Minneapolis City (part 5 of 80)

His librar\" is ke]ff supplied with all the latest and best recognized authoi's, and what time he has had to devote to study has not been wasted on theories, when there are so man}^ writers, and so few facts deducted from them one is liable to waste much valuable time. And as the doctor's life-work has been for the benefit of his patients whose ap¬ probation and gratitude he desired more than any other position of honor his profession could offer, his life has been a success in the work he has chosen.

In the summer of 1891 Dr. Hutchins took a trip abroad, attending the Inter¬ national Medical Congress at Berlin and visited the hospitals in Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London. He is a member of the American Aledical association and State Medical society ; has been visitingphysician at St. Barnabas Hospital for three years, and is consulting surgeon for Asbury Hospital.

While he has never tried to advance himself by clap-trap political following or the use of societies, no man in his pro¬ fession in this city to-daj' has a larger circle of warm personal friends, and his business capacity is such that his services have been sought by many of the finan¬ cial institutions of Minneapolis, he be¬ ing at present Medical of two life insurance companies, and a director in one of thelargest financial institutions in the Northwest.

The doctor's family are attendants of St. Marks Episcopal Church, his wife be¬ ing a member. In politics and religion he holds his own views, but never inter¬ feres with the enjoyment of others in the same right.

The doctor has done for himself that which is too rare with members of his profession - he has acquired a comijtencA" in the practice of medicine and surgery. He is seen to best advantages in the sick room and his home at 11 25 First avenue north, for he is of a most genial and so¬ cial disposition, and though absorbed in his profession believes that a few hours spent every day in social enjo^unent with his friends is better rest to mind and body than a few extra hours of sleep.

Homceopathy In Minneapolis

In writing the histoiw of the birth and progress of Homoeopathy in Minne¬ apolis, we virtually give its origin and advancement throughout the world; so far as it relates to time, the obstacles to its growth, and the prejudices of the socalled regular medical profession against it. There is a prevailing false idea, even at this late date, that Homoeopathy means simply infinitesimal doses; where¬ as, if one would only seek an explana¬ tion and qualification of this system of therapeutics, he would soon withdraw his prejudice against it and discover that it has no reference whatever to the size of the dose.

That diseases are cured by virtue of the power which medicines have of pro¬ ducing similar symptoms, has, from the earliest period, been a recognized fact by different writers, who have expressed the prevailing belief of the ages in which they lived.

Hippocrates, the father of medicine, gives numerous examples of what may be termed homoeopathic cures. He rec¬ ommends for the cure of mania this remarkable prescription: "Give to the patient a draught made from the root of

* The writer is under great obligations to Dr. William E. Leon¬ ard for information and records tendered in the preparation of this article.

mandrake in a smaller dose than suffi¬ cient to induce mania." In his writings is also found the Greek equivalent of the fundamental maxim, " Similia,similihus, curantuT."

Probably the oldest expression of this belief from the poets is found in the lines ascribed by Athenaeus to Antiphanes, who lived 404 B. C. Milton, in his prefaceto " Samson Agonistes," and Shakes¬ peare, in many of his plays, express this same sentiment.

Thus, there must have been a vague tradition that medicines cured diseases similar to those they caused. But it was not until in the latter part of the eigh¬ teenth century that a noted and able investigator of science. Dr. Samuel Hahn¬ emann, a native of Germany, proclaimed to the world the highest of sciences - the immutable law of nature - a law for the practical application of remedies to the cure of diseases that can as surely be depended upon to produce salutary changes in the diseased organism, as can chemical reagents be relied upon to jdi'oduce the phenomena which invariably follow their proper combination.

jDressed with the inconsistencies in the methods of the general practitioner of his time, and believing that as other things in this world of matter are gov¬ erned by natural laws, that there must be a law governing the action of medi¬ cine on niind and body, commenced test¬ ing the action of the medicinal agents then in use on the human healthy body, making exact record of all the effects.

He soon noticed the similarity be¬ tween the drug effects and the disease effects. Communicating his observations and discoveries to his medical friends, he enlisted their aid toward making further tests or provings. The result of their united efforts was the verification of his former conclusions and the enunciation to the scientific world of the new system of therapeutics, which Hahnemann des¬ ignated "Homoeopathy," from the two Greek words signifying "Similar suffering."

In making these investigations, both Hahnemann and his followers ascer¬ tained another important fact, viz.: That in the administration of remedies to the sick of sufficient strength to pro¬ duce drug effeets, they generalK' obtained an aggravation of the symptoms, and hence, it was found that curative results wei'e made from smaller (not necessarily infinitesimal) doses than were at that time administered by physicians gener¬ ally.

Greeted with very little favor at first, the s^'stem of Hahnemann hasgradualh' but steadily continued to advance, until it has enlisted among its earnest advo¬ cates and supporters a very large num¬ ber of the most intelligent of every coun¬ try, not only in Germany, where it originated, but in every part of the civil¬ ized world. Especially is this true in America, where, in the year 1825, start¬ ing with only one homcKOpathic jjractitioner, we have now, in 1 892, over fifteen thousand, seventeen homoeopathic col¬ leges and thirty homoeopathic journals ; the fair city of Minneapolis having her full share of these zealous, intelligent workers.

Although thirty years after the ad vent of homoeopathy into this country, the small communiU" on the west side of the Mississippi could not boast of any phy¬ sician practicing under the law of Hahn¬ emann, thecause had a staunch and true friend in Dr. A. L. Bausman,a man, who stands to-day a leader and worker in all that pertains to homoeopathy - a man, who, if due mention were not accorded his name, the absence of the same would be as noticeable as would the effect on the play of Hamlet were the chief actor left out. He it was, who, with his kindly advice, helped the early practitioners in their trials and struggles with the professional prejudices. He it has been, who, with his purse and perseverance, has helped establish societies, hospitals, dispensaries, journals and colleges. All the time that could be spared from his own profession - that of dentistry - has been devoted willingly and unselfishly to the promotion of homoeopathy.

The first physician to practice homoe¬ opathy in Minneapolis was Dr. 'William A. Penniman, a man pre-eminenth' fitted for his work. He was born in Alban\', New Yoi'k, October 18, 1802, and re¬ moved with his parents to Providence, R. I,, receiving his education at the Brown University of that city. At the age of twenty-five he graduated from Jefferson Medical College of Philadel- ]>hia, and immediately commenced ])ractice, locating at Elizabeth, Penn. He must have been somewhat of a ])olitician, as well as a pln'sician, as he was twice elected to the State Legislature during his residence at Elizabeth. In 184G heremoved to Pittsburg, Pa., where he soon acquired a large practice.

Feeling that his methods of prescrib¬ ing was not a science, but only a system of individual guessing and experimenta¬ tion, he investigated the Hahnemannian law, with the result that he soon became a good representative of the homoeopa¬ thic school.

He came to Minneapolis to visit friends in 1855, and being charmed with the climate, he decided to change his resi¬ dence from Pennsylvania to Minnesota, which he did in the following year, 1856, locating in St. Anthom- - now East Min¬ neapolis. Earhrin the sixties he removed to the west side of the river.

Being remarkably successful in the terrible epidemic of typhoid fever which raged in Minneapolis in 1857, not losing a case, he thus brought homoeopathy into prominence before the people. Ten 3^ears later, the few pioneer homoeopaths throughout the State, aroused b\' the spirit of intolerance manifested towards them b\" the allopathic practitioners, de¬ termined to band themselves together against the ojDposition and persecution of the old-school. Thus began the Minneso¬ ta State Medical Institute, of which Dr. Penniman was chosen its first president.

He was a man of decided strength of character, taking great interest in all questions of the da3'. His character as a ph3-sician, his fidelity as a friend, his acute sense of right and wrong, and his unswerving devotion to his opinions, made him a vaEied and esteemed citizen. He died at Elizabeth, Pa., March 10, 18 72, believing that he had provided liberall3' for his beloved cause, as he left thirt3" thousand dollars toward estab¬ lishing a homoeopathic hospital in Alinneapolis and a chair of homoeopath3' in the Universit3- of Minnesota. This noble bequest, 'unfortunateK" for homoeopath3', through a technical error, advantage of which w-as taken b3" his heirs, was never received.

The next homoeopathic practitioner, and the first to locate on the west side of the river, was Philo L. Hatch, AI. D., a graduate of the Homoeopathic Hospital and College of Cleveland. He had done much toward building up homoeopath3' in Dubuque, Iowa, where he had prac¬ ticed since receiving his degree. His health failing, from over-work in the epidemic of cholera in which he had been wonderfull3' successful, he came to Alinneapolis to recuperate.

The citizens, recognizing his abilit3', urged him to remain with them, which he decided to do, settling here in 1858. He was of a scientific turn of mind, being the first Ornithologist of the State Pniversit3-, and he has alwa3's been con¬ sidered an aiithorit3' on this subject.

That his worth and capability were recognized b3' his brethren in the profes¬ sion, is evidenced b3'- the following com¬ pliment, paid him b3' the eminent Dr. Constantine Hering, of Philadelphia, at one of the sessions of theAmeriean Insti¬ tute of Honioeopath3- : "Dr. Hatch has built up a greater following in Alinnesota than an3' of us. He deserves great credit for it all."

In the last 3'ears of his residence in this cit3q his son, Ra3'mond W., a grad¬ uate of Hahnemann Aledical College, of Chicago, class '87, was associated with him.

In the 3'ear 1860, William H. Leonard, who had been, since 1855, a prominent allopathic ph3'sicianin Alinneapolis, pro¬ claimed himself a homoeopath. Such a course required considerable nerve and strength of character, as with a change of school came a change of friendship - on the part of his former associates. He did not escape the tisual abuse and en mity awaiting those who abandon a party or abjure a system longdominant, but he adhered to his convictions, identi¬ fy ing himself with every earnest endeavor to secure and advance the interest of homoeopathy. The noble elements of his nature, no less than his professional skill, have won for him a place among the highest in the medical profession.

There were no further accessions to the ranks of homoeopathy until in the year 1866, when Drs. T. Rome3'n Hunt¬ ington and David M. Goodwin came to Alinneapolis, about the same time. Dr. Huntington only remained with us seven \-ears; but in that short period he did most efficient service in the cause of homooepatln'. Bv his death, which oc¬ curred March 11, 1873, the communit\" sustained the loss of a skillful and com- ])etent ph3'sician.

Dr. Goodwin associated himself in practice with Dr. Hatch, the co-])artnership existing onh' one 3'ear. His success as a practitioner of rare judgment and consummate skill, his close attention to his patients, his noble personal eharacter, soon gained for him a practice, the ex¬ tent and success of which has been sur¬ passed by none. The progress and pros¬ per! t3' of the homoeopathic school of medical practice in Alinneapolis has been largel3" due to his earnest efforts and powerful influence.

It seems difficult to realize the ob¬ stacles so heroicalU' overcome 1)3' these brave i)ioneers of a new theor3' in medi¬ cine in a comparativeh' new countrv, or to justly estimate the greatness of their success. It has frecpientl3' been remarked that the convert from one religious belief to another is more enthusiastic and ener¬ getic in the cause of his newh' adopted faith than those who have been educated in the same. A like remark will apph' to the medical profession, audit iseminentU' true of these earl 3' ph3'sicians. Each of them was thoroughly educated in the allopathic tenets, and when they came out of darkness into light the3' worked for their new faith, as onl3' men of their worth and abilit3' can work.

The list of pln^sicians who have taught the people of Minneapolis to regard their pi'ofession as philanthropie, rather than that of mere mone3' making, is not a short one. There are man3' of them who can give as good a record of their labors as one of our pioneer ph3'sicians, who kept an account of his charitable work, and in the twent3'-five 3'ears of practice had done $75,000 worth of this work.

Onh' two deaths, besides those of Drs. Penniman and Huntington, have oc¬ curred in the ranks of hom«?opathy in our cit3', Drs. Simon Peter Starritt and Arthur A. Camp being stricken down in the prime of life, in the very beginning of medical careers of great promise.

Not main' men of thirt3'-eight 3'ears have the memory of so noble and com¬ plete a character as Dr. Starritt. He was born in Hopwell,,New Brunswick, Oct. 9, 1845. His life was a constant strug¬ gle against adversit3'. When onh' six¬ teen 3'ears of age he served in Hatch's battalion on the frontier, enduring man¬ ifold hardships for three 3'ears. In 1875, after manfullv fighting his wa3^ against povert3', and indeed aiding in the sup¬ port of his aged parents, he graduated from the Universit3' of Alinnesota, re¬ ceiving the degree of B. A. He then began the study of medicine with Dr. W. H. Leonard.

He graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1878, receiving second prize for general ])roficienc3'. No student was ever more ])opular in college than "Old Simon," as he was faniiliarh' called. Although con¬ stantly harassed bv pecuniar3' diffi¬ culties, his genial smile never failed, his warm heart never grew cold, or his tongue cynical. His watch-word was ever: "Duty first, self afterward," and through this forgetfulness of self he lost his life. In an epidemic of diphtheria that visited the town of Anoka, Minne¬ sota, he unnecessarily exposed his own life in the performance of what he deemed his professional duties. Work¬ ing day and night over his patients, he himself contracted the dread disease and died January 3, 1883.

Dr. Arthur A. Camp was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, August 15, 1854. He graduated from the New York Hom¬ oeopathic Medical College in the spring of 1878, coming directly to Minneapolis. He made a special study of diseases of in¬ fants and children, particularly the artifi¬ cial feeding of infants. He was actively engaged in the organization of the Homoeopathic Hospital. He was a member of the Hahnemann Medical Society of Hennepin County, also of the Minnesota State Homoeopathic Insti¬ tute, holding the office of secretary in both societies. Homoeopathy lost a most zealous worker in his death of April 9, 1888.

There have been many ph3^sicians who have tarried with us but a short time, gone so quickly as to leave but a trace of their name on memory.

As the city has increased in size, so has the list of homoeopathic physicians lengthened, until at the present time, 1892, they number fifty, all in successful practice.

In the eaily days of homoeopathy in Minneapolis, the physicians met together at their offices and related their exper¬ iences in the treatment of their cases, thus helping each other on in their work. Through the efforts of Drs. W. H. Leon¬ ard and D. M. Goodwin, the Hahnemann Medical Society of Hennepin County was organized at one of these informal meetings. The constitution and by-laws were adopted and signed Sept. 16th, 1872, the society doing good work in everything pertaining to the advance¬ ment of medical science from its incep¬ tion to the present day.

In April, 1875, a medical fee bill was established, regulating the charges of the society, a joint committee of the homoe¬ opathic and allopathic schools meeting and agreeing on the rates they should charge.

In May, 1880, a joint committee drew up a schedule fixing the fees for certain surgical operations. Also, in the same 3'ear, this society established a Free Dis¬ pensary at Cottage Hospital (now St. Barnabas), Sixth street and Ninth ave¬ nue south. This dispensary was later removed to the Homoeopathic Hospital.

The work and success of the society has varied with the enthusiam of its members, until it has been superseded by the Minneapolis Homoeopathic Medical Society. This change was adopted on account of the fact that the members of society felt that this name was better calculated to let the outer world know who and where we were than was a so¬ ciety labeled simpH "Hennepin County."

The society under the new name was organized in October, 1891, and incor¬ porated in July, 1892. The present offi¬ cers are : George F. Roberts, M D., presi¬ dent; Adele S. Hutchison, M. D,, vicepresident; Henr\' C. Aldrich, M. D., secretary and treasurer; Drs. H. W. Brazie, Asa S. Wilcox and D. W. Horn¬ ing, Board of Censors. Its meetings occur on the second and fourth Wednes¬ days of each month in the lecture room of the public library building.

The first attempt on record, toward organizing a homoeopathic hospital in Minneapolis, was when the "Penniman Homoeopathic Hospital of Minneapo¬ lis" was organized on July "22, 1874, in order that there might be an associa¬ tion to which the funds bequeathed by the late Dr. W. A. Penniman, could be intrusted. Officers were elected, but through a technical error in the will, the bequest was lost and the Hospital Asso¬ ciation named after Dr. Penniman grad¬ ually lapsed into forgetfulness and obliv¬ ion.

But the project of having a homoeo¬ pathic hospital in our city was by no means entirely abandoned by the friends and supporters of homoeopathy.

1881, which resulted in the legal incor¬ poration of the x^resent Homoeopathic Hospital of Minneapolis. In the first year not much was accomplished, but in June 1882, an active committee was a^:)- pointed to solicit funds for the jDurchase of property at Lake Calhoun.

This committee was successful in re¬ gard to funds, but owing to an unsatisfactorj^ title to the proj^erty, it was de¬ cided not to make the purchase.

In the meantime, the necessity for some place in which the sick might be cared for became so great that Geo. A. Brackett, Drs. D. M. Goodwin, A. E. Higbee and A. A. Camp purchased the land and buildings at No. 804 Ninth street south in order to rent them to the Hosjfital Association ; also a number of ladies of the city decided to establish a chai'itable institution for the care of in¬ digent sick women and children.

1882, and in less than a month a house had been procured, all the necessary fur¬ nishings contributed, and sufficient cash donated to cover the exj^enses for man}' months. This society called themselves the "Hahnemann Ward Association." the house they had engaged, and when the hospital opened, Januar\' 9, 1883, with twenty beds for the reception of Xjatients, the Hahnemann Ward fur¬ nished and sui3ported ten of them. This Ward still holds its x^rominent place in the hospital.

In Januarv, 1883, property on Ninth Street and Tenth Avenue South was X^urchased, $5,000 being x^aid down, and a mortgage given for the balance, $9,000. After the gift of Elliot Park to the cit}', the Park commissioners desired to buy the hosjDital x^roxDert}' as a needed addition to the above gift. This they did, assuming the mortgage and x:>aying over to the hosxjital corpo¬ ration $10,000.

Through the efforts of Dr. A. L. Bausman and N. F. Griswold, a most prox^itious ox^portunit}' for re-investment was found in the E. V. White x^i'oxjerty, on the corner of Twenty-Fifth Street and Fourth Avenue South.

Early in 1884 the hospital x^atients, furniture, etc., were transferred to the new home, the present location. Noth¬ ing within reasonable distance of the center of the city can exceed this situaation in point of natural beauty and appropriateness for the purpose to which it is dedicated. The ground com- I^rises two acres and rises geiitlv to over twent}' feet above street grade. On the height of this knoll stand the hosxiital buildings, with their sx^acious rooms and ever}' convenience tending to impi'ove the sick. However richly endowed with funds hospitals may be, the services ren¬ dered them by their ])hysicians and sur¬ geons are a greater gift than money donations.

The Minncai)olis Hom(oox)atliic Hos- ])ital has never felt the stimulus of anv large individual bounty and was in its first years the nursling of the medical ])rofession almost exclusively, but as the child grew older it required a more pro¬ tecting influence to keep it in a health3% thriving condition, therefore in May, 1889, the management of this offspring was turned over to a Board of Directors composed entirely of ladies. They at once recognized the need of, and the demand for, trained professional nurses, and in the summer of 1889 they organ¬ ized a "Training School for Nurses,'' requiring a course of study of eighteen months, which has since been lengthened to two years. The sehool maintains a large corps of efficient nurses, whose services are sought by both the medical profession and the lait}', not only in the city but throughout this and adjoining states.

A charity nurse is provided, whose duty is to go out to the poor at the call of any reputable physician. The Boat'd of Directors have been increased the present year to thirty members. Un¬ stinted praise must be accorded these noble women for their royal work in the last three years; ever^^ department of the hospital work has shown pi'ogression. The officers of the Board of Direc¬ tors are as follows: Mrs. Henr^^ L. Chase, president; Mrs. C. H. Chadbourn, vice-president; Mrs. Chas. Godley, secretciry; Mrs. S. B. Lovejoy, treasurer. Advisor3" Board: Dr. A. L. Bausman, chairman; C. H. Chadbourn, Julius E. Miner, W. S. Benton, C. M.Loring, Rev. Smith Baker, F. C. Pillsbury (deceased); Miss Nella Harned, superintendent.

Medical And Surgical Staff

The homoeopathic physicians of Min¬ neapolis, realizing the fact that their city, being a well known center of enterprize and capital in every commercial and material interest, and that it also was fast becoming an educational cen¬ ter, resolved that medicine should not be behind her sister sciences in educa¬ tional advantages.

In 1883, eight members of the profes¬ sion, after due considtation, formulated articles of incorporation in accordance with the statutes, making all prepara¬ tion to establish a Homoeopathic Medi¬ cal College.

Events transpired which indicated that the time was not ripe for success, and therefore it was deferred, - but only temporarily, as these faithful workers characterized by true western zeal were too sincerely in earnest to abandon such a noble enterprise.

Again in 1884. the ph^^sicians com¬ prising the Dispensary Staff of the Ho¬ moeopathic Hospital, organized them¬ selves into a society called the "Minne¬ apolis Clinical Society'' having in view the same ultimate object. They adopted a plan for mutual benefit and advance-

After a time, interest in these meetings flagged, and they were diseontinued, to revive again the following winter, when meetings were again held weekl}" at Dr. A. L. Bausman's offlee and were known throughout the State as "Dr. Bausman's Clinieal Society."

This fraternity was a peculiar one in this respeet, that it had no officers exeept the President, Dr. Bausman, who allowed 'no business to be transaeted, and no subjects to be diseussed, exeepting such as bore directly on medical topics.

This society held nineteen well attend¬ ed and interesting meetings, and one of the results of their deliberations was, that having seen the benefit derived from the organization of, and work done by the Homoeopathic Hospital Association, the3'' felt that the time had come for the establishment of a homoeopathic medi¬ cal college and also a homoeopathic medical journal as the best method of promoting the true interests of homoeopathj".

Therefore, a mass-meeting of the local profession was held January 20, 1886, to diseuss the project of starting a col¬ lege immediately. Committees were ap¬ pointed, and reports were made on the 27th day of the same month. These re¬ ports were not satisfactor3^ and anoth¬ er eommittee was eleeted and instructed to take a month for deliberation, and then present either a unanimous report or none at all.

In accordanee with this final report, another eommittee was ehosen, who, under the instruetions of this mass-meet¬ ing, made provision for publishing a medieal journal, and under the same in¬ struetions this committee prepared the artieles of incorporation of the " Minne¬ sota Homoeopathie Medical College" which were signed by- sixty -five incorpor¬ ators, all prominent physicians and lay¬ men of the eitv.

Thus, the Homoeopathie College had beeome a legal fact, and no time waslost in electing a Board of Trustees that en¬ tered at onee upon its duties.

This faculty" was re-inforced in the second year by Drs. Geo. E. Dennis, lect¬ urer on Sanitary Science and Hygiene; and Henry" C. Aldrich, lecturer on Histol ogy". Pathology and Microscopy.

The first lecture was delivered by Dr. S. P. Brown, Professor of Chemistry, to a class of twenty, two of them, D. F. Krudop and Chas. Hoveland, graduat¬ ing at the first commencement, on April 4, 1887. The next year opened with an increased number of students, and in the spring of 1888 the college sent out four graduates..

In 1888, an event which marks the history of medical education in Minne¬ sota, was the establishment of a medical department in the State University, com¬ posed of three colleges : College of Medi¬ cine and Surgery, College of Homoeop¬ athic Medicine and Surgery, and College of Dentistry.

Its creation was the signal for the dis¬ continuance of the leading medical in¬ stitutions of Minneapolis, whose faculties thus sought to enlarge the opportunities for the establishment of a college, broader in its scope and more complete in its corps of teachers.

The College of Homoeopathic Medi¬ cine and Surger3", with which we are chiefly concerned, absorbed the Minne¬ sota Homoeopathic Medical College, many of the working members of the facidty in the latter school being ap¬ pointed on the new faculty, which is as follows :

The instruction in the primaiw branches is received with the students of the other colleges in the following chairs : Geo. A. Hendricks, M. S., M. D., Professor of Anatom}'.

From the inception of the college, the lectures have been given in the large building on Sixth street and Ninth ave¬ nue south, in common with the other colleges of the department. Since the close of the college year 1891-2, this building has been sold for a Methodist hospital. With the beginning of the fifth year of instruction, this college will be found on the campus, with the other University' buildings, where two elaborate and substantial buildings have been erected for the medical department. The standai'd of education required is equal to that of the highest gradecollege of the United States. While maintaining these superior educational opportunities, the college affords its students the clini¬ cal advantages of the hospitals and dis¬ pensaries of the city.

College was removed to the grounds of St. Barnabas Hospital when the college became merged into the medical depart¬ ment of the State University. It was re-organized and incorporated as the University Homceopathic Free Dispen¬ sary, and with the aid of the Woman's Homceopathic Society, has gone on with the noble charit}^ inaugurated by Ur. W. H. Leonard when he established the Dispensarj" connected with the old Cottage Hospital. Upwards of two thousand patients were treated by the dispensary physicians the past 3'ear, over eight thousand prescriptions being made. In addition to which a very large number of surgical cases were treated, and many hundreds treated in their homes.

The work done b^-the dispensary" staff is entirely" gratuitous. The stall' is com¬ posed of Drs. H. W. Brazie, G. E. Ricker, J. F. Beaumont, R. D. Matchan, Chas. E. Thayer, Henry C. Aldrich.

The officers of the Woman's Horn. So¬ ciety that so ably aids this dispensary in its charitable work are: Airs. C. E. Peake, President; Airs. Thomas E. Clarke, Secretary"; Airs. A. E. Higbee, Treasurer. In this connection must be mentioned the Dispensaries which flourished for a time at the Homoeopathic Hospital, and also at the Bethel of the Plymouth church on south Second street. The latter Dis¬ pensary was conducted for a long period by Drs. D. A. and S. A. Locke. Neither of these Dispensaries are now existent.

There is only" one Homoeopathic jour¬ nal published in Alinneapolis. This en¬ ergetic standard bearer of scientific med¬ icine in the northwest, was established in 1892, the initial number appearing in January" of that y"ear. The editorial corps are as follows : Henry C. Aldrich, AI. D., Editor; John F. Beaumont, D. W. Horning, Asa S. Wilcox, Associate Edit¬ ors. The Alinneapolis Pharmacy' Co. are the publishers. This magazine was preceded by the " Alinnesota Aledical Alonthly" which was 'established in 1886, the first issue appearing in Alay", and which was so ably- edited by Dr. William E. Leonard and his associates, P. L. Hatch, AI. D., and S. AI. Spauld¬ ing, AI. 1). Unfortunately- it succumbed to that dread affection, inanition, onlv living two years.

T. Romeyn Huntington-."^ Doctor Huntington, who was a resident of Alin¬ neapolis from 1866 until his death in 1873, and who practiced medicine here during those years with great success, was a native of Shaftsburg, Vermont. He was born September 2d, 1829. The family- to which he belonged is one of the oldest in this country-, being descended from Simon Huntington, who sailed from England with his wife and three sons in 1633. He was one of those who soue-ht a home in America for religious freedom. The emigrant died upon the passage, but his widow and sons settled in Roxbury-, Alass., where Rev. John Elliot waspastor of the Congregational church, from whence they soon passed to Salisbury, Alass., where they settled in 1640. Chris¬ topher, a son of this emigrant, was one of the founders of Norwich, Conn. His son, Christopher, was the first male child born at Norwich, and became a much resijected citizen and deacon of the church. His son, Alatthew, born 1694, remained at the same place. Amos, of the next generation, settled in Shaftsbury, Vt. He was a Captain in the Revolutionary army, and a member of the Baptist church. His son David was born 1776, and Jonas, of the next gen¬ eration, born 1804, resided at Shaftsburv. The latter was the father of T. R. Huntington. Both the father and grandfather of the latter, as well as his maternal grandfather. Doctor Goddard, were physicians.

He was thus of the seventh generation in lineal descent from the emigrant of 1633. When the son was about five years old, Dr. Huntington, with his family, removed from Vermont to the village of Perry, Wyoming count}". New York, where the boy received his early education, which was supplemented by an academic course at the academy at Lima, New York.

It is not surprising that a young man of eighteen years in choosing a life call¬ ing should be influenced by the associa¬ tions of his youth and the traditions of his family ; so young Huntington made choice ol the medical profession, of which his father and both grandfathers were reputable, if not eminent practitioners.

His first course of lectures was in New York, and the last two in Philadelphia, where he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from Jefferson Medical Col¬ lege in 1851, at the age of twentytwo.

Graduation was speedily followed by marriage to Miss Caroline M. Chapin, also a resident of the village of Perry. The young wife died the following year, leaving an infant daughter, Abby A., who survived, and is now the wife of A. F.Gale, of this city. Why the thoroughly trained physician did not at once enter on the practice of his profession does not appear. Perhaps his father's practice covered the field. More likely he was impressed with the proverb concerning a prophet in his own country and among his own kindred. However, he opened a select school at Periy, rvhich he taught with acceptance to his patrons through the following winter. Not until the spring of 1853 did he enter upon his pro¬ fessional life. This was at the village of Mt. Morris, Livingston county. New York. Here he remained for three years, with a satisfactory and increasing prac¬ tice, during which time he married in

November, 1853, for his second wife. Miss Elizabeth M. Fox, of Perry, New York, who survived him, and still resides here. The children of this marriage were Frederick W. Huntington, of New York, and Hari-y B. and Elon O. Huntington, of Minneapolis.

His method of medical treatment was the Allopathic, in which he had been educated . Unlike many physicians, who oppose with a blind prejudice everything in which they have not been trained, his mind was open to conviction. He had become familiar with the medical theories of Hahnemann, and in some critical cases tried the remedies prescribed by his school. Finding them efficient, he carefull}" studied the theory of the system and became a convert to it. He now removed to Perry, where his father con¬ tinued in the Allopathic practice, and opened an office as a Homeopathic phy¬ sician. We may be sure that the unusual event created a commotion in the village discussions, without supposing any unfilial spirit of rebellion against parental authority, or any opposition to the new system adopted by the son, on the part of the father, beyond that profound con¬ tempt which the practical disciple of the old school feels for the new, there could not fail to spring up an active competi¬ tion between the doctors of the rival schools and an active championship of their favorites among those who favored the one school or the other.

It would seem that the old school was too strongly entrenched to yield to the new, for the following year the young Homoeopath sought a new field of prac¬ tice at Kalamazoo, Mich., where he set¬ tled in 1857, and soon found himself in the front rank of the profession, with a good business, which rapidly increased for nine years to such an extent that its demands so impaired his health and wore him out that he was forced to retire

It was in 1866 that he settled in Min¬ neapolis, a stranger, and in poor health. As he became better known, and his pro¬ fessional skill came to be appreciated, he secured a respectable share of business, which increased until his death. His ability and skill as a physician were rec¬ ognized by his professional brethren, by whom he was often called in consulta¬ tion. "He had," says one who knew him intimately, "a cheerful and encour¬ aging way that always inspirited confi¬ dence in his jjatients. He was quick and accurate in the diagnosis of disease, and prompt, decided and skillful in the use of remedies. He was sympathetic and warm hearted, especially kind to the poor, whom he never declined to visit and care for when they were in need. He had considerable magnetic influence over his patients, and seemed to have an in¬ tuitive perception ofthe causes and char¬ acter of the ailments which he ti'eated."

It should not be inferred that the har¬ mony of the family was disturbed by professional rivalry ; on the contrary, the father and familj" of Doctor Hunt¬ ington followed him to Kalamazoo, and settled about him on his removal to Minneapolis. Doctor Jonas Huntington died here some four A^ears since, and the brother, W. W. Huntington, is one of the active and respected citizens of Minne¬ apolis.

Doctor Huntington was passionately fond of music, and a good judge of it. He was master of the flute, and fairly skillful with the violin. In his earlier years he was associated with musicians, and found his recreation in musical cir¬ cles and in themelody of his best beloved instrument, the flute.

This son, the youngest of the family, consisting of two sons and a daughter, passed his infancy and youth on the home farm, developing a healthy, robust physique amid rural surroundings. His early education was not neglected. Pass¬ ing through a course of elementary and academic study, he was prepared, at the age of twenty, to commence the study of his chosen profession. This was thor¬ ough and complete. It embraced read¬ ing in the office of a physician in his native town. Doctor C. B. Chandler, and a three years' course in the medical de¬ partment of Dartmouth College, and also the New York Medical College, then a flourishing institution. The lectures at Dartmouth continuing through the fall months were followed by a winter course at New York, where special ad¬ vantages could be had in anatomical study, hospital and clinical practice. Dr. Goodwin received his degree of Doctor of Medicine in the fall of 1856, at which time he received an appointment on the medical staff of Blackwell Island Hospi¬ tal.

Selecting the town of Cabot, Caledo¬ nia county, Vermont, in which to com¬ mence his professional life, he settled there in the spring of 1857. At this time he practiced in the Allopathic school, in which he had been educated. Feeling the monotoiiA' of a country town, he joined with his musical friends of the village in the organization of the Cabot Cornet Band, with which he spent many social hours.

At the outbreak of the Rebellion, Dr. Goodwin enlisted in the Third Regiment of Vermont Volunteer, and was commis¬ sioned Assistant Surgeon of the regi¬ ment June 20th, 1861, at St. JohnsburA', Vermont, going into camp at Chain

Bridge, Virginia, the following month. The succeeding fall and winter months were occupied by the routine of camp life until the opening of the Peninsular campaign. In the summer of 1862 he was designated, in accordance with an order given by the medical staff of the Army of the Potomac, as one of the two operating surgeons for the Vermont Bri¬ gade. This selection was due to the skill manifested in his surgical operations and is a better testimonj^ to his merit than any verbal eulogy. Promoted from Assistant Surgeon to Surgeon April 29th ,

1863, he assumed the duties of Surgeon Henry Janes, promoted Surgeon of Vol¬ unteers. The Sixth Corps, to which his regiment was attached, participated in nearly all the battles of the Army of the Potomac - some of them as desperate and sanguinary as any of the war. At Lee's Mills, Williamsburg, the Seven Da3^s before Richmond, South Mountain, Antietam, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, and others, Dr. Goodwin found ample opportunity for surgical practice, some of his operations being r'^ported in the "Surgical Histoiy of the Rebellion." In addition to the surgical duties of the field. Dr. Goodwin had charge of the regimental hospital and for two winters was attending surgeon of the small pox hospital of the Sixth Army Corps.

1864, he was honorably discharged and returned to his Vermont home. But the 3'ears of absence had broken up his prac¬ tice, and the exciting events of the war had unfitted him for the quiet life of a monotonous village. During a brief sojourn at Cabot, an epidemic of typhoid fever afforded an opportunity to observe the favorable influence of Homceopathic remedies.

thought or knowledge of Minneapolis, he casually met upon the train a gentle¬ man then and still residing here, who gave so favorable a description of the place, that he resolved to visit it. Tak¬ ing c[uarters at the Nicollet house, then conducted by the Gilsons, he found him¬ self surrounded by so many people from Vermont that he did not hesitate to decide to remain.

A partnership was formed with Dr. P. L. Hatch on the first da3' of January, 1867, which continued for a year. Dr. Hatch practiced the Hemoeopathic sys¬ tem, to which Dr. Goodwin had, for some time, directed his thoughtful attention. His diligent reading of the literature of this school, coupled with a careful obser¬ vation of the effect of remedies, con¬ firmed an inclination which he had for a long time felt, and he determined to adopt it in his future practice. He opened an office and met with the most gratif3'^- ing success. His income for the first year was such as might well satisfy the ambition of a physician established in practice. His skill and attention brought such success that he was soon recognized as a leading physician, and became the family physician of not a few of the best families in the city.

This popularity has in no measure abated, and after twenty-six years of incessant professional activity in the City of Minneapolis, his position in the lead of practitioners of the Homceopathic school is unchallenged. Since settling in Minneapolis, Dr. Goodwin has strictly adhered in his practice to the tenets oi the Homoeopathic S3'steni, not3deldingto the temptation to adopt an eclectic course. He has also given his undivided attention to his profession.

In the complex relations of social life, no one occupies a more important and delicate position than the physician; while he practices his profession for a livelihood, he comes to deal with the most precious interests of health and life, and enters into the most sacred inti¬ macies of onr being. From infancy to old age, he ministers to us in times of sorest trial and need ; he strengtliensthe feeble, cheers the despondent, and re¬ stores the fainting sord. While the rules and routine of the healing art are learned from books and taught in schools, there is a delicate perception, a subtle influ¬ ence, a tender and soothing touch, which is above technical art, and comes from the natural aptitude of our constitution. Above the distinctions of systems of medicine, beyond the potencies of drugs and the the efficacies of doses, there is an inborn adaptation in the true doctor which brings him into S3'mpathy with his patient, and draws out the restora¬ tive qualities of nature, vis rnedicatrix naturce. The famih' physician, of what¬ ever school, comes to be valued and cherished among the deai'est associates of our lives. His form is the first upon which our infant eyes rest, and he notes the first and last breath and feels the latest throb of the departing life.

For more than a quarter of a century Dr. Goodwin has gone his rounds in Minneapolis, prompt, attentive, kind, patient, skillful, bringing strength to the feeble and courage to the despondent.

Doctor Goodwin's family" consists of a daughter, Mabel; now a young lad}' of eighteen years. A stepdaughter married the late well-known and popular F''. C. Pillsbury, whom she now survives, with an interesting group of four children.

Adele Stuart Hutchison, M. D. is a native of New England, having been 1)orn in Andover, Massachusetts, where her early life was spent. By heredity she claims a mixture of the solid qualities bequeathed on the mother's side - from the sturdy soldiers and sailors for many generations, in Scotland and England, while her father was of the old Cameronian-Covenanting stock of the South of Scotland. From both she receives the blessed gift of a fine constitution, while in her character is easily traced the in¬ fluence of her paternity.

Doctor Hutchison was educated in the common schools of her native town and in the Abbott Female Seminary. Later she was a pupil of the Fall River High School and Boston University, where she took a special course in meta¬ physics and psychology, studies for which she was especially fitted by the natural bent of her mind, and which have never lost their interest.

In religious faith, though reared a Congregationalist, Dr. Hutchison finds her home among the "Friends," and in political belief she is a staunch Republi¬ can.

Through the influence of her guardian - Elizabeth Stuart Phelps - who seems from the first to have read the character of her somewhat peculiar young ward as she wotdd read a book, and to have had a great influence over her. Dr. Hutchison was induced to take up the study of medicine in the Boston Univer¬ sity School of Medicine, from which in¬ stitution she was honorably graduated in 1877.

Women in the field of medicine and surgery, were, at that time, not the accepted fact of to-day that passes so without challenge or comment, except as they find their level iqDon the scale of actual merit; and so it was in the char¬ acter of a ])ioneerthat the young girl M. 1). set her face Westward to find a field for her life of toil and achievement. Fortunate, indeed, was she in her choice of a location, for, from the first, Minne¬ apolis has always had ]flenty of room for women.

spent in Minneapolis lierlife has been the laborious, self-sacrificing one of the young growing and successful phj'sician. Her wait for patients (which in so many cases degenerates into a prayer for pa¬ tience) was exceedingly brief, and for many years her professional work shut her out entirely from social life, or even the opportunities for intimate acquaint¬ ance with the educated, thoughtful, pro¬ gressive woman with whom alone she feels at home. But of late, feeling her right to more leisure, she has wiseH lightened her professional labors and taken more time for her books, her pen and her friends.

Having throughout the years main¬ tained habits of study on the severe lines, she is entirely fitted to mingle with the educated men and women to be found in such large numbers in our city. A good reader, a fine writer, intensel3^ in¬ terested in whatever she undertakes, Dr. Hutchison woidd have made a great suc¬ cess upon the lecture platform. Clear cut and positive in her beliefs, she is t'et saved from bigotry by her sense of jus¬ tice which impells her to give to her oitponent the same honest judgment that she asks for herself

Short of stature and rather heavily built, her quick movements savor of abruptness to a stranger, and even her friends do not all know that much of this seeming brusqueness is put on to hide the painfully sensitive spirit and under estimate of herself, which are her real nature.

Recognizing her executive abilit3^ and excellent judgement. Dr. Hutchison was elected to a position on the Women's World Fair Board for the State of Min¬ nesota, and as President of the Hennepin County Auxiliar3^ to the same. She is also an active member and officer of the Woman's Council and various literar3' societies.

Though trained in the school of Ho¬ meopathy she does not refuse to see good in other schools, but gleans in all fields and holds out the fraternal hand to all good work - as witness her being unani¬ mously chosen by the Board of Direc¬ tors of the Northwestern Hospital, an Allopathic institution, to make the an¬ nual address to the graduating class of their nurse's training school.

Full of the quickest sympathies, she yet holds a firm hand over the nervous vagaries of her sex when ill, and in all her professional work strives to infuse into purposeless souls some of the vigor of her own masterfid will, as the best remedial agent for their unnerved bodies.

The results of Dr. Hutchison's life proves the wisdom of her choice of a profession. She has made her way un¬ assisted b3" influence, patronage or favor to a jjosition of financial independence and professional honor - in short, she has done a man's work in a womanW wa3q with the results of which an3' man might be i^roud.

Henry Clay Aldrich, D. D. S., M. D., the son of the late Col. Cyrus Aldrich, is one of the few professional men born and reared in this city. His education was acquired at the public and high schools of Minneapolis, and at the State Universit3'.

He graduated from the dental depart¬ ment of the University of Penns3dvania, but finding the study of medicine more to his liking, he immediately took up this study, I'eceiving his degree from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadel¬ phia in 1881.

His first field of labor was in Charles Cit3q Iowa, from whence he removed to Nashua, in the same State. In the year 1887 he returned to the city of his birth to accept the position of Professor of Histology, Pathology and Microscopy, in the Minnesota HomcEOpathic Medical College, and later, when the medical department of the State University wns organized, he was^appointed Professor of Dermatology in the College of Homceoj^athic Medicine and Surgeiw. He has been actively interested in the work of the Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensar}", and when in 1891 the Minneapolis Ho¬ moeopathic Magazine was established he was made the editor, which position he still occupies. He is a member of the local, state and national Homoeopathic medical societies. Masonic, Knights of Pythias, and other secret societies.

John F. Beaumont, M. D., was born in Freeport, Illinois, March 29th, 1853, and was educated at the high school of I'ree])ort, and the military school of Montrose, New Jerse^^ He began the study of medicine in the office of his father, J. H. Beaumont, a well-known ph3'sician of Freeport, recenth' deceased. His first courseof lectures was at Hahne¬ mann College, Chicago, but he graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, 1876. During his course there it was his privilege to live at the home of the late revered Doctor Con¬ stantine Hering. He then took up the stud\" of his specialty' at the New Yoi'k Homoeopathic Ophthalmic Hospital.

He came to Minneapolis in 1880, where his practice has been confined strictly to diseases of the e3'e and ear. Heis Professor of Ophthahnolog3Mn the College of Homoeo]iathic Medicine and Surgeiw in the State Universit3", and is also an active member in the Minnesota State Homoeopathic Institute and Min¬ neapolis Homoeopathic Medical Societ3'.

Dr. Henry W. Brazie was a native of Trumbull count3', Ohio. He enlisted as one of the first volunteers from Michigan when but sixteen 3'ears of age, serving with the Seventh Michigan Infantr3" through many battles; he was taken prisoner, but wms exchanged shortl3' after. He was wounded twice during his service.* After discharge he re-enlisted in General Hancock's Veteran Corps, and after the close of the war attended the high school of Lapeer, Michigan, and later spent two 3'ears in the schools of Alban3^, N. Y. Afterwards he studied medicine with Drs. A. H. Thompson, of Lajieer, and L. Van Hoosen, of Albany, and graduated from the Cleveland Ho¬ moeopathic College Hospital in 1870.

He came to Minneapolis in 1881 ; has been elected president of the Hahnemann Medical Societ3' of Hennepin count3', vicepresident of the Minnesota State Ho¬ moeopathic Institute, and has served as medical director of the Grand Arm3' for several terms, also as a member of the board of commissioners for examining insane hospitals. He was formerh' Pro¬ fessor of Physiology in the Minnesota Homoeopathic Medical College. He now occupies the chair of Pjedology in the College of Homoeopathic Medicine and Surgery in themedical department of the Universit3' of Minnesota, and is also one of the aldermen of the Cit3' of Minneap¬ olis.

George E. Dennis, M. D., was born in Livonia, Wa3'ne count3', Michigan, No¬ vember 27th, 1839. He received his education at the Michigan State Normal school. He taught school one 3'ear in Michigan and three in Minnesota, (Da¬ kota count3'.) Most of his early life was spent in agricultural ])ursuits. He entered the war in 1863,servingin theFirst Michi¬ gan Cavalrv as Sergeant. He fought in twent3'-one different battles from the time he enlisted to October 19th, 1864-, when he was wounded at the battle of Cedar creek. He had always had a taste for medical studies, and in 1879 he en-

Albert Enos Higbee was born in Pike, New York, Januar3^ 1st, 1842. His edu¬ cation was obtained in the public and high schools of Wisconsin. He served with distinction during the late Civil war, at the close of which he began the stud3" of medicine, graduating from the Hahnemann College of Chicago in 1871; practicing in Red Wing and St. Paul, Minnesota, before coming to Minneap¬ olis in 1878.

Thoughtful, but cpiick in discernment and prompt in action, he has been particularW successful in his chosen profes¬ sion. He was one of the incorporators of the Minnesota Homoeopathic Medical College, and when it was merged into the medical department of the State University he was appointed to the chair of Clinical G3mecologv. He has been an active member in the cit3', state and national Homoeopathic societies, and with his wonted zeal and energ3' has ever helped to advance the cause of Homoe¬ opathic science. Dr. Higbee is a promi¬ nent Mason, occup3dng a high office in that order.

Dr. Otis M. Humphre3' was born April 26th, 1832, at Victor, New York. He he received his medical education at the Long Island College Hospital of Brookhm. New A"ork, graduating in 1862; he came to Minneapolis in 1870. Dr. Humphre3" served in the "late unpleasantness" as Assistant Surgeon of the Sixth Massa¬ chusetts Volunteer Infantr3', being later commissioned as Surgeon United States Volunteers b3f the President, and was honorabl3' discharged at the close of the war with the rank of Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, "for faithful and distinguished services." Hehasbeen an active member of the following societies : Massachus¬ etts Medical Societ3% Northeast Historic Genealogical Societ3'-, American Institute of Homoeopath3', and the state and count3" societies of Minnesota.

Dr. Wm. D. Lawrence was born Ma3' 16th, 1852, in Lawrenceville, Province of Quebec. His education was acquired at Granby Academy, and his medical studies were pursued at the Chicago Medical College and the Chicago Homoe¬ opathic Aledical College, receiving the degree of M. D. in 1879. He came to Alinneapolis in April, 1879, and is a member of the North Star Lodge I. O. O. F., having held the office of " Past Grand." He has been an official in the local medical societies, and is the pro¬ prietor of the Alinneapolis Medical & Surgical Institute.

Dr. William H. Leonard was certainl v the pioneer practitioner of Minneapolis, coming here in the 3^ear 1855, although in the first 3'ears of his residence in this cit3' he was a prominent representative of the old school, and helped to organize the Hennepin Aledical societ3' the year of his arrival. He was born December 2d, 1826, in Mansfield, Tolland county, Con¬ necticut. His father, Dexter M. Leonard, was the son of a noted ph3^sician in Ash¬ ford, Connecticut. His ancestors, James and Henr3'- Leonard, emigrated to Mas¬ sachusetts from England in 1652, erectingthe first forge in America at Taunton.

Dr. W. H. Leonard wms reared to agricultural occupations, enjo3'ing the advantages of winter schooling, while the summers were devoted to labor on his father's farm. He had the benefit of a course at a select school, after which he taught for six 3'ears, devoting all his leisure time to self-improvement.

from his grandfather, he entered the offiee of Orrin Witter, M. D., of Chaplin, Conneetieut, where he prepared himself for attendanee upon leetures at the l^niversity of New York. The winters of 1850-51 were passed at this eollege, from whieh he entered the medieal de¬ partment of Yale College, where hegi'adiiated in 1853.

His first labors in the praetice of medieine were in Orangeville, W3'oming eountv, New York, where he remained two years, whence he removed to Min¬ neapolis.

To one of his active and investigative mind, the question of homoeopathy' could not long remain unnoticed. Edu¬ cated in the allopathic system, and im¬ bibing, from infancy, veneration for its theories, which the successful career of his grandfather had instilled into the minds of his family, he did not intend to turn his attention to homoeopathy with a view to its adoption. However, after a thor¬ ough investigation of its merits - and the only investigation that would satisfy him was the practical application at the bedside - he could no longer hesitate in the course he should adopt in regard to the new therapeutic law. Being thor¬ oughly convinced of its superior claims, he announced himself a homcEopathist in 1859.

In November, 1862, he entered the army as assistant surgeon of the Fifth Minnesota InfantryWolunteers, and was afterward promoted to surgeon. He yy'as honorably' discharged at Fort Snelling in 1865, and immediately after re¬ sumed his practice - a firmer believer in homoeopathy than ey'er.

No ph^'sician in thecit3'has been more' jn'ominent in State affairs. He yvas the first health officer yvho introduced the vital statistics of the city ; also the first commissioner of the State Insane F.xamfiling Board. Since 1875, he has been a member of the State Boai'd of Health. At the time of his appointment, some of the members of the Board demurred, and ' threatened to resign if a homoeopathist yvas appointed. Thereupon Governor C. K. Davis forcibly informed this august body "He should use his best judge¬ ment and appoint Ur. Leonard at all hazards; they might all resign if they yvished, and then he yvould appoint all homcEopathists.'' None of the members have had occasion since to regret the governor's decision, as the homoeopathie member has jiroven one of the most use¬ ful and energetic on the Board.

He helped organize the Homoeopathic State Institute, of which he has been three times the president. When the State University in 1875 organized a medical department. Dr. Leonard yy'as appointed Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children.

Tln'ough efforts on his part the "Hahn¬ emann Medical Society of Hennepin County'' yvas organized, of yvhich he yvas many times its president. In all matters pertaining to theadymncement of homoeopath3' he is a zealous and efficient yy'orker. To his attainments as a skilled ph3'sician are added those qualities of mind and heart so essential to the highest degree of success in any yvalk of life.

William E. Leonard, B. A., M. D., is the only son of Dr. William H. Leonard. He yvas born in Minneapolis in 1855. His education was acquired in the public schools and at the State Uniy'ersit3', yvhere he receiy'cd the degree of B. A. in 1876, being by election the salutatorian of his class. A three 3'ears' medical course at the Hahnemann Medical Col¬ lege of Philadeljfiiia, ending in 1879, yvas supplemented by a 3'cars residence at the Wards Island HomcEOpathic Hospital, New York Cit3', coming an office partner with his father, with whom he practiced for six years. He has since been alone in general practice. For two years he edited and chiefly man¬ aged the Minnesota Medical Monthly, and at the same time filled the chair of Materia Medicaand Institutes in theMinnesota Homoeopathic Medical College. In the management of that institution, and in the establishment of the College of Homoeopathic Medicine and Surgery in the medical department of the State Iffiiversity, which superseded the former, he played a prominent part, and is now, by virtue of his chair. Materia Medica and Therapeutics, at the head of that faculty. He is a member of the follow¬ ing societies : American Institute of Ho¬ moeopathy, Minnesota State Homoeo¬ pathic Institute, and Minneapolis Ho¬ moeopathic Medical Soicety.

Dr. Geo. F. Roberts was born at Barnstead, New Hampshire, March 25th, 1848; he was educated at Monmouth College and Rush Medical College, from which latter institution he graduated in 1871. Not being satisfied with old school practice, he began the study 'of homoeo¬ pathy, graduating from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College in 1882. He has held the positions of Professor of Hemoeopathy, medical department Iowa University; Professor of Gynecol¬ ogy in the Chicago Homoeopathic Medi¬ cal College, and Surgeon of Cook County Hospital in Chicago.

Hecameto Minneapolis in May, 1884. He has been a member of the following societies : American Institute of Homoe¬ opathy ; Secretary Iowa State Institute of Homoeopathy ; Secretary and Presi¬ dent Minnesota State Institute of Ho¬ moeopathy; Hennepin County Homoe¬

Dr. Salathiel Al. Spaulding was born December 5th, 1839, in New Hampshire, and came to Minneapolis in November, 1867. His education was acquired in the academies of his native State and the Hahnemann Medical College of Chi¬ cago, from which institution he gradu¬ ated March 1st, 1879. He was pavmaster's clerk in the War of the Re¬ bellion, and was the first city physician in Minneapolis (1880). He was a mem¬ ber of the first Free Dispensary in the old Cottage Hospital, now St. Barnabas. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, Minneapolis Homoe- . opathic Medical Society, Hennepin County Homoeopathic Medical Society, and Minnesota State Homoeopathic In¬ stitute, having served as president of the two last named societies.

Dr. John Andrew Steele was born January 30th, 1837, at Stanstead, Can¬ ada East. His earl}^ education was ac¬ quired in Vermont at its State Univer¬ sity ; in medicine he graduated from Berkshire Aledical College in November, 1856, and |from the Homoeopathic Col¬ lege of Pennsylvania in March, 1858.

He came to Minneapolis in October, 1878, and has been interested in and a member of the Vermont Homoeopathic State Medical Association, of which he was president ; the Illinois State Homoe¬ opathic Medical Association; the Alinnesota State (Homoeopathic Medical Insti¬ tute, of which he was vice-president, and chairman of the bureau of surgery, and theHennepin Count\^ HomoeopathicMedical Society, of which he was president.

Chapter Xxviii

This specialty in the IjroacI field of medical science, that has for its object the care and treatment of the org^lns con¬ tained in the oral cavit}', has, within the last few decades, made advancement cpiite equal to any of the other branches in medicine.

Each succeeding year during this per¬ iod of its history, it has drawn to its ranks men eminent for their learning, talents and cidture, who have labored diligently and accomplished much in ele¬ vating the standard of requirements nec¬ essary to enter the ranks of this profes¬ sion. No branch of the healing art has better illusti'ated the doctrine of evolu¬ tion than this, the practice of which, within the memory of men still living, was considered as simply a branch of mechanics, but is now elevated to the position of a learned profession whose members are fitted for service by years of study and University training - by lectures and practical work.

By reason of the recent rapid growth in popidation of the City of Minneajiolis and Hennepin county, few of the dental practitioners are natives of either the City or of the State, but, Iw various

The attraetions which every growing, thriving city offers to the enterprising and ambitious citizen, has had the effect to bring from eastern cities the best tal¬ ent found in the profession, so that it is safe to say, and proverbially true, that the members of the dental profes¬ sion in Minneapolis, in point of intelli¬ gence, scientific attainments and profes¬ sional skill, are the peers of any in the world .

As the nuelei of all history, whether it be political, commercial, social or scien¬ tific, are essentially the history of indi¬ viduals and of individual enterprise, so the history of dentistry in Minneapolis and Hennepin county must be contructed from the biographies of theeaily and leading representative members of the profession, who have, by their char¬ acters and conscientious labors, brought the profession to its present high stand¬ ing. The essential forces that have been important factors in the advancement of the jirofession here, ax'e the Minneajiolis Dental Society, Minnesota State Dental Association, aud the College of Dentistry of the University of the State of Minne¬ sota. These, with the conservative.

stringent laws that forbid the practice of dentistry by any person not author¬ ized by the State Board of Examiners - the Board consisting of members of the profession appointed by the Governor of State - effectually protects the commu¬ nity from irregular and incompetent practitioners.

The Minneapolis Dental Society was organized in 18S2. A meeting for this purpose was called at the office of Dr. A. T. Smith, and Dr. M. M.Frisselle chosen chairman and Dr. J. H. Martindale was made secretary. At this meeting, the object and importance of such a society was freely discussed, and at an adjourned meeting on September 13th the following persons were chosen to fill the various offices of the society: Dr. A. M. Reid, president; Dr. A. T. Smith, vice-presi¬ dent; Dr. J. H. Martindale, secretary.

During the entire twelve years of the existence of this society, its members have zealously labored to promote the best interests of the profession. Valu¬ able papers on current professional topics have been produced and intelli¬ gently and vigorously discussed, stimulatingits members to secure broader and better views of the profession, and to do better work. This societj", more than any other agency, has been instrumental in securing to the people of Minnesota the most conservative and protective laws regulating the practice of dentistry known to the country. Theselawshave been largely copied and embodied in the statutes of other states.

The Minneapolis Dental Society took steps for enlarging their field of work by reorganizing the old State Society. A meeting for this purpose was called Nov. 21st, 1883, at which meeting a commit¬ tee was appointed to issue a call for a meeting of the dentists of the State to be held January 16th, 1884. This meet¬ ing was held at the Nicollet house, Min¬ neapolis. Dr. A. T. Smith was called to the chair, and Dr. H. A. Knight made secretary, pro tern. The following offi¬ cers were elected: Dr. H. M. Reid, presi¬ dent; Dr. L, W. Lyon, vice-president; Dr. Cruttendon, secretary; Dr. T. E. Weeks, corresponding secretary; Dr. S. D. Clements, treasurer. This organization has always been vigorous and flourish ing, through the cordial support of nearly all the dentists in the State, and its influ¬ ence on the national association has been both salutary and progressive.

The College of Dentistry, which has become an important part of thedepartment of medicine in the State University, was organized in 1882 as a special de¬ partment in the Minnesota College Eiospital. In 1881, M. M. Frisselle, M. D., was appointed Lecturer on Medical and Surgical Dentistry in the college, and in 1882 was made a full pi'ofessor in the college, with instructions from the trus¬ tees and faculty to organize a dental department and nominate persons to fill the various chairs. By appointment by the officers of the college, the following persons were called to fill the various chairsin the dental department: the name of the Minnesota Hospital College, at the same time taking posses¬ sion of a new college building located on the corner of Sixth street and Ninth avenue south with i he following Dental faculty :

Here the institution flourished, each year increasing its number of students and its efficiency till 1889, when it re¬ linquished its charter, becoming a de¬ partment of the University of Minne¬ sota. The following competent faculty is now in charge :

W. Xavier Sudduth, A. M., M. D,, D. D. S., Dean and Professor of Pathology and Oral Surgerv. Thomas E. Weeks, D. D. S., Professor of Operative Technics and Dental Anatomy.

Charles M. Bailey, D. M. D., Professor of Pros¬ thetic Dentistry, Metallurgy and Orthodontia. William P. Dickinson, D. D. S., Professor of Opera¬ tive Dentistry and Dental Therapeutics.

The few following biographical sketches of some of the pioneers of the profession, and some of the younger members who are prominent by their in¬ ventions or rare mechanical genius, are but the van guard of a long line of fii'stclass men who have made and are still making Minneapolis famous for its men of talent and high attainments in the profession of dentistry. So far as can be ascertained the first dentist who opened an office i*n Minnesota was Dr. Biddle, who came to St. Paul in 1850. The first dentist who praeticed his profession in St. Anthony was Dr. Goidd, whose office was on the East Side of the river. His immediate successor was

Mark Davis Stoneman, M. D., who was born in Grayson county, Virginia, December 4th, 1815. He received a com¬ mon school education - studied medicine under the tuition of his father, who was a physician of high repute in the locality where he lived.

Doctor Stoneman graduated at the Pennsylvania College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1838, entering immediatelj' into general practice with his father. In 1848 he moved to the State of Indiana, where he continued the practice of medi¬ cine till 1858, at which time he com¬ menced the study of dentistry.

In 1860, at the breaking out of the Civil war, he responded to Gov'crnor Morton's call for volunteer surgeons to go to the front. During the summer of 1862 he came to Minnesota visiting Taylor's Falls, St. Paul and St. Anthony. In May, 1863, he commenced the prac¬ tice of dentistry in the office previouslv occupied by Dr. Gould, who was the first dentist in what is now the Citv of Min- iieapolis ; Pr. Stoiieuiau being the second. Here he continned the practice of his pro¬ fession till his death, which occurred in March. 1S75.

Dr. Stoneman was a man of marked abilities, prominent in Masonic and church circles, and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences.

Doctor Boltox Loixdes Taylor one of the reliable dentists of the city, is of staunch Quaker stock. His great¬ grandfather, Richard Vfebb, on the ma¬ ternal side, came from England with William Penn in 16S2, taking up a con¬ siderable tract of landontheBrandiwine above Chadd's ford. His daughter, Re¬ becca Webb, married Richard Baker, and their daughter, Rachel, married Loundes Taylor, the father of the subject of this sketch, who was born in West Chester. Pennsylvania, Februarr* 1st, 1832. He was educated at the Friend's school and at the Friend's Weston College. He spent the early portion of his life on the old homestead farm where he was bom. He was a student of dentistrr- in the office of Dr. Jesse Green, of West Chester, for several years, and came to Alinneapolis in ] 856. and for more that ten r ears devoted himself to business outside of his profession. In 1867 he built the T aylor Brothers' flour mill, on thegrovmd now occupied by the Pillsbury " B '' mill, which exploded and was burned in 1878.

In 1869 he opened an office for the practice of his profession in the Pence Opera House, remaining for about one year, then removing to 214 Nicollet ave¬ nue, and finally to 300 Nicollet avenue, where he still remains.

Doctor Taylor was married to IMiss Harriet Hurlbut in 1865, the result of the union beinsr one son and one daughter, the latter being married and living in Philadelphia. The son is a student

The Doctor is a constant reader of the best literatiire of the day, and is espec¬ ially interested in ancient historr'. He is also fond of natural histoiy*, and has given much attention to the stut\' of bees, and is authorit3'on the culture and care of these wise and interesting insects,

Doctor Taylor is a graduate of the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery; a man of quite gentle manners, modest and conscientious, of firm convictions and unswerving integrity. Quaker like, he has never been ambitious for public office of aim kind, is patriotic to the core, believing that in all govermental aft'airs their management should be committed to those who are to the manor bora.

Doctor Abxer Lavcock Bausmax was born at Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, March 25th, 1834. He is of German decent on his father's side, and of Hugue¬ not French on the side of his mother. He received his early mental training at the common schools of the City of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, spending most of his time till he was fifteen years of age on a farm, where with plenty of plain, nutritious food and a generous amount of exercise in the open air, he developed a vigorous body and an active mind.

In 1854 he entered as a dental student the office of Dr. W. Fundenberg, of Pitts¬ burg, Pennsy lvania, where he remained three years. In 1856 he made a journey to Minnesota, pre-empting a claim near Mankato, on the Minnesota river. In May, 1857, he came to Minneapolis, opening a dental office on Helen street - now Second avenue south - between Washington avenue and Second street, that being the center of business and the most popular business portion of the city'. He remained there nearly two y'ears, then removed to Bridge Square, that becoming the popular center on account of the financial failure of nearly all the hnsiness firms on Second street. In 1859 a vieious fire burning the build¬ ing in whieh his office was loeated eonipelled him to move aeross the street to the Corner of Hennepin avenue and First street, whei'e he remained about three 3'ears. On November 1st, 1865, he formed a partnership with Dr. George H. Keith, under the firm name of Keith & Bailsman, with an offiee in Center bloek. This partnership continued till about 1870, when Dr. Keith retired and Dr. Bausman removed his offiee to 242 Nic¬ ollet avenue, where he has remained till the present time.

From the earliest period inthehistorx^ of Minneapolis, Dr. Bausman has taken an active interest, as well as an aetive part, in the promotion of all the permanant development of the city's best in¬ terests. In church and municipal gov¬ ernment, in her schools, library and hos¬ pitals, he has rendered valuable service in establishing good foundations on whieh has been reared ourbeautiful eity. Dr. Bausman was one of the eharter members of the Young Men's Library Association, which afterward became the Athaeneum, and its secretaiw for fif¬ teen years, and one of its directors. In the winter of 1857-8, Bayard Taylor was seeured to deliver a leeture for the benefit of the association, and the same year Ole Bull gave a eoneert, bringing with him (the afterwards famous) Ade¬ line Patti, then thirteen years old, who was heralded as an " infant musical prod¬ igy." The proceeds of the leeture was sevent3'-two dollars, whieh was the first eonsiderable sum of mone3'^ reeeived by the Library Association. In religious belief. Dr. Bausman is a Baptist, and has been, for man3' 3'ears, one of the pillars and a trustee in the First Baptist Church of Minneapolis, and was one of the originators of the Baptist Union, and one of its dii'eetors for main^ 3'ears. Dr. Bausman was vice-president of the Homoeopathie Hospital, its first seeretar3', and one of its first direetors. He was also the leading spirit in the organ¬ ization of Hanneman Aledieal College. He was a charter member of the Minne¬ sota Dental Association, which was or¬ ganized about 1870, and was its treas¬ urer for some time.

Doetor Bausman was married in 1863 to Fann3'R. Abraham, who died in 1876. He was again married in 1878. Doctor Bausman, in common with man3' of the earU' settlers of cit3', entertained a sub¬ lime faith in its future. The3' believed that the spot on whieh Alinneapolis stands was the natural position for a great eit3- and the future eenter of nu¬ merous beneficent and business organi¬ zations ; that it would be the eenter of religious and educational institutions - all of which and more have been realized.

The Minnesota Homoeopathie Medieal College eonferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Aledicine on Dr. Bausman in 1888. In politics he is a staunch Republican, and, in a quiet wa3', has wielded a great influence in the eouneils of the countv and municipal govern¬ ment.

No citizen of Alinneapolis has left a more beneficent and enduringmonument than Dr. Kirb3' Spencer, who eame to this eit3' about 1868, opening an office on Bridge Square, afterward removing it to his propert3'on the corner of Wash¬ ington avenue and Third street south. His knowledge of the scienee and praetieeof dentistr3' was limited to the treat¬ ment of diseased teeth, he having little faith in artificial dentures, and persistenth' refused to eonstruet and ai^ph' one for an3' of his patients.

which he loaned to a Mr. Spear, receiving as security three lots on the corner of Washington avenue and Third street south. These lots he was subsequently compeled to take for the loan.

Doctor Spencer was a man of uiiique methods, excentric habits and scientific tastes. He was the possessor of a very good microscope, with which he amused and entertained his patients by showing the circulation of the blood in the foot of a frog, which latter he always kept on hand in the office ready for a demonstra¬ tion. The sign over the door of his office contained the legend, " Dr. Kirby Spencer Dentist 23 years," which was designed to advertise him as a practitioner of twenty-three years' experience.

During the early period of his life in the city he became much interested in the AthcEneum, and on making his will he bequeathed the entire income of his real estate, which was rapidly increasing in value, to this public institution, to be forever alone used for the purchase of books on science, art, literature, politics, history, and any and every subject, except theology. This bequest of Dr. Spencer, though comparatively small when made, has proved to be the most valuable con¬ tribution, from a private source, which the public library has ever received. This was the real nucleus around which our present library has grown, and all honor should be given to the man who laid so good a foundation for such a beneficent structure. Although Dr. Spencer had it in his heart to do a good thing, still " he budded better than he knew." He died Thursday, March 10th, 1870, and was buried from the Quaker meeting-house, corner of Hennepin avenue and 8th street, while his monument stands on the corner of Tenth street and Hennepin avenue.

10th, 1837. Hesprang from that rugged New England stock which has furnished the Northwest with so mueh of its brain and energy. He has inherited to a marked degree the sterling qualities of his ances¬ tors, which have shown themselves throughout his life in active useffilness and remunerative industry. He was educated in the common and select schools of his native town, and at the academies of Royalton and Newbury, Vermont.

In 1855 he commenced the study of his profession in the office of Dr. H. N. Roberts, of Ludlow, Vermont. In 1858 he went to Canton, Saint Lawrence county. New York, and there commenced the practice of dentistry in partnership with his brother, whieh partnership con¬ tinued till 1862, when it was dissolved. Dr. Bowman entering the army. He was assigned a member of the Post Band at Alexandria, under the command of Gen¬ eral John P. Slough, Military Governor of Virginia.

At the close of the war he came to Minneapolis, and again resumed the practice of his chosen profession. His first office was located on Bridge Square, in Center block, then one of the principal buildings of the town. In 1870 he re¬ moved his office to the conier of Wash¬ ington' avenue and First avenue south, entering into partnership with Dr. E. M. Griswold, which partnership continued till 1882. In 1884, Dr. T. E. Weeks and Dr. M. G. Jenison were admitted to part¬ nership, under the name of Bowman, Weeks & Jenison. In 1891 this firm was dissolved, since which time Dr. Bowman has been associated in business with Dr. A. E. Peck. During the entire period in which he has been a citizen of Minneap¬ olis he has been identified with the den¬ tal profession as an active practitioner and a leader in all that tended to its advancement. He has been a careful and intelligent observer, and a wide reader of dental literature, keeping well abreast of the times and in touch with the best thought and the most progres¬ sive professional practice. He was one of the founders of the State Dental Asso¬ ciation ; was its first vice-president and subsequently its president.

Doctor Bownan, in common with all the other members of his family, pos¬ sesses rare musical ability. He has been prominently active in the numerous musical societies and associations of the cit3q always lending a generous hand in promoting their general welfare.

He was married in 1862, at Canton, New York, to Miss Mary Jenison, daugh¬ ter of Judge Minot Jenison, of St. Law¬ rence county. New York. They have had one son, George E., who died April 9th, 1881.

Doctor Bowman entertains liberal views in religious matters, and is an active member of the Church of the Redeemer. He is a man of strong char¬ acter, of irreproachable integrity, ofgreat originality of thought and expression. He possesses a cheeiTul, magnetic nature, is a true and lo3'al fidend and a lover of humanit3^

Doctor William Augustus Spauld¬ ing was born in Stetson, Maine, March 7th, 1842. He was educated at the public schools of Monticello, Minnesota, to which place his parents moved in 1856. His boyhood was spent like that of most country boys - working on a farm, with intervals of attending school, clerking in a countiw store, and, in his case, the unusual work of serving in a printing office.

In 1862, when twent3' 3'ears of age, he enlisted in the Second Battery of Light Artilleiw, which was enlisted at Fort Snelling. He followed the fortunes of his battery at Pittsburg Landing, Corrinth,

Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Lookout Mountain and Perrys- ^ ville, until there were not sufficient men left to man the batter3', when the3' were assigned to garrison duty at Chatta¬ nooga and afterwards at Philadelphia, Tennessee, where they remained till mus¬ tered out of the service at the close of the war in 1865.

During several succeeding years he was variously emplo3'ed, and in 1869 was attached to the engineering department of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad Company, and was soon after placed in charge of the construction of bridges, turn-tables, etc. On thecompletion of the road he joined a government surve3'ing part3q remaining several months, after which he took up his residence in Min¬ neapolis, commencing the study of dent¬ istry in the office of Dr. M. D. Stoneman.

In 1875 he entered the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, where he was graduated with honor, receiving the degree of Doc¬ tor of Dental Surgeiw. He commenced the practice of his p-iofession in Hastings, Minnesota, in March, 1874 and came to Minneapolis in the autumn of 1875. At the winter session of the Minnesota Col¬ lege Hospital of 1884-5 he received the appointment of Professor of Prosthetic Dentistr3' in the dental department of the college. In 1886 he was made Dean of the Dental Facult3'.

Doctor Spauldingis a member of both the State Dental Assoeiation and the Minneapolis Dental Societ3', and has often served these societies in official positions. He has also been prominent in Masonic and other kindred organiza¬ tions, where he has been the frequent recipient of the highest honors these societies had to bestow. Hespent avear in European travel for relaxation from ])rofessional work and for receiving fresh ideas and new methods from foreign societies and operators.

He was married in 1886 to Miss * Jerusha C. Johnson, the result of which union was a son and a daughter, the latter being married, the son is a graduate of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgeiy. His wife died in 1882, and in 1884 he was again married to Miss Carrie Knowles, who has one daughter.

Doctor Charles Monroe Bailey was born in Portland, Maine, December 6th, 1843, and the education which he received at school was obtained before he was thirteen years old, at which age he entered the office of the law firm of Deblois & Jackson, in Portland, as errand boy, where he remained two years. The influence of this expeifience made a per¬ manent imjiression upon his young and plastic mind. Leaving that office he passed the usual experience of bo3^s essay¬ ing to earn their own living, with no fixed purpose in life, till the summer of 1862. When he was nineteen years of age, he was influenced and assisted 63'' his brother to go to Calais, Maine, and enter as a student of dentistry the office of Dr. Jas. E. Grant. After five 3"ears ofdiligent stud3' and close application to the duties of the office, he went to Machias, Alaine, and buying the goodwill and practice of Dr. S. T. Clements, he put out his own sign and assumed the responsibilities of his profession, entering the battle of pro¬ fessional life with enthusiasm. During the four succeeding 3'ears he took time to attend lectures at the dental department of Harvard University, where he gradu¬ ated in 1871, receiving the degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine, and in 1874 he represented his State in the American Dental Association , which met at Detroit, Michigan.

He has always identified himself with every movement which looked to the advancement of his profession, giving freely of his time and abilities to that department of labor he had so heartily and enthusiasticall3" espoused. He was one of the organic members of the Alinapolis Dental Society ; has been twice its president; is an active member of the Minnesota Dental Association, and has been honored by the highest official posi¬ tions in its gift, and has represented the State in representative national bodies. He was elected to the chair of Dental Materia Medica and Thezapeutics in 1886-7 in the Minnesota Hospital Col¬ lege, which chair he occupied until that institution surrendered its charter, upon the organization of a medical depart¬ ment in the State University, when he was appointed to thechair of Prosthetic Dentistr3^ by the Regents of the Univer¬ sity. On the retirement of Prof. Angle from the chair of Histolog3' and Ortho¬ dontia in 1801 the duties of the chair of Orthodontia were added to those of Dr. Bailey's other duties. He was sec¬ retary of the college for two 3^ears, re¬ tiring on the appointment of Dr. W. X. Sudduth to the position of Dean of the Faculty.

Doctor Bailey was married in 1876 to Miss Laura Longfellow, of Machias, Alaine, who died within two 3^ears, leav¬ ing one son, who is now fitting for the Universit3L

Doctor Baile3' is an enthusiast in his profession, giving his whole heart and mind to its duties, keeping himself well informed on all matters pertaining to his chosen vocation. He is a man of con¬ scientious conduct, of firm moral princij)les, a good citizen whose influence is always on the side of good education and

Dentistry

Doctor Mason Marcellus Fris- SELLE is a native of Western, Massa¬ chusetts, where he was born January 10th, 1822, and is the senior dentist of the city. He is a lineal descendant of the early Pilgrims who settled near Boston. The first eighteen years of his life were spent on one of the sterile New England farms in the Countv of Berkshire. The discipline furnished b\" plenty of farm work and the practice of rigid economy, necessary under the then existing domes¬ tic conditions, furnished the foundation of a character not to be daunted Iw ordi¬ nary' obstacles. His early education was pi'ocured at the common schools, high schools and at Worthington and East Hampton academies in his native State.

From the age of nineteen to twentvthree he spent in teaching and study, preparatory to entering on the stud^' of medicine, which he commenced in April, 1844, in the office of Dr. T. H. Brown, of Worthington, Massachusetts. He spent four 5'ears in stud}', attended three full courses of medical lectures, one of which was at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, the other two at the Berkshire Medical College at Pitts¬ field, Massachusetts. After taking his medical degree he spent six months in practice with Dr. C. Gitteau, of Lee, Alassachusetts. Early in 1848 he opened an office in Rockville, Connecticut, where he spent five years, removing to Plainfield, New Jersey in 1854.

He relincpiished medical practice in 1859, removing to Kingston, New York, where he practiced dentistry for twenty years, removing to Minneapolis early in 1880. Dr. Frisselle was an active mem¬ ber of Tolland County, Connecticut Aledical Society; of Ulster County Medical

Society, New York, and of the Society of Physicians and Surgeons of Minneapolis, and was a charter member of Minneap¬ olis Dental Society. In 1862 he published a work entitled "The Teeth; their Care and Treatment," and in 1883 invented a jacket for the treatment of spinal curva¬ ture. He has been a contributor to not only medical and dental literature, but to the current literature of the day, and has furnished many valuable papers for scientific and literary societies.

He was appointed Lecturer on Medi¬ cal and Surgical Dentistry in the Minne¬ sota College Hospital in the winter 1881- 82, and in the following year he was appointed Professor of Medical and Surgical Dentistry in the same institu¬ tion, and was instructed by the trustees and faculty to organize a dental depart¬ ment and to nominate persons to fill the various chairs. Not only in this organic work of establishing the Collegeof Dent¬ istry did he show his zeal for professional advancement, but in his persistently ad¬ vocating a higher standard of dental education, claiming that dentistry is one of 1 he most important specialties in the broad field of medicine, and as such de¬ mands thorough pi'eliminary cidture and abundant scientifie, technical training by teachers of high, moral, intellectual and professional attainments. In 1882 the Ohio College of Dental Surgery conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. Dr. Frisselle is a wide reader of the best literatiire, thereby keeping abreast of the thought of the times and in full sympathy with the liberal, progressive S])irit of the age.

He was married to Miss Martha AI. Smith, daughter of Hon. Henry Smith, Lee, Mass., in 1849. The fruit of this union was two daughters - Mrs. Gilbert Van Etten and Mrs. James P. Gould, both of whom reside in Alinneapolis. Airs. Frisselle died in 1882, and the

He retired from professional office work in 1889, since which he has chiefly devoted himself to the study and prac¬ tice of horticulture. He is an expert in the culture of small fruits, and those who have had the good fortune to be his guests at Clover Nook, at Lake Minnetonka, can testify to the beauty of his flower garden and the abundant fruit of his vineyard. He is a member of the State Horticultural Society and a regular con¬ tributor of valuable papers at its annual meetings.

Although the doctor has reached the ripe age of three score and ten, he still retains his 3'-outhful activity of bodj^ and mind, attracting the young by his genial and friendly intercourse, and those of middle life b}" his intelligence and wide range of knowledge. Bx" all these he will be missed and kindlj' remembered long after his last harvest of flowers and fruit have been gathered.

Dr. Edward Hartley Angle was born at Herrick, Bradford Count\^, Penn., June 1st, 1855. His father was a farmer, of German extraction, and his mother Scotch by birth. The first seven¬ teen years of the doctor's life was spent on the farm where he received that disci¬ pline generally given to boys in the country through the performance of the usu al arduous du ties required of the farmers'boy. His early education was obtain¬ ed at the common school of his native town, and at the high school at Canton, Penn., where graduated in 1874. In 1875 he commenced the study of dentis¬ try in the office of Dr. Marcus, D. L. Dodson at Towanda, Penn. In the fol¬ lowing 3"ear he was enrolled as student at the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery', taking the full course and grad¬ uating Feb. 28, 1878. Soon after he opened an office in Towanda, Penn., where he succeeded to the practice of his preceptor. Dr. Angle became a citizen of Minneapolis in 1884, where he has since been engaged in practical work and original research, and none have labored more zealously and intelligently to ele¬ vate the standard of professional work and status. It was chiefly through his instrumentality and that of Dr. J. H. Martindale that the present conserva¬ tive and stringent laws relative to the practice of dentistry in the state were formed and passed by the State Legis¬ lature.

Dr. Angle has always been an earnest and active member in both the Minne¬ apolis Dental Society and the State Dental Association where he has been the frequent recipient of official honors.

While yet a student in college his at¬ tention was called to the numerous cases of dental irregularity, and during the past ten y^ears he has devoted himself chiefly to that department of practical work known as Orthodontia,'or the cor¬ rection of deformities of the teeth and jaws. He is the inventor of a system of appliances which, though exceedingly^ simple, are wonderfully effective in moving the teeth from abnormal to nor¬ mal positions in the dental arch, and there retaining them till nature fixes them in their new relations and posi¬ tions.

Dental irregularities have always been the beta noir of the profession, and not till Dr. Angle by his simple, uniqvie and convenient appliances had made the successful treatment of these deformities easy and certain, has the profession been able to cope with these trying cases. The original work done by him in this special department has given him a national reputation, and his inventions and methods have received acknowledg¬ ment and commendation from all recent