received either at St. Louis, or later, at the College at Fort Wayne, or at the house of some of the ministers. In one instance, the gifted and learned wife of one of the ministers, conducted the preparatory training. One of her pupils, certainly', was the most learned college professor among the Scandinavians in this country-.

Blit the Civil War caused such dis¬ turbance in St. Louis, that the Synod in 1861, resolved to build its own school and locate it in Decorah, in the State of Iowa.

Rev. V. Koren, of Washington Prairie, near Decorah, another minister from Norway', who in the course of time, by' his extraordinary' ability' and consum- mate leadership, as Pi'esident of the Iowa District, as a member of the Church Council, in the pulpit and in de¬ bate, has established a reputation as the ablest among emigranted Norwegian churchmen in this country, had secured a beautiful ti'act of land, comprising thirty-two acres. But there were no buildings. The school, therefore, in the year 1861-1862, found temporarj^ ac¬ commodations in the Half Way Creek Parsonage, thirteen miles from La Crosse, Wis., the teachers being Profes¬ sor L. Larsen, a minister from Norway, a scholar and of great executive ability, alread}^ tested in St. Louis, and F. A. Schmidt, a German by birth, educated at the College and Seminary at St. Louis, mastering the English language as well as the German.

In 1862, the school was removed to Decorah, and opened in a building that had been bought by the Synod for temporar3" use. As early as 1861, a com¬ mittee appointed by the Synod, had made out plans for a large college build¬ ing, and these had been adopted by the Synod in 1862. Preliminary work be¬ gan in the summer of 1863. The 30th of June, 1864, the cornerstone of Luther College was laid with imposing cere¬ monies.

Saturday the 14th of October, 1865, Luther College was dedicated in the name of the triune God to its important service in the interest of both church and state. This was the greatest event in the history of the Norwegians of this country, and consequentH" was cele¬ brated as such.

Of the twenty-eight ministers and professors, at that time belonging to the Synod, nearly ever3'- one was present, as well as large representative bodies, even from far dista'nt congregations. About 6,000 people took part in the dedication. The President of the S3'nod, Rev. H. A.

Preus, delivered the dedicatory sermon, and performed the dedicatory act. Rev. V. Koren delivered the address of wel¬ come to the representatives of the Ger¬ man Missouri Synod.

With surprise and admiration, the large gathering faced one of the largest buildings in the State of Iowa, that time, an edifice, the cost of which on the da3^ of its dedication, was $75,000, erected during the most trying times, dtiring the Civil War.

But there was a divinely inspired en¬ thusiasm for the project both among the layity and the clergy. A presentation of the difficulties, under which the build¬ ing committee labored, is given in a re¬ port to the Synod by Prof. L. Larsen, the President of the institution, who better than any one else in the whole Synod, from personal experience, could speak of the struggles for existence. " How seldom was there even for a short time as much as $2,000 to be found in the treasuiw ! On the contrary, it oftti mes happened, that on a Saturday we did not know whence the $1,000 were to come, wherewith the numerous laborers were to be paid on the following Monday. Nothing could then be done but confide the matter to God, and beseech Him, that even if He to our well deserved humiliation, intended to put us to shame. He nevertheless would preserve the honor of His holy name, and not permit His own cause, for which we were laboring, to become an object of derision. And the Lord always provid¬ ed in due season. We were always able to satisf3' the demand made upon us." a tower of strength his executive ability, J. I). Jacobsen, capable of teach¬ ing all the branches compi'ised in a col¬ lege course; G. Landmark, a noted Phil¬ ologist from Norway; A. Seipel, at pres¬ ent Professor of Semitic languages at the University of Christiania; K. Bergh, a master of the English language, who died in the prime of manhood ; O. Breda, at present filling the chair of Pi'ofessor of Scandinavian languages and Latin, at our own University; Th. Bothne, recognized as an authoi'ity in the Scan¬ dinavian languages and literature; L. Reque,a son of his Alma Mater, a gradu¬ ate from the Law Department of his State, a scholar and a finished orator; G. Bothne, a graduate from Luther Col¬ lege, the Northwestern University and John Hopkins, especially gifted as a teacher. The representative Protestant religious paper of this country, The In¬ dependent, of New York, speaks of Lu¬ ther College as "celebrated for the con¬ scientious thoroughness of its fine work, and the great number of fine scholars it has turned out." It says that " Luther College has been the conservative centre of learning," and that "Decorah gradu¬ ates are now filling important chairs in most of the leading Colleges and Uni¬ versities in the country." Luther Col¬ lege, having sent so many of its gradu¬ ates to John Hopkins University, has, from the President of this most thor¬ ough scientific institution, received the flattering testimony of being "one of the Colleges of the countr^^"

Among the graduates from Luther College may be mentioned the two Pro¬ fessors of Luther Seminary, who nearly from the start have been connected with it, and made it the most solid and thor¬ ough theological institution among the Norwegians, viz : H. G. Stub and J. Ylvisaker.

fessor at the State University of Wiscon¬ sin. lately U. S. Minister to Denmark, a man of great fame; N. P. Haugen, Mem¬ ber of Congress from Wisconsin ; L. Hektoen, Dean of the Medical I' acuity of the State Universit}' of Iowa; Mr. (). Kalheim and O. P. Stromme, two exceed¬ ingly able men as journalists, editors of influential papers published in Chicago, are gi'aduates from Luther College.

The chief object of Luther College has been to teach the disciplines of lib¬ eral knowledge to young men, who in¬ tend later to take up the study of the¬ ology, but secondly, to afford the ad¬ vantages of a liberal education to any youth desiring to avail himself of the same. The yearly attendance has been about two hundred (only boys), and the total number of students, that have at¬ tended the College, 1,503.

For a number of years the majority of the graduates from Luther College went to Concordia Theological Semi¬ nary, St. Louis, to study theology. The S^'iiod had its representative professor at that institution, in the person of Pro¬ fessor F. A. Schmidt. Other young men, who withoitt a six year's college train¬ ing, were regarded as qualified for pur¬ suing the study of theology, went to the German Lutheran Seminary at Springfield, Illinois, where the S\'nod also was represented by a Professor, viz : ().

Luther College had as stated devel¬ oped into a first class college. The orig¬ inal idea of making it a Theological Seminary, was given itj). A combina¬ tion of a pre])aratory dei)artment, a col¬ lege and a Theological Seminary, on ac¬ count of the approved beneficial moral and religious influence, which the Semi¬ nary might exert on the College, was not favored in the Synod. The general senti¬ ment was in favor of leaving ever}' insti¬ tution of a si^ecific character and with a specific aim, within its own sphere, and under its own specific management. In the Synod they very properly reasoned thus : A college must, as a matter of course, have a broader basis and a more cosmopolitan character, than a Theo¬ logical Seminary. A combination, it was thought, would cripple the college, and reduce the standard of a true, thor¬ ough college, to the level of an academy or high school. The results of this amalgamation system of throwing a preparatory department, a college and a Theological Seminary together, had cer¬ tainly not proved to be a success among other Norwegian church bodies. The experiment had deprived the so-called colleges of the right to be named among the colleges and the seminaries, of the idght to be classed among the thorough scientific theological schools. A semi¬ nary with its theological professors, can not possiblj^ do its own work and the work of a college at the same time. The solid foundation for a solid and thorough theological study must be had at a college having its own professors, who can give all their time to the studies and sciences required in a college course proper. These considerations led to the establishment of the so-called practical depai'tment of the Theological Seminary at Madison, Wis.

In 1876, the Synod bought a valuable property, said to have cost $50,000, within the city's limits, on the beautiful shores of Lake Monona, for about $20,000, and there opened its theologi¬ cal school with two Professors, viz : F. A. Schmidt and 0. Asperheim. In 1878, the theological department, which had been in St. Louis, was also moved to the same place, and Rev. H. G. Stub, the young pastor of the Church of Our Saviour, of this city, called as professor. He had studied four years in Norway, graduated from Luther College, De¬ corah, three years later from the Ger¬ man College, Fort Wayne, and three years later from the Seminary at St. Louis, passing all his examinations with honor.

In 1879, Rev. Joh. Ylvisaker, pastor of a large congregation in Goodhue Co., Minn., was called as their professor, and accepted. He is a graduate from Luther College and Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, an able theologian, and has proved himself in possession of distin¬ guished qualifications as a teacher.

This same year H. H. Stub was elect¬ ed President of the institution, and forty-one theological students enrolled. The outlooks were certainly bright, Luther College was flourishing as never before. In 1872, the South wing, at an expense of $^5,000 being added, bring¬ ing the extreme length of the building up to 172 feet. At Northfleld, Minne¬ sota, the St. Olofs school, a large academy at that time, had been built at an expense of nearly $25,000.

But at this very time of prospei'ity, a doctrinal controversy without just cause, was thrust upon the Synod by one of its Theological Professors, and a civil war ensued, that thi'eatened to undermine the organization with its in¬ stitutions of theological and general learning. From 1880 to 1887, a new seven years' war raged, and these seven years could not but cripple the develop¬ ment of the Seminary. In 1881, Profes¬ sor Stub and Ylvisaker got leave of ab¬ sence for a year. They went to Chris¬ tiana, and afterwards to Leipsic, Ger¬ many, taking up special studies in the interest of their future work at the Semi¬ nary. Their places were temporaidly filled by Rev. K. Bjorgo and T. A. Torgersen. Besides this the present location was not the most desirable, Minnesota having become the stronghold and cen¬ tre of the Norwegian people.

At a meeting at Stoughton, Wiscon¬ sin, in 1887, it was resolved to sell the property in Madison, and move the Seminary to one of the Twin Cities, as the very heart of the Norwegian popiilation, the Synod having in Minneapolis alone three eongregations and three ministers, and in St. Paul a veiw large eongregation. Several offers of site were reeeived from St. Paul and La Crosse, but finally the present site at Robbinsdale, aliout five miles from the centre of Minneapolis, a mile and a half from the cit\''s limits, on the Great Nor¬ thern Road, was accepted. - Mr. A. B. Robbins of Alinneapolis, now residing at Robbinsdale, donating five aeres of land and $1,000 in eash, Air. A. Parker, two and a half aeres, and Mr. Bi-imhall, two and a half acres, making ten acres in all. The preparations for building eommenced this same year.

The faculty and old students left Aladison, rented temporary accommo¬ dations in Alinneapolis, and opened with about thirty students. A new Profes¬ sor, Rev. I. B. Frich, a minister from NorwaA', and a man of mueh experience, for fifteen \'ears President of the Eastern district, was added to the faculty. At the fii'st meeting of the faeulty and church council in Minneapolis, 1888, Professor H. G. Stub, who for nine years had served as President, besides the regular work as Professor of some of the ehief departments, resigned as such, nominating Professor Frich as his suc¬ cessor.

The 15th of Julj' of 1888, the eorner stone of Luther Seminary was laid b\' President H. A. Preus, the English ad¬ dress being delivered b}" Professor H. G. Stub.

The Synod certainlv had much on its hands. The erection of the Seminar3', the erection of a normal school at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and during the time of disintegration and dismaj', the bell of Luther College for the last time sent out its plaintive call for help, while the walls crumbled down in the fiery embrace of flames. The 19th of May, 1 889, Luther College, the hope of Luther Seminarv', the fountain head of its supph' of students was laid in ruins.

But the fire of olden times was rekitidled. A time of activit\^,' of energy, of enthusiasm and saerifices commenced, that ealled to mind the history of the S\nod during the erection of the first Luther College.

Sunday, the 8th of September, 1889, Luther Seminary was solemnly dedi¬ cated. About 5,000 people were present. The festivities opened with an address by Professor Fi'ieh. The address in English was delivered Iw Prof. H. G. Stub. The dedicatory sermon was preaehed by Pre.sident Koren. The dedi¬ catory act was performed by President Preus, and the closing address made by Professor Advisaker. After the dedica¬ tion of the Seminaiw, a number of ad¬ dresses were delivered in the afternoon Ijy prominent sueh men as Pi'csident Cyrus Northrup of the State Univei'sity', Pro¬ fessor McLean of the State University, Ex-Governor AlcGill, Prof. L. Larsen, the venerable President of Luther Col¬ lege, Prof. A. Alikkelesen, Pi'incipal of the Normal School at Sioux P'alls. The Seminary structure is modern Gothic, 6-1 xl32feet, with quite a tower. The main entrance through the front centre tower is augmented by^ two sides and two rear entrances. The whole building is well supplied with halls, mats on the first floor running through the building and also through the wings on each end.

In the high basement is the apparatus for heating the entire building with steam by' direet and indirect system. This fea¬ ture alone cost $5,000 and is most com¬ plete, as well as the system of ventilation including all rooms. Besides there are a number of coal and store rooms. In the northern wing of the basement is the large dining hall and kitehen.

The main floor contains a large leeture room and offices and appartments for the President, the librar3" and some study rooms. On the second floor in the centre of the main building is the large hall 38x50 and designed to seat 400. The eeiling is high with deep cove and the room is lighted by high windows in front and rear. The remainder of the floor and the attic floor of the wings are devided into study rooms and sleeping departments.

The value of the property is about $60,000. All the students live in the Seminary and have their own boarding elub. As the congregations send in con¬ tributions quite liberally, the board is very cheap, from $1.50 to $2.00 a week. The lodging is free as well as the instruc¬ tion.

The attendance has been about 45 theological students, all that possiblj' could be taken in, as one of the prolessoi's, besides the President, resides in the building.

Rev. Joh. Halvorsen, a gifted j^oung pastor, assistant professor, giving lec¬ tures on English Homoletics and the Symbolical books of the Lutheran church .

A course of lectures on different topics have been given by Rev. O. T. Vangsnes of the church of Our Saviour and W. Peterson of St. Paul and by Professors of the State Universit\' : by Professor McLean a series on English literature; by Professor Breda a series on Scandina¬ vian literature; by Dr. Thams on hygiene.

Voice culture, so necessary for minis¬ ters as public speakers, has been in the hands of a skillful specialist, the noted vocal teacher, Mrs . V alborg Ho vind Stub .

In the fall of 1889 the Normal School at Sioux Falls was dedicated. In the fall of 1890 the corner stone of the large Academj' at Albert Lea was laid. And the 14th of October, 1890, the dedication of the second Luther College took place. Built on the ruins of the old, but in a grander and more imposing st\de, ec[uipped with all modern improvements, the new Luther College points backwark giving testimony of the endurance and sacrifices of the Norwegian people in be¬ half of education. But it also points forward, inaugurating a new era in the history of itself and promising thegreatest results in the interests of the Lutheran Church, as well as our country at large.

The 4th of October, 1891, the corner stone of the Pacific LxitheranUniversitv, near Tacoma, Washington, was laid. This institution promises to be one of the leading on the Pacific coast. The entire length of the present building is 190 feet and the expenditures will exceed $100.- 000. Rev. B. Harstad, the President of the Minnesota District, has been the prime motor in this great enterprise.

The Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod, with its 7 colleges and academies besides its theological institution, has certainly exerted a vital influence on the intellectual, moral and religious develop-

Society Of Fine Arts

Its aim has been both carefully and anxiously' to preserve whatever is good and valuable in our own nationality and also to adopt and assume all that is good and excellent in the American nation, and thus be able to "contribute its share towards enriching those elements that shall constitute the best future citizen¬ ship of this country.''

The Society Of Fixe Arts

None of the public-spirited- efforts of the private citizens of Minneapolis have been more successfid, and, perhaps, have better deserved success than the Society of Fine Arts. When the Societ\' was first organized ten \'ears ago now, it was in an unpromising field. It was a ston3' soil and an uncongenial one that it had to strike root in. The Art Idea had not been largely cultivated in Minneapolis then. The utmost practice, constant work and fidelit\' to the object which thev had set before themselves as their goal were necessarv" if thefounders of the little society coidd hope to attain success. Fortunately" those who inaugurated the movement were faithful woi'kers, full of pluck and of a steadfastness of purpose which did not readilygrow weary' in well doing. Thepoorlittleplantmight easily have been suffered to starve in the wild¬ erness. But it was nursed, and tended, and watered, until it has grown to-day' to be a thing of which the city' is justified in being proud. In the history' of the development of art in the West, the work that has been done in Minneapolis de¬ serves an honorable chapter beside the story' of the art societies of Chicago, of Milwaukee, of Cincinnati and St. Louis.

State University'. His desire wastosuj)- plement and to crown the noble public school sy'stem of the city and State by' opening an institution for Art education. Retiring lately" from the presidency' of the society', he has been succeeded by" the Hon . T. R. Walker, owner of the most import¬ ant collection of jiaintings in the city. His generosity", guided by' a strong love of Art and public spirited impulses, has tided the Society' over many a difficult passage.

With these gentlemen have been asso¬ ciated as Directors, a board of ladies and gentlemen, most of them being well known in Minneapolis, and influential, who have all worked unselfishly', with no hope of profit or thought of credit to themselves, but with the single aim of making the city' what it is to-day', the art centre of the Northwest. It is but justice to mention by' name, Mr. John S. Bradstreet, Mrs'. Clai'a H. Freneh, Mr. William H. Hinkle, Mrs. Lucile Hinkle, Mr. R. B. Langdon, Mrs. Ella S. Martin, Mrs. Isabel C. Marston, Mrs. Grace M. B. Paine, Airs. J. C. Crays, Airs. Francis A. Pray', T. J. Richardson.

The first public manifestation of their interest and willingness to work for the diffusion of Art Culture was the holding of a series of loan exhibitions of paint¬ ings and other works. The exhibition of 1882 was on a grand scale, and included many' works of excellence brought from distant cities. General public attention having been fortunately' brought to this exhibition, it was visited bv many' thous¬ ands of people, not onlv of Alinneapolis, but from near and distant points in this and neighboring States.

School known as the Minneapolis School of Fine Arts, which was its first ambition from its inception, and which has had a remarkable record in the six 3'ears of its life. This reeord is perhaps best told b}^ the following table of the number of pupils who have been in the various classes in sueeessive 3'ears. The school was opened in April, 1886, and the num¬ ber of pupils has been as follows ;

The sueeess of the sehool has been ehiefly' due to the good fortune of the Soeiety in seeuring as Director Air. Doug¬ las Volk, who at the time of his engage¬ ment b\' the Societj' was known throughotit the East as one of the most talented of the y'oung American painters. He was for several j^ears a pupil of Gerome at Ecole des Beaux Arts, and exhibited at an early age at the Paris Salon. Air. Volk is an artist whose work will live and will always be prized. His portrait and genre work is admirable, and several of his pieees hold places of honor in the best private eolleetions in this eountry. But more than this ; having not onl\' mastered the technique o{ art thoroughly^ himself, he has also acquired the faculH of imparting his skill. A good art teaeher is as rare as an indifferent art ei'itie is eommon, and Mr. Volk has proved himself to be one of the rare elass. Only reeentlyq a pupil who had graduated from the little unpretentious art school building in Alinneapolis to one of the famous studios of Paris, wrote to Air. Volk a letter, saying, that she, (for the pupil was a woman) had been highly" complimented by" her master on the excellenee of the instruction which she had reeei\"ed. He saw, he said, a great deal that y\"as very" creditable in the work she had done.

A y'-ear ago the second epoch in the life of this Soeiety" oecun'ed . The first was the founding of the Art School. This latter was the remoy"al of the Soeiety from the modest little frame building whieh had been its home and the scene of its hopes and fears for y'ears, to the splendid new Public Libraiw building, one floor of which was set aside for the Society when the plans were drawn, and was constructed with the espeeial objeet of adapting it to Art Sehool rooms and to a gallery'. Here the Soeiety" has charge of an Art Aluseum, yy"hieheontains many' valuable objeets of an artistic character, most of them loaned by' eitizens of Min¬ neapolis. Here, too, the Art Sehool is located, and the different elasses held amid the best of surroundings.

Of these classes there are four - the Antique Class, Still Life Class, Portrait Class and Life Class, in whieh instruetion is given in drawing from the objeet and antique; drawing from the cast and from still life; drawing from the draped model or living head, and dra\y"ing and paint¬ ing from the living model, respeetively". The sehool also conducts an eveningclass, and a Saturday" class in drawing for children.

The school is well equipped yvith all the necessary properties for instruetion. The instruction is as good as can be found any"\\"here. There is no make-shift yvork ; no copying or other pernieious habit is alloyved ; the sehool is yvorking to make itself a record, and it is making one.

In the spring of 1890 an important and unique exhibition yy"as held in the school rooms, consisting of representa¬ tive yvork sent by' the leading Art Schools of the country. Tliis gave a rare oppor¬ tunity for comparing the mei'its and methods of the different art academies, and the novelty of tlic idea, as well as the educational value of the exhibit, was highly appreciated, not only by the stu¬ dents of the school, but by theartloving public.

There being no other vschool in the Northwest the pupils are drawn from a large area of territoiw. The little plant has started its roots deep and is spread¬ ing its branches wide; and the wilder¬ ness is beginning to blossom.

There are a large number of private schools in the city of which the limits of this article do not admit a full account. The Catholics and Lutherans have each several, as well as some other denomina¬ tions. These are mostly for instruction in the common branches, including Kin¬ dergarten schools. There ai'e others of a highergrade, amongthe most important of which nia v be mentioned the following:

After Airs. Bennet's death the SeminaT'3' was named for her and was carried on for a few 3'ears In- her daughter and others, when it came under the charge of Alisses Kein-on-Abbott. In 1888 a new board of trustees was formed and D. S. Gregor3', D. D., took the presidene v of the institution and held that position for one year. In 1890 Aliss Sedgwick and Airs. Sedgwick Smith became principals. Since 1883 the Seminar3' has had its location in a rented building at 629 Tenth street south. It is centralh- situated, easilv accessible bv street cars and well sui)- plied with all appliances for its use. It has aecommodations for some twent3' boardei's. The Seminary is meant to be an undenominational Christian school of the highest order for 3-oung ladies. Its alumnje number moi-e than 100.

Judson Female Fem/narj- was founded bv Aliss Abb3' .\. Judson, a daughter of Rev. Adoniram Judson, D. D., missionar3- to the Burmese Empire, in honor of whom it received its name. Thcschool was first opened on the 8th of September, 1879, at 411 Nicollet avenne, with four pupils. It began with an advanced course, but soon added a lower department. In 1881 new quarters were taken at 44 Sixth street south. In 1884 it was permanently

Minneapolis Academy was founded in September, 1879, and conducted for about five 3^ears as a business training and tutoring school. In 1884 its plan located at 1020 Harmon Place. The institution continued its successful work until the summer of 1890, when Miss Judson gave up the enterprise. The in¬ stitution had at one time nearh' a hun¬ dred pupils . D uring the las t year se ventyfour were enrolled. Thirty-three j^oung was changed by the new principal, E. D. Holmes, M. A. Since that time its aim has been like that of the leading New England academies, to prepare students for college and to give thorough training in all the branches properh^ belonging to a well ordered academ\^ With this object, the institution lias had a steady and growing success. It has had in all, more than 900 students. Six classes have been graduated, and the whole number of alumni is 78. The pupils of this year ( 1891 ) are about 180. In 1889 the Academ}' was incorporated, grounds purchased - 1% acres - at the corner of Harvard andUelawarestreets Southeast, and a brown stone building was erected costing $35,000. To complete the plan other buildings will be constructed.

Both sexes are admitted to all depai'tments. The Academy seems to be estab¬ lished on a permanent basis, is doing eJccellent work, has a fine opportunitv, and promises to be more and more a valuable adjunct to the other educational institu¬ tions of the cit\\ It is the first private school in the cit^' to own proper!}' and erect its building. The present principal ( 1891 ) is Eugene D. Holmes, M. A. Asso¬ ciated with him is a corps of six teachers.

Stanley Hall \s an English and Class¬ ical Day School for girls, located at No. 10 East 17th street. It was first opened September 16th, 1890, with Olive Adele Evers and Elizabeth Wallace as asso¬ ciated principals. It divides the school year as follows: First Semester, Septem¬ ber 16th to January 30th '; Second Sem¬ ester, February 2d to May 29th.

Third - By Primary and (irammar de¬ partments to give opportunity for con¬ tinuous study from childhood tograduation under the same general manage¬ ment.

The school has an excellent location in one of the best resident portions of the city and is easily reached by the street car lines. The building is large and commodious and well fitted and fur¬ nished for its uses.

C urtiss Commercial College and Short¬ hand Institute. - An- important element in the ])rogress of Minneapolis is the high character and thorough training other business men. They combine with the intellectual and inoiml standing of New England the breadth of Western culture and the special alertness and energy of the North Star State. To successfidly compete in business lines here, requires a thorough business training, for success comes through the use of the best methods with the most persistent effort.

The youth of Minneapolis, those who are now counted among the young busi¬ ness men of the city, have been highly favored in having the opportunity of thorough preparation in a school which ranks second to none, not even those of the East. We refer to Curtiss Commer¬ cial College. The fact that nearly every business house of any importance is managed largely, if not entirely con¬ trolled, by graduates of this institution, is evidence of its woi'tli and popularity and that the success of these young bus¬ iness men is largely due to the careful training, in accounts and general business methods, together with the details oi' business affairs and the routine of office work, afforded them in this school.

During the year 1874, I'rof C. C. Cui'- tiss assumed control of the school which now bears his name. It was located in Bridge Square and not unlike other suc¬ cessful educational institutions, it had a small beginning, but unlike many, its cur¬ riculum far exceeded its pati'onage. This fact, however, soon became known, and the attendance soon began to increase, making it necessary to remove to larger quarters, which was accomplished in 1878 by occupying rooms at 253-255 Nicollet avenue. Again in 1884 Professor Curtiss found it necessary to enlarge, and he removed to the new Sidle block, where the college is still located. It occupies the entire -fourth floor of the building which is 120 feet on Fifth street and 158 feet on Nicollet avenue. Last year nearU" every available seat was occupied.

The school as now conducted has four depai'tments : Department of Accounts and Business Practice; Department of Shorthand and Typewriting; Depai'tment of Penmanship, and Department of English. These departments are all equipped with substantial furniture and apparatus and manned In- a facult}- of the ablest educators to be found. The rooms are thoroughly lighted, heated and ventilated and are well adapted to the purpose for which the3' are used.

Since Jul}- 1st, 1889, the management of the College, as also the teaching, has been shared by Prof C. S. Chapman, and together the proprietors have spared neither effort or expense in keeping abreast of their profession in every thing that could contribute to the suecess of their school and the thorough education of their pupils.

Charles Carroll Curtiss, A. ]\l.,the President and proprietor of the Curtiss Commercial College at Minneapolis, is an educator b3-inclination, education and long experience. He assumed the owner¬ ship of a previoush- established business college nearly eighteen j-ears ago, after an experience in teaching and superin¬ tending sehools in various parts of the counti'y of an equal period, and re-organ¬ izing it -after his own ideas, some of which were new ; has conducted it with increasing popularity- and growing num¬ bers of pupils, so that the attendance of over three hundred fills, if it does not crowd, the roomy- and elegant apart¬ ments which it occupies, amid the busiest part of the city; and its graduates are found in the banks and at the desks of most business houses of the Northwest, and most of them have become them¬ selves proprietors. Indeed, the Govern¬ or's chair of a neighboring State is occu¬ pied by- a graduate of this school, as is the President's desk of one of the banks of Minneapolis, while over one hundred of its pupils are officers of banks in Minnesota alone.

Prof. Curtiss comes from unadulter¬ ated Pilgrim stock, his ancestory- being settled at Ply^mouth in 1630, whither they had come from England. His genealogy is recorded in a copy- of the oldest English Bible in America, now in his possession. His grandfather settled in Oneida County, New York, one hun¬ dred y-ears ago. His father, Horatio Curtiss, was a farmer, though much occupied with public affairs, having been sheriff of Oneida County-, a captain in the State militia, and adjutant to the staff of Gen. Curtiss.