Minneapolis City (part 7 of 80)

At fourteen he went to Greensboro, the county town, and lived with a ph}^- sician who was also postmaster of the town, and assisted in the detail of the postoffice. Afterwards at his native vil¬ lage he entered thestoreof his uncle, who was a slave owner, while his own father was a strenuous Abolitionist. One of his uncle's slaves having escaped, his cousin, prevailed upon young Junius to accompany him, in the pursuit of the fugitive. They drove through the vallej's and over the mountains of Western Virginia, and embarking on a steamer on the Ohio river, proceeded to Cincin¬ nati, and thence to Richmond, Indiana. But the pursuit was fruitless, as the chattel made good his escape over the underground railwa3q which ti'aversed that part of the countr3^ The son of the Abolitionist did not repine at the disappointment of the son of the slave owner, as he had accompanied him, rather as a companion and protector, than as an assistant.

From 1848 to December 1850 he studied again at the New Garden board¬ ing school. From there he went to Prov¬ idence, Rhode Island, and entered the celebrated Friends School. A summer vacation was passed at the village of

Center Harbor and Lake Winnepesotikee, New Hampshire, and in excursions on foot through the White mountains. Here he met Cyrus Beede,of Center Sandwich, New Hampshire, with whom he spent many hours conjuring all manner of schemes for their futiu'e lives, one of which was afterwards realized, when they became partners in a land office and bank at Minneapolis. Attendance at the Providence school was followed br' teaching a school at North Falmouth, Massachusetts, whei'e he first met the lad}^ who afterwards became his wife.

Visiting Richard F'ox at Jamaica, Long Island, he was engaged by him to go to Ohio and take charge of the books, time and supplies of a crew of men, engaged in building a railroad tunnel. After this business introduction he spent some time in traveling, visiting Niagara Falls, Oswego, Syracuse, Ogdenburg, Boston and West Falmouth, and finalh^ settling down with his brother Nereus, engineering on the North Carolina rail¬ road. On a subsequent visit at the North, he found his friend Beede, with another 3"Oung man, manufacturing oil cloths. They sent him to New York to take charge of a store for the sale of their goods, but the employment proved uncongenial. Learning that he could get employment as an engineer at the West, he repaired with a letter of intro¬ duction to J ohn Houston , a Scottis engin¬ eer, to Muscatine, Iowa, and was put to work on the rear end of a surveyor's chain. At the end of a month he had been promoted to the head of the ])arty. He left the surveying party at Des Moines, where he passed the winter of 1 855-50 in the office of Dewey 8c Tubb3' civil engineers, and land agents. In thesi)ring he set his face northward, and arrived at St. Paul by the river, whence he took stage to St. Anthony, and finding a boarding house in Minneapolis, transfered his baggage and possessions on a wheelbarrow.

At the age of twentv-eight, after a life of uncommon variety, Mr. Menden¬ hall was content to settle permanently and identif\' himself with the fortunes of a new communitv. The vear foll(.)win<r his arrival he was joined by the com¬ panion of his vacation rambles in New Hampshire, Mr. Cyrus Beede, with whom he formed a partnership under the firm nameof Beede & Mendenhall. The busi¬ ness was that of land and loan agents, to which was added the more jmetentious functions of banking. Their office was a frame tenament (the only kind then attainable) situated on the east side of the o])en space known as Bridge Square, about opposite the City Hall. For a time all went swimmingly ; times were brisk, many new comers were ar¬ riving, values were increasing, and sales of real estate frequent. Thebankingfirm loaned man\" thousands of dollars on se¬ curities which were considered good, but in the end proved worthless. They were worthless for present realization, but to those who were able to carrj^ them until a revival of business, they almost invar¬ iably proved sources of great profit. The panic of 1857 blighted the glowing prospects, not only of the banking firm but of the entii'e business communitv ; yet they held on, preserving their credit, and doing such business as was ])ossible under the adverse conditions.

In the beginning of the year 1858, Mendenhall returned to the Fast, and on the 11th of I'ebruary, at West Fal¬ mouth, Alass., married Aliss Abbie G. Swift, a daughter of Capt. Silas Swift. No minister officiated at the cei'emony, but after the custom of the society of I'riends, the groom and bride separate! v rejjcated the marriage form in the j)resence of the assembly, and plighted to each other their troth.

After a visit to his home in North Carolina, the wedded couple repaired to Minneapolis where they established a home which has ever since continued a centre of refinement and hospitalit3^

At the town election in the spring of 1862, Mr. Mendenhall was elected town treasurer. To relieve the scarcity of cur¬ rency the towm issued scrip redeemable in bank notes in sums not less than five dollars. This was endorsed by Mr. Mendenhall as treasurer, which gave it credit and currency. He also put in cir¬ culation notes of Indiana banks which, aside from his pledge to redeem them, commanded but feeble confidence. The leading merchants, however, received them and they were all faithfully re¬ deemed.

In November, 1862, the State Bank of Minnesota, under a state charter of Minnesota, was removed to Minneapo¬ lis, Mr. Mendenhall purchasing one-half the capital stock and becoming its presi¬ dent. Its business rapidly increased and soon became the leading bank in the city. After occupying the frame building at the corner of First street and Bridge Square for a time, a new banking house was erected on the same site. It was of cut stone with solid masonry vaults, and was the finest building of its kind in the town. About 1860 the State Bank of Minnesota was merged into the State National Bank of Minneapolis with capital increased to $100,000, Mr. Men¬ denhall being elected president and con¬ tinuing such until 1871. He was also president of the State Savings Associa¬ tion, connected with the National bank. When the panic of 1873 paralyzed credits and blighted values, the savings bank was forced to suspend, and Mr. Menden¬ hall placed securities and property deemed sufficient to secure all its liabili¬ ties in the hands of the trustees for the protection of its depositors. A ravenous lawyer, forfeiting the claims of friend¬ ship and gratitude, pursued him with weapons of legal craft and did all in his power to w^reck the property, but Mr. Mendenhall survived the assaults of greed and envy, and by personal sacri¬ fices he has settled nearly all just claims against him.

For many years Mr. Mendenhall was secretart' and treasurer of the Board of Education of Minneapolis, and took great interest and devoted much time to the interests of the public schools of the city. While absorbed in the cares and perplexities of business, he yet engaged with much assiduity in natural history studies. His investigations were in the line of entomology, and so thorough and minute were they that his published ob¬ servations became authorative on this little known subject. Nattiral taste, combined with a generous desire to aid useful industries, led him to take great interest in the promotion of agriculture and horticulture. He has always been connected with the state and local socie¬ ties, and not infrequently participates in the discussions of practical subjects, especially those connected with horticul¬ ture. While in prosperous circumstances he had erected near his fine residence on Nicollet avenue, a green house where the cultivation of choice exotics, as well as the common floral beauties, engaged his leisure hours. When adversity overtook him this was turned to business. He extended his green houses and enlarged their floral contents. Year by year the establishment grew in magnitude and increased in beauty until an entire city block is now under glass. A store in the central part of the city is a depot of flowers, from which are sent out spreading palms, fragrent roses and twining vines to decorate festivals and weddings, while no funeral cortege starts on its solem march that does not depart from a home draped with the pure em¬ blems of hope and immoi'tality. Christ¬ mas and Easter, the glad festivals of the Christian year, derive much of the charm in chapel and church from the pure and sweet blooms of the Men¬ denhall green house. Whether or not the business is a source of profit, it is a never failing delight to its pro¬ prietor.

Before his settlement in Minneapolis, Mr. Mendenhall had been attacked by hemorrhage of the lungs, and the symp¬ toms ever hovered about him. He also suffered much from rheumatic afflictions, yet his active habits, much out-door life and resolute will have warded off serious attacks, so that he has seldom been laid off from active life by illness.

Without bigotry he has ever been a most constant attendant and liberal supporter of the simple worship of the Society of Friends. In the yearly meet¬ ings of the society he has often been a representative and an almoner of its quiet charities.

Air. and Mrs. Mendenhall have no children, but in the place of parental love their affections have expanded to the sons and daughters of the poor and friendless, who have found in them help and sympathy.

No sketch of the life of Mr. Alendenhall would be complete which did not take account of the share which his wife has had in the moulding of his character and guiding his life. Reared in a like re¬ ligious atmosphere and partaking of his devout habit, she has enjoyed more leasure to devote to charitable and church work, filling several of the high¬ est offices in the church with true devo¬ tion and faithfulnesss.

They are seldom seen in the assemblies of the gay and fashionable world, but where kindly sympathy and saintly charit3' are needed thev are to be found.

In the vicissitudes of an active and adventurous business life, circumstances have sometimes given apparent occasion for calumtn' and reproach ; but when the life is summed up, which Atr. Mendenhall has led in the communit3' for an entire generation, he will be found to have been one of her most just and honorable citizens.

Abby Grant Mendenhall. Silas Swift was a seafaring man, as was his father before him. His home was at West Falmouth, Alassachusetts, on the easterly coast of Buzzard's Bay, whence he sailed on Y03mges to foreign ports in the Alerchant Alarine, leaving his wife Chloe to care for a family of seven daught¬ ers, of whom Abby G. was the 3'oungest. The family belonged to the Society of Friends, and the daughters were trained in the ways of sobriety and virtue b3' a mother of rare devotion and intelligence, according to the simple st3de of the Quakers. T h e g ir 1 gre w t o y o u n g w o m a nhood in the rural village, amid sugges¬ tions of the sea, for the port was a con¬ siderable ship building place, and in the companionship of earnest and devout people. She attended diligentU^ the school of the village, but was prevented by ill health from receiving the advant¬ ages of the seminaiwor boarding school, in remoter places. The want was com¬ pensated by the practice of studv and reading, while a taste for the rearing of plants and flowers, brought her into so much of outdoor life, as to overcome the weakness of her earl3'da3's. She imbibed a longing for missionaiw service, and had little desire to shine in the circles of frivolit3' and fashion. A few 3'ears were ])assed at New Bedford, where she assisted a relative in the conduct of her

On the 11th day of February, 1858, when a little past the age of twenty-five, she was united in marriage with Richard J. Mendenhall, who had been for two years a resident of Minneapolis. After a visit to the North Carolina home of the Mendenhalls, they arrived at their future home on the 25th of April, 1858, where for now nearly thirty-five years they have borne a conspicuous part in the religious and charitable work, which has been so marked a feature of the life of the place. At the same time they have not been unmindful of social obligations, and have ever maintained a home of generous and kindly hospitality .

Soon after their arrival they occupied plain rooms in the second story of a store building on upper First street, where they established a home. After two years a new home was built in the suburbs of the city at the corner of Port¬ land avenue and Lake street, and this was exchanged in a few years for a rural home on Nicollet avenue, then surrounded by poplar groves and hazel brush, but now a compactly built part of the city. Here the wildness of nature was soon sub¬ dued by cultivation ; trees and hedges were planted, and in a few years became beautiful by the attractions of fruit and flowers, reared by thejointcare of husband and wife, both of whom delighted in floriculture.

The various religious sects were early represented in the life of Minneapolis. A few disciples of George Fox gathered and founded a meeting and maintained regu¬ lar worship. They erected ii plain meet¬ ing house at the corner of Hennepin avenue and Eighth street, which, al¬ though surrounded by places of business, still maintains its character as a Friend's Meeting house. In this form of religious association both sexes enjoy equality of oflRce and service, and Mrs. Mendenhall engaged in the religious and charitable work of the meeting, with zeal born of early aspiration and rare fitness for it. In the missionary work of the society, both in home and foreign fields, she found opportunity to follow the bent of her early desires.

When the Indian massacre occurred in 1862, which devastated the frontier and drove so many families from their homes, Mrs. Mendenhall gathered about her a number of sympathetic ladies who devoted themselves to collecting cloth¬ ing and supplies, and in distributing it to the sufferers.

Not long after a number of ladies, prominent among whom were Mrs. Cauny, Mrs. Rulifson, Mrs. H. C. Keith, and Mrs. William Harrison, united with Mrs. Mendenhall in forming an aid society for the relief of women and children, out of which has grown the efficient Woman's Christian Association with its several homes, and the munifi¬ cently endowed Jones-Harrison Home for aged women and disabled ministers.

The Northwestern Hospital for women and children, which now has its fine brick building on Chicago avenue, equipped with all conveniences for its salutary work, has its origin in the Friend's Meeting House, and had the warm sympathy and active co-operation of the ladies of this faith in its early days, as well as throughout its career.

The Sisterhood of Bethany had its origin in some remarks by a lady in one of the fifth day meetings of the Society of Friends. The suggestion of the need, and promise of good of labor for an un¬ fortunate and outcast class of women took root in the hearts of some of the women present, who proceeded to under¬ take the thankless and unpopular work. Soon Mrs. Euphemia N. Over¬ lock, Mrs. Harriet G. Walker and Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve associated with

Orders, Societies Axd Clubs

Mrs. Mendenhall and organized a formal society some time in the year 1875. A house was rented on the East Side, a matron employed, and the Bethany Home ectablished. In 1879 the society became an incorporated body. It was driven from one location to another - its work was prosecuted amid misrepre¬ sentation and obloquy - but the ladies, conscious of the utility of their work, undismayed though often sorelv tried, persevered until opposition was over¬ come, the cit3' authorities became sup¬ porters of the work as a department of the relief of the poor, and the societv was enabled, through munificent generorsit3' of one of the prominent business men of Minneapolis, to establish itself in permanent quarters on Bryant avenue, between Thirt3'seventh and Thirtveighth streets. The Home shelters and cares for two hundred and fift3' unfor¬ tunates during the 3'ear, and has minis¬ tered to more than two thousand durinsf its histor3^ Its private records disclose man3' touching instances of unfortun¬ ates relieved and restored to lives of use¬ fulness, as well as the perfidy and heart¬ lessness which have brought dishonor and ruin upon man3' a woman who might under better influences have be¬ come an ornament to societv. During its entire history Mrs. Mendenhall has been treasurer of the society, and one of its active guardians. While engaged in these formal organizations she has been no less actively engaged in temperance work, both in privatelabors, and in asso¬ ciation with the Woman's Christian Union.

Mrs. Mendenhall has been for many 3'ears clerk of the I'riend's Quarterlv Meeting. She has also served as dele¬ gate to the district and national confer¬ ences of the societ3', ^i"tl her name is known throughout the circles of her religious connection.

Without children of her own Mrs. Mendenhall has become bv svmpath3'' and choice mother to the unfortunate. Man3' of these have been inmates of her own famil3'', from which the3' have gone to illustrate in their own households the virtues of Christian motherhood.

Mater Dolorosa.'' She is no ascetic, but full of the cheer and amenit3' of social life. Her home is surrounded bv floral beauty, and is a center of much kindl3' bountiful hospitalitv.

Mrs. Mendenhall's mother, Mrs. Chloe Swift, was a member of her famil3' in Minneapolis for the last twenty years of her life, having departed this life in 1891 at the age of ninety-five years. She preserved to extreme old age a degree of youthful freshness, and beauty, and main¬ tained a lively interest in all that was passing in the world about her.

John Harrington Stevens was born in Lower Canada, June 13, 1820. His parents were citizens and natives of Vermont. He is the second son of Gard¬ ner and Deborah Stevens. All of his im¬ mediate ancestors were New England people, man3" of whom occujiied prom¬ inent positions in the councils of the na¬ tional and state governments. His mother was the only daughter of Dr. John Harrington, who served in the war for independence. He died in Brookfield, Vt., in 1804. His father was a man of wealth and unusualh' respected by the community in which he lived.

Before he became of age Mr. Stevens was a resident of the lead mines near Galena, Ills. In 1846 he went to Alexico and served with the army of the United States during tlie war with that coun¬ try. He returned to the scenes of liis caiB' home in Illinois iind Wisconsin in

1848, from whence he came to Minne¬ sota before the organization of the Ter¬ ritorial government in the early spring of 1849, and made a claim to that por¬ tion of the west bank of the Mississippi just above the Falls of St. Anthony. His house occupied the site of the pres¬ ent Union Depot in Minneapolis.

On the 1st day of May, 1850, Mr. Stevens was married at Rockford, Ill., to Miss Frances Helen Miller, daughter of Abner Miller, of Westmoreland, Oneida county, N. Y.Mrs. Stevens' parents were from New England, of Puritan ancestors. Her mother, before marriage, was Sallie Lyman, of the Lyman Beecher branch. Her grandfather and the grandmother of Henry Ward Beecher, were brother and sister. Mr. and Airs. Stevens have had six children. Mary Elizabeth, the first white child born in the original Minneapolis, died in her seventeenth year. Catherine D., their second child, is the wife of Hon. Philip B. Winston, a prominent and wealthy citizen, the recent mayor of Minneapolis, and now member of the House of Representatives of the Legislature of Minnesota. Sarah, the third child, died when a young lady. Gardner, their otdy son, is a civil engin¬ eer. Orma, the fifth child, is the wife of Wm. L. Peck, an excellent business man. Frances Helen, the youngest daughter, is at home in Minneapolis. Simon Stev¬ ens, a pioneer of Minneapolis, now of Clearwater, in this state, is a brother of Mr. Stevens. Mrs. Stevens has two sist¬ ers, residents of Minneapolis, Mrs. Jacob Schaefer and Mrs. Marshall Robinson. Air. Stevens has, during his long resi¬ dence in Minnesota, occupied several dif¬ ferent high positions of trust, of both a civil and military character.

To the foregoing memoranda of the leading events in the life of Col. Stevens published by himself, the publishers ven¬ ture to add a further estimate of his

The foregoing modest outline gives no clue to the life and character of the pioneer of Minneapolis. While some others who became permanent residents preceeded him some two years in St. Anthony, he made the first claim, built the first house, opened the first farm and was father of the first white child in the original town of Minneapolis. While he yet lives to enjoy the fruitage of the civic seed which he planted, the settler's pre¬ emption claim of 1850 remains the cen¬ ter andnucFus of a city of nearly a quar¬ ter of a million of inhabitants, busy with manufactures and trade, opulent in ac¬ cumulated wealth, and complete with all the beneficent institutions which make life fruitful and happy. Of all this mag¬ ical growth Col. Stevens can truly say, though his modesty might forbid, "All of which I have seen, and a great part of which I was."

In 1890 Col. Stevens published a vol¬ ume of over four Mmdred pages, entitled "Personal recollections of Alinnesota and its people, and early history of Min¬ neapolis," which coutainsmore informa¬ tion of the people who made Minne¬ apolis, and of their work in the early period of its history, than can be found in any other work; most of which is drawn from the retentive memory or copied from the voluminous memoranda of the author. Amid his busy practical life Col. Stevens has done much useful work with his pen. He has been pro¬ prietor and editor of several newspapers, and has prepared many addresses and papers on subjects connected with early history, and especially with agriculture and horticulture. Among the news¬ papers which he has conducted or edited are the St. Anthony Express, Chronicle, Glencoe Register, Tribune, Cataract and

Agriculturist, Farmers' Union, Farmers' Tribune, and I'arm Stock and Home. He has been connected with the the establishment of most of the state and local Agricultural and Horticultural Associations, and has been at one time or another President of most of them. His interest in these pursuits has not been mei'ely theoretical or sentimental. His earlyclaim, now thesite of hotels, depots, stores and warehouses, was a well culti¬ vated farm, with fields of wheat, corn, oats, potatoes; with gardens, shrubbery, and fruits. He was the first to import throughbred stock, and has labored through these years with ceaseless en¬ thusiasm to improve the agricultural and horticultural interests of the com¬ munity.

Col. Stevens was the first Register of Deeds of Hennepin Count\s and has on several occasions been elected to the State Legislature, where his influence and labors were efiicient for building up the interests of his community, and the state.

His house, at the westerly landing of Capt. Tapper's ferr3% was not onU- the first home established, where an example of domestic virtues, contentment and in¬ dustry' was set forth, but it was a foun¬ tain of hospitality' and kindlv helpful¬ ness, as well as headquarters for all neighborly consultations and primitive organizations. Here was held the first court in Hennepin county'. Here were organized lodges, boards and societies; and here resorted travelers, prospectors and tourists. The latch-string of the humble abode was always outward, and even the untutored savage entered freely' for refresments, or suffered his little ones to flatten their noses at the window panes while they gazed at the wonders of civilized life wdthin.

mation from his extensive knowledge of the surrounding country', and proffering advice in the perplexities which life in a new country brought to the pioneer. He was patriarch and sage, as well as helper of all in need.

During the forty -three years of the life of Minneapolis, Col. Stevens has watched its growth and shared with a fond enthusiasm, in most of its public and private enterprises. In the beginning he was most liberal in the disposition of his lots, selling many at low prices, and even giving aw'ay some as inducements for settlement or business. He never allowed private gain to stand in the way of im¬ provement. He allowed others to reaj^ the large pecuniary' rewards of his early' fortune, retaining not even a homestead upon his original possessions.

Enthusiasm and devotion to the inter¬ ests of Minneapolis were his prime public characteristics, while kindliness and help¬ fulness were the leading traits of his priv¬ ate conduct.

A genial good nature, charity, and tol¬ eration, have attended his life, and al¬ lowed him to preserve in an age kindly' lengthened into the seventies, the seren¬ ity' of a sage, the enthusiasm of y'outh, the charity of a saint, and have drawn to him the love of his contemporaries, and the respect and veneration of all his fellow Minneapolitans.

Agricultural Fairs

In pursuance of previous notice, the first meeting of the Agricultural society' was held in the temporary' court house, Minneapolis, September 7, 1853. The society was incorporated by an act of the Territorial Legislature, approved February' 28th of the same year. The articles of incorporation read as follows:

Alexatider Moore, Waren Bristol, Hezekiah Fletcher, A. E. Ames, Jolm H. Stevens, P. Prescott, Joseph Dean and John S. Mann, and their associates and successors be, and hereby constitute a body politic and corporate, to all intents and purposes, by the name of the ' Hen¬ nepin County Agricultural Society,' and by that name may be sued, plead and be impleaded, answered and be answered unto ; may purchase, hold and convey both real and personal property to-any amount not exceeding ten thousand dollars ; and the same to grant, lease, mortgage, sell or otherwise dispose of for the benefit of the society, and to re¬ ceive donations to be applied as the donor may direct; and to devise and keep a common seal, with the right of altering it at pleasure; and to make and enforce such b3"-laws as they may choose not repugnant to the laws of the Terri¬ tory or of the United States, and to enjoy all the privileges and franchises in¬ cident to a corporation."

Section 2 contained provisions for the collection and dissemination of agricul¬ tural knowledge and the encouragement and advancement of agricltural pursuits ; sections 3 and 4 simply referred to the manner in which the organization of the society was to be perfected.

After accepting the xmovisions of the charter the organization was completed by the election of Dr. A. E. Ames to the chair, and Joseph H. Canney secretary. Hon. Isaac Atwater, Edward L. Hall, John W. North, Judge Andrew G. Chatfield and other prominent citizens of the day participated in the proceedings of the meeting. A permanent organization was perfected by the adoption of by-laws and a constitution. Rev. John Wesley Dow was elected the first president, E. Case treasurer, J. H. Canney secretary. The executive committee consisted of Messers John H. Stevens, N. E. Stoddard,

It was decided to hold the first fair on the third Tuesday of October 1853, in Minneapolis. This was the humble beginning of a series of annual fairs under the subsecpient management of Col. Wm. S. King, the late Hon. Chas. H. Clarke and other prominent gentle¬ men, that, in consequence of the sur¬ prising excellence of the exhibitions became national in character and in importance. Distinguished men from all over the continent were visitors ; while such personages as Hon. Fred Watt, Horace Greeley and other speakers of a world wide reputation were called to address the large audiences that gath¬ ered on the interesting occasions. These fairs were a source of great and lasting benefit, not only to Minneapolis, but to the state at large. Col. King and his able associates will be held in grateful rememberance for the good work they accomplished in all that appertains to agriculture during these early days in the history of Minneapolis.

The Eastman Family. Roger East¬ man was the ancestor of the Eastmans in America. Though of English ancestry he was born in Wales in 1611. He sailed from Southampton, England, April 24, 1638, in the ship Confidence, with others from the Count3^ of Wilts, bound for New England. He was one of the original grantees of Salisbury, Mass., and set¬ tled there in 1639. His descendents have become numerous, and among the noted members of this family have been Daniel Webster, William Pitt Fessenden, Zach Chandler, Hon. Enoch W. Eastman, Hon. Ira Allen Eastman, the eminent New Hampshire jurist, Hon. Zebina Eastman, of Chicago, the poet Charles G. Eastman, Prof. John R. Eastman, of the United States Naval Observatory,

Philip, an early settler of Haverhill, Mass., was a soldier in King Philip's war. He was captui'ed twice by the In¬ dians, and his house and buildings burned. Finally he was released, peace being declared.

Captain Ebenezer Eastman was born in Haverhill. At the age of nineteen he joined the regiment of Col. Wainright in theexpedition of Port Royal. In 1711 he commanded a company of Infantry des¬ tined against Canada. In 1725 he, with others, petitioned the general court for a township of land at Penny Cook (now Concord, N. H.), which was granted February 2, 1726. On May 13 he ar¬ rived with six sons, and it is conceded was the first to get settled. He became in a few 3^ears the "stong man" of the town, and held the most important offices of trust and honor. In the war between England and France the most important event in the Colonies was the capture of Louisburg. Captain East¬ man commanded a company at the re¬ duction and surrender of this French stronghold June 16, 1745. During the War of the Revolution there were four¬ teen soldiers enlisted from Concord named Eastman, all of whom were either children or grandchildren of Cap¬ tain Ebenezer Eastman.

Lieut. Aloses Eastman was a second lieutenant, Benjamin Emer\' being captain of the Sixth (or Concord) Com¬ pany of the thirty - one companies of militia raised by the New Hampshire

David Eastman was born in Concord and lived in London, N. H. He too was a Revolutionary soldier in Capt. Head's company of Col. Runnel's regiment of New Hampshire militia 1781.

William Kimball Eastman was born in London, N. H. His youth was spent in London and Concord, but after he married Miss Rhoda Messer he settled in Conway, N. H., where the greater part of his long and useful life was passed. Among his earlier enterprises was the carrying on of a large tanner^' and boot and shoe factory. Later he built two paper mills and conducted a flourishing business for many years. He was fre¬ quently called upon by his fellow citizens to occupy many positions of trust and honor,- and for many years was a mem¬ ber of the legislature and alwa^'s an old time Democrat. In 1865 Mr. Eastman and wife happily celebrated their golden wedding at the old home in Conway. Afterthedeath of Mrs. Eastman in 1870 he came to Minneapolis in order to be with his children, all of whom had es¬ tablished homes in this city, John W. Eastman coming first in the year 1854. Here he died October 18, 1887, aged 93. He had four sons and four daughters, Hasket D., John W., William \V., Mrs. Annette E. Thompson, (deceased), Mrs. D. A. Secombe, Mrs. C. C. Eastman, Mrs. John De Laittre and George H. East¬ man. The members of this famil3' have taken an important part in the develop¬ ment of Minneapolis. At the same time brotherly relations have been fostered and the annual family reunions. Thanks¬ giving at John's, Christmas at William's and New A'ear's at Mr. Secombe's, were celebrated for twenty-five 3'ears in true New England style, and were onh' dis¬ continued by reason of some deaths.

The children of William K. Eastman number among their progenitors the family names of Messer or Massay, Ladd, Hersey, Carter, Whittmore, Fowler, Upham, Brooks, Kimball, Peaslee, Bar¬ nard and Keene, who were among the first settlers of the towns of Salisbury, Salem, Newbery, Amesbury, Haverhill, Charlestown, Ipswich and Watertown.

John Whittemore Eastman was born in Conway, N. H., October '28th, 1820. He grew to manhood in the typi¬ cal New England village. He had all the advantages Of education which the neighborhood afforded, completed by courses at the Fryburg, Me., Academy, and graduated at the neighboring aeademy at Plymouth.

At the age of twenty he left home for Boston, which then attracted the enter¬ prising youth of the Eastern States, and found employment in the wholesale dry goods house of Pales & Dana, In 1847 he embarked for South America in the ship Cheshire as super-cargo, with a stock of goods for Rio Janeiro, Buenos Apres and Montevideo, and returned to Boston with a cargo of hides. In Deeember, 1849, he sailed for California in the ship George Henry. The route taken was around Cape Horn and occupied some six months. On the voyage the3^ touched at the Cape Verde Islands, Rio Janeiro and Valparaiso, and arrived in SanFraneisco June 17, 1850, the day after the big fire. He soon went to the mines, first to Feather river, then to Nevada City, where he worked succes¬ sively three placer claims for about six months. Ho next sailed for southern California, landing at San Pedro ; then going to Los Angeles, which was solely occupied by Spaniards and Indians rais¬ ing eattle. He remained here a few months and bought 6,000 cattle and assisted by Spanarids drove them to Stoekton and sold them. Returning to San Francisco he purehased a sehooner and sailed for Mexico, arriving at Gu aymas. Here he bought a cargo of vegeta¬ bles and sheep from a Catholic priest, who exacted them of his people as his "decimo." Mr. Eastman returned and sold his eargoatSan Franeiseo. He then made a second voyage to Guaymas and Mazatlan. Disposing of his schooner and cargo at San Francisco, he returned to Los Angeles, and remained some three years, his business being to forward con¬ signments, principally of fruit, to San Francisco. While among these people he learned to read, write and speak the Spanish language fluently, whieh he still retains. While here he negotiated a sale of eleven squai'e leagues of land at San Bernardino, from some Spanairds to Parley P. Pratt, agreat Morman leader. In* 1853 Mr. Eastman returned to San Franeiseo and learned of the gold excite¬ ment in Australia, he purchased a eonsignment of mining implements, quick¬ silver and quartz erushers, and sailed for Melbourne, via Sandwich Islands. These were the first quartz crushers brought to Australia. After disposing of his goods at Melbourne he returned to San Fran¬ cisco and in a few months sailed for home, taking the Niearagua route, ar¬ riving in New York January 1854. He returned to the old home in Conway' and on March 9th, 1854, he married Susan Maria F'arrington, daughter of Jeremiah Farrington. Soon they started west to establish for themselves a home. Arriv¬ ing at Rock Island on the Mississippi River, they were of a different opinion whether to go north to Minnesota or south to Texas, where Mr. Eastman had purehased a large tract of land, and desired to go. They decided to take the first boat which came. This boat eame north, and on it was Air. and Airs. W. F. Cahill, whose acquaintance they formed and who became lifelong friends. They all settled in St. Anthony. Among Air. Eastman's earlier enterprises, was the establishing of a town at Alerrimae, some miles below St. Paul. A company was formed, several farms purchased, a saw mill built, etc., but a freshet chang¬ ing the channel of the river, the scheme was abandoned.

The first man to originate and carry out the enterprise of erecting a large flour mill at the falls was Air. J. W. East¬ man. In the spring of 1854 he asso¬ ciated with him Captain John Rollins, and R. P. Upton, the firm name being Rollins, Upton & Eastman. They built the Alinnesota Flouring Alill on the east side of Hennepin Island. When the mill was completed Air. W. W. Eastman was taken into the firm. The mill had three run ot stone and manufactured 100 bar¬ rels of flour per day. The obstacles to overcome in this initial undertaking were many, as there was absolutely nothing in the wa\" of building material or machiner3'^ at hand. The wheat was supplied in part by surrounding farmers, but the largest portion came from Iowa and Wisconsin in boats to St. Paul, and thence to St. Anthonv by learns. The market, in addition to local consump¬ tion was with emigrants, who took thousands of barrels in their "prairie schooners in their westward course.

In 1857 Captain Rollins, and in 1858 W. W. Eastman retired from the firm, and in 1862-6,8 Air. Upton sold out to William F. Cahill. The firm now became Eastman & Cahill. The mill name changed to "Island Mills.'' Themill was remodeled, rebuilt and enlarged, being 60x90 in size, having five run of stone, capacity' of 500 barrels, and emplo\'ed fifteen hands. This changecost $45,000. The first flour exported to eastern mar¬ kets was made by this mill. During the War of the Rebellion many thousands of barrels were supplied to the army, the firm taking large government contracts. This flour was shipped direct to Rock Island, and from there distributed to the army. The poorest grades of flour in those days wasmadefrom themiddlings, and from this mill were branded "Red Dog'' and " Superfine.'' This was ship¬ ped to the Indians principalh^ on the Alissouri River, - also by government contract. The best grades of flour were branded "Island Alills'' and "Gold Dust.'' After the war regidar shipments of flour to eastern markets began. During 1868 Eastman & Cahill manufactured 28,000 barrels of flour, 2,000 being for home consumption.

After retiring from the flour business in 1869 Mr. Eastman, in company with Elijah Aloulton, built a large planing and re-sawing mill on Hennepin Island. In a few years he sold out his interest to Air. Aloulton. Air. Eastman is a Royal Arch Alason, a Republican in politics, and voted on admitting both California and Alinnesota into the Union.

Air. and Airs. Eastman have had three children - Dr. Arthur AI. Eastman, of St. Paul, Jessie Alaria Eastman, who died in earlv youth, and .Alfred F. Eastman, of Tacoma, Washington.

Mr. Eastman built three houses on University avenue near Eighth avenue south, the first in 1854 and the other two in 1880, where he has resided since coming to Alinnesota. The little village where he built his home has become a metropolis. Content with the part which he took in its beginning and with the moderate fortunewhich it yielded him , he has seen the great mills arise and the opulent fortunes accumulated around him without etivey or regret. He has shared in the enthusiasm whieh the marvelous transformation has evolved, and enjoyed like the spectator of a com¬ bat the struggle and turmoil about him. The more than three score and ten years of his life have brought him neither weariness of the flesh nor faintness of the spirit.

With the wife of his youth in a home near the place of their first settlement, with children Ailing honorable positions in life, they live contented, happy and respected lives. Mrs. Eastman has been an active member of the Andrew Presby¬ terian Church, and has always been among the foremost in good works of charity and benevolence.

Wyman Elliot. Wyman Elliot is the eldest son of Dr. Jacob S. Elliot. He was born at the town of Corinna, on the head waters of the Sabasticook, an eastern tributary of the Kennebec river, in Penobscot county, Maine, May 19, 1834. He was a broad-shouldered, stal¬ wart youth, receivinginboyhood a good English education. While yet in his teens he became an assistant to his father in conducting his business, con¬ sisting of saw and grist mill, farm and merchandise. He developed at an early age a taste for horticultural pursuits, assisting his mother in the cultivation of fruits and flowers to which she was ardently devoted. As his father adopted the practice of medicine, the management of his business devolved largely on his eldest son, who carried it on with energy and success after the family removed to the West.

Dr. Elliot, with his son visited Minne¬ apolis in the spring of 1854, and purchas¬ ing the eighty acre tract of John L. Tenne3^, which was afterwards pre-empted by Daniel Elliot. The land, then far be¬ yond the limits of the settled or platted part of the town, purchased for $1,500, was afterwai'ds platted as J. S. and Wyman Elliot's addition, and has brought to the owners a revenue of at least half a million dollars, besides the satisfaction which its use in the earl^- days of the town and city yielded by cultivation as a surburban farm, nursery and market garden. Here it was that the first market garden of the town was established and Wyman was the market gardner.

After his father had made this purchase and determined to make his residence in Minneapolis, he left his son in charge of his claim and went east to close up his business, and bringing out the family in the latter part of the year 1855.

In the winter of 1855 Wyman went to Monticello, Wright county, Minn., and took a pre-emption claim, living in a log cabin which was located near the foot of the Big Bear Island in the Mis¬ sissippi river. This Island at that time was the favorite camping grounds of the Chippewa Indians. Upon this claim he started a farm and gathered his first crop, being among the first settlers and actual cultivators of land west of the Mississippi river. He soon, however, left his claim and returned to Minneapolis where he took charge of the home place. From time to time trees were planted, convenient build¬ ings erected, and the raising of such vegetables as were in demand was engaged in, until in 1862 an extensive market had been established, with a green house for the production of plants and flowers. A nursery of trees was also planted, from which not only the Elliot addition was made attractive by rows of shade trees and ornamental shrub¬ bery, but the nursery was a source from which much of the stock was derived, which has made the streets of Minne¬ apolis shady and beautiful. He also ad- dec! to the garden and ntirser}", the seed business and maintained for many years a store in the city market for the sale of trees, shrubbery, plants, vegetables and garden and field seeds.

The site of the Elliot green house was upon the west margin of a sunken water hole, about where the fountain in Elliot Park now throws its spray into the sun. When the Elliots gave this tract to the city for a public park the water hole was excavated and the low marshy borders raised with neat sloping embankments, and the tract has become one of the beauty spots of the city.

Wyman Elliot had a natural love and taste for horticulture, and whether its indulgence brought profit or loss, he has amid his other important business en¬ gagements, always found time to engage in his favorite pursuit. Not only has he practiced the art for his own pleasure and profit, but he has also labored with energy and zeal to promote it in the community. As early as 1864 he par¬ ticipated in the formation of the Henne¬ pin County Horticultural Society, and later of the state society, of both of which he has been president, treasurer and director. He has rarel^^ missed attend¬ ance upon the meetings of the societies, and has participated in their discussion^ of the art of horticulture, and contrib¬ uted freely and copiously to the litera¬ ture of the society, by addresses and papers, which enrich the published trans¬ actions of the societies. He was also an exhibitor at the local and state fairs, whose tables seldom failed to show rare flowers, and lucious fruits of his produc¬ tion.

Mr. Elliot married Miss Mary Ella Chase, daughter of Elbridge W. Chase, of Minneapolis, but formerly from Haver¬ hill, Mass. They have four children, Sarah C., wifeofFrank C. Metcalf, ofMinneapolis, Jenella, Wyman S. and Stuart D.

Some years ago Mr. Elliot erected a family residence at the corner of Ninth avenue and Tenth street south, overlook¬ ing the Elliot Park, which is among the elegant jirivate houses of the cit\'.

More than twent3" \'ears ago Mr. Elliot identified himselv with the Second Congregational Church, then a struggl¬ ing mission in the lower part of the city. Almost constantly serving as trustee of the society, a liberal contributor to its expenses, he has persevered often through discoui'agement and gloom, in maintain¬ ing the organization and work of the church, until it has become established as the Park Avenue Congregational Church, and become one of the leading churches of its denomination in the city. Its succes¬ sion of able and devoted pastors - Carrier, Leavett, Williams, Hovey, Woodbury and Smith Baker have found in Mr. Elliot a staunch supporter, and reliable friend, whose counsels and aid have done much to make their spiritual work successful.

Miss Jenella, youngest daughter of Mr. Elliot, returned in the fall of 1892 from a tour of the world, having in com¬ pany with the family of Rev. Edwin Sid¬ ney Williams, visited Japan, China, India, Egypt, and the Turkish Empire, and made visits to the leading Protestant missions of the Orient - an enterprise sel¬ dom undertaken even by the sterner sex.

Mr. Elliot has made many vi.sits to the Pacific coast, to which his father re¬ moved seventeen years ago, but however much admii'ing tlie"land of theoliveand the vine," the sunny skies, and prodigal soil of that favored clime, have not se¬ duced him from his devotion to the culti¬ vation of fruit and flowers under the se¬ verer conditions of our more inclement skies.

The passing years have dealt kind¬ ly with him. He is broad shoul¬ dered, stout and stalwart. His hair is onlj' slightly sprinkled with silver, and his movements are active. A life of ener¬ getic labor, the incentive of accumulat¬ ing fortune, and the mingling of rural art, with the labor of uplifting others by the institutions of religion and educa¬ tion, have made his life a joy and a bless¬ ing.

John A. Armstrong. The father of [ohn A. Armstrong was a Protestant Irishman, who emigrated to America in eirly life and settled in the town of Ells¬ worth, Maine. He was a tanner, carry¬ ing on a small farm in connection with his trade. In later life, he removed to Illinois, where he survived to the mature age of eighty-seven years. He was a devout man, of sturdy character and much intelligence.

Of his family of seven children, John A. was the third, and was born at Ells¬ worth, Maine, September 15th, 1831. His minority was passed at home, assist¬ ing his father on the farm, with only the ordinary advantage of the common school. At twenty years of age, with a brother, he joined the throng that for two or three years' had been pressing to the Pacific coast. They sailed to Chagres, crossing the Isthmus on foot, and em¬ barked on the Pacific in an old steamer whose unseaworthiness was little less dangerous than the cholera which at¬ tacked the crew and passengers in a virulent form.

Arriving at San Francisco, they made their way to the placer mines in the vicin¬ ity of Feather river, and engaged in washing the alluvial gravels for gold. Having accumulated a few thousand dollars in dust, they deposited it in two banks, which soon failed, leaving them penniless. Continuing their arduous labor for about four years, they found themselves possessed of a comfortable stake, and decided to abandon the rough life of miners, and returned to Maine.

Mr. Armstrong took up his residence in St. Anthony in 1856, and engaged in the lumber business. He went into the pineries, taking contracts cutting and hauling logs. He was a young man of po werful frame and robust health, enured to labor, and of an enterpidsing disposi¬ tion. The arduous but stimulating life in the woods suited his energetic temper¬ ament, and for several years he remained in the business with success and profit.

In 1858, he was elected marshal of the city of St. Anthony, and developing an aptness for the kind of duty which the office imposed upon him, he was ap¬ pointed deputy of Sheriff Lippencott, and was elected at the annual election of 1860 sheriff of Hennepin county. He was re-elected to the same position in 1862, serving through two official terms. He was an efficient officer, and at the expiration of his term was one of the best known and popular among the citi¬ zens.

A few years later, about 1867, the Northwestern Fuel Company was organ¬ ized, composed of James J. Hill, E. N. Saunders, C. W. Griggs and Mr. Arm¬ strong. Its operations were quite exten¬ sive, dealing both in wood and coal, and supplying a large part of the fuel con¬ sumed in St. Paul and Minneapolis, and also in the purchase of timber lands and the cutting of wood throughout the " big woods " country. He continued in the management ofthis business through¬ out his life. Though strong and vigorous, he had a violent attack of pneumonia, which, after a course of but a few days, terminated his life November 29, 1878.

During the winter of 1861, Mr. Arm¬ strong married Miss Mary A. Donehue, of the Province of New Brunswick, who was at that time a member of the family of the late Ed. A. Lippencott, of St. Anthony. Four children were born to the marriage, and with their mother sur- vive and constitute the family ; they are George H., who, at the age of twentyone, is a member of the freshman class of Yale College; Frank E., aged seventeen, who is a member of the Minneapolis High School; Cora A., and Grace B., daughters, living with their mother.

Mr. Armstrong was a Master Mason, belonging to Cataract Lodge. He was an attendant of the Church of the Re¬ deemer. He wasastrongman ph3'sicalh'', with good business capacity, tenacious of purpose, and just and honorable in his dealings. He was kindlv' and eourteous in his intereourse, affable in dispo¬ sition, and of strong domestic affections.

George W. Chowen was a native of Green Count}', New York, born in 1822. His father removed to Wr'oming Count}', Pa., while he was yet a ehild. The family, eonsisting of several children, was brought u^d to rural pursuits, and most of them have been eontent to remain farmers. George learned the trade of a machinist, which he followed for several years after reaching man¬ hood. He was a young man of more than ordinary sobriety and industry, and improved the slender advantages for obtaining an education which the rural eommunity offered. He had a literary taste, occupying the intervals snatched from labor with reading and study, and kept informed as to the enrrent events of the time.

When the tide of emigration from the East began to flow towards the Upper Mississippi Valley, a number of young men in Wyoming formed a colony for settlement in the West. Mr. Chowen was selected as a pioneer to select a place of settlement. He came to St. Anthony in 1850 and thought favorably of a loeation in the valley of the Rum river. When Simon Stevens and a fellow explorer penetrated the thickets of the big woods and brought back information of the beauty of T/ake Minnetonka and the attraetiveness of its shores he de cided to adopt it for the new settlement. In accordanee with the selection a num¬ ber of pre-emption claims were taken in the town of Alinnetonka, among others those of his brothers, Joseph 'H., and William S. Chowen, and his brotherin-law, James Shaver, Jr., and A. N. Gray. Meanwhile Geo. W. Chowen had become interested in St. Anthony, where he worked at his trade for Alessrs. Steele and Stevens. Hennepin County was organized in 1852 and Col. John H. Stevens was eleeted register of deeds. He appointed Mr. Chowen his deputy, who really performed most of the work of the office. He recorded the first deed upon the county records. He remained deputy register of deeds during the sueceeding official terms of Geo. E. Huy and C. G. Ames. The latter gentleman had come to Minneapolis as a missionary of the Free Will Baptist Chureh, and be¬ came pastor of the church of that de¬ nomination in St. Anthony, and after¬ wards in Minneapolis. He became editor of the St. Anthony Express, and after¬ wards established a paper of his own, the Minnesota Republican. He was a radical in politics and a liberal in theology, becoming a Unitarian minister and occupying in latter life ])ulpits of that ehureh in San Francisco and Phila¬ delphia.

A warm friendship grew up between Messrs. Ames and Chowen, both of whom adopted liberal theological views. Mr. Chowen attached himself to the Universalist Church, and during the whole of his subsequent life was a most devout and efficient supporter of that faith. Upon the ex])iration of Mr. Ames' term he was eleeted register of deeds, No¬ vember, 1860, and continued iu the office for several suecessive terms. He was also for a time clerk of the district court, and clerk of the board of supervisors. He was an excellent penman, methodic in his habits, attentive to his duties and industrious. Upon his retirement from the register's office he made copies of all the public records and opened an ab¬ stract office, which he continued to manage during the I'emainder of his life, though in late years others become associated in the business. Probably no man in the county was as familiar with titles to real estate as Mr. Chowen. His knowledge upon questions of title was accurate, and his judgment un¬ erring. The abstract business grew to large proportions and afforded a liberal income.

Mr. Chowen married Miss Susan E. Hawkins Oct. 14, 1858. He bought a lot at the corner of Helen street (now Second avenite south) and Fifth street, upon which was a neat story and-a-half cottage, where the family made their home. After a dozen or more years the cottage was replaced with a fine double house, which in time gave place to the elegant building of the New York Life Insurance Company, which occu¬ pies the site of the former cottage. This 60 foot front lot, valued at the time Mr. Chowen purchased it at about $500, sold for $1,000 a foot, making a liberal patrimony for his family.

Mr. Chowen died May 5, 1887, leaving his widow, two sons and a daughter. The eldest son, Herbert O., was one of the first settlers and is now a prominent citizen of Great Falls, Mont. Few men have had moi'e friends and fewer enemies during a long course of residence in a rapidly changing com¬ munity than Mr. Chowen. He was gentle, affable and kindly in his intercoui'se, reverent in spirit, fii'in in his opin¬ ions, tolerant in his judgments and charitable in his deeds.

Fkndall Gregory Winston is one of three brothers, composing the firm of Winston Brothers, for many years among the largest railroad contractors in the Northwest. The elder of the brothers is Philip B. Winston, late mayor of the citj^ of Minneapolis, and the younger, William, is junior member of the firm. A sister is the wife of G?n. T. W. Rosser, formerly chief engineer of the Northern Pacific railway, and at one time city engineer of Minneapolis. They are children of William Overton and Sarah A. (Gregory) Winston, born and reared on a plantation in Hanover county, Va., called Courtland, not far from the city of Richmond.

Fendall G. Winston was born May 1, 1849. The plantatian comprised six hundred acres, with its mansion house and buildings devoted to the culture of tobacco and the cereals, and was tilled by the labor of about fifty slaves, old and young, some of whom remain as hired laborers to this day. The Winston is an ancient family that removed from Yorkshire, England, in the early years of the seventeenth century, settling in Vir¬ ginia, and handing down the homestead from generation to generation. The earliest record begins with Dr. Thomas Winston, of Gloucester, England, who was born in 1575, and was interested in a plantation in Virginia as early as 1621. He wrote numerous medical works and was physician to King Charles of England. They are connected with many of the noted families of the "Old Dominion" and bore a prominent part in civil and social life.

William Winston, who was a major in Washington's army during the Revo¬ lutionary War, is credited by the British Encyclopedia with having formed a nucleus of the cavalry arm of the Ameri¬ can Army.

Dolly Madison, the wife of President Madison, were Winstons, and upon the homestead at Courtland still stands the foundation of a store once kept by the patriot Henry himself, and from which he harangued an expedition organized to capture some war supplies of the British. It was within a few miles of the spot that Henry Cla}^ "the mill boy of the slashes of Hanover,'' was born. Up to the time of the breaking out of the Re¬ bellion young Winston pursued a quiet life at home, attending, after he was old enough, one of the "log cabin'' schools of the neighborhood. These were private schools usually taught by university educated men. From his twelfth to his sixteenth 3'ear the war raged about his home and greatl3' distracted the course of his life. Sometimes he worked upon the plantation and sometimes attended school; but the covintr3- was devastated by the conflict which raged through it, sometimes in possession of the Union Army and again passing under the Con¬ federate arms. The close of the war left the home devastated and desolate, and the son, now sixteen years old, left it to find emplo3"ment b3' his labor elsewhere. He first worked as a farm hand for an uncle for about eighteen months, and then he rented a part of the homestead which he carried on for two years. He then engaged in the same employment in King William county, putting in the time from the close of the war until 1872 in labor and farming. The experience, if it did not put him in possession of much ready nione3', put him on the path of self support and gave him strength and energy.

In the spring of 1872 Mr. Winston came to Minnesota and joined an engine¬ ering party on the Northern Pacific rail¬ road surve3' at Fargo. Having had no experience or instruction in civil engine¬ ering he could do little beside carrying chains and wielding the axe, but being apt to learn, and of observant habit, he soon picked up enough of the art to en¬ able him to handle the instruments, and to make the mathematical calculations recj[uired. The party ran the line of the road from Fargo to Bismarck, and then pushed west into Montana, where they were engaged, running as far west as the Muscle Shell river, in looking out a line for the Northern Pacific road. Return¬ ing the following year, the brothers ob¬ tained a government contract to survey public lands, and surveyed on Dagget brook and west of Leach Lake. In Aug¬ ust, 1874, they undertook a survey north of the divide among the sources of the Rain3" Lake and Big Fork rivers, and passed two winters, among the coldest which have ever been experienced in this latitude, far from civilization or succor. They had only cloth tents for shelter, blankets and boughs for beds, and cooked their meals over the camp fire and ate them in the open air. They persisted in their arduous work through storms and blizzards, and snow and ice, sometimes with frozen feet and limbs, but survived all their hardships, and came back in good health.

The summer of 1875 was spent in work for the Minneapolis Harvester Works, and in locating some lands for an Eastern owner of Northern Pacific bonds.

In August, 1875, Mr. Winston mar¬ ried Miss Alice Olmsted, datighter of the late David Olmsted, the first mayor of St. Paul. Thatfall the Winstons obtained a contract to remove obstructions from the Minnesota river, and spent the fol¬ lowing winter in that work^ From the spring of 1876 until the fall of 1879, the3' were engaged in government con¬ tracts upon the Minnesota and Missis¬ sippi rivers, under the firm name of Wins¬ ton Bros. The first railroad work which they undertook was in building the short line of the Minneapolis Eastern railroad, along the river bank and behind the mills in Minneapolis. From the comple¬ tion of that job until the present time they havebeen engaged in executing con¬ tracts in railroad construction, having built lines in Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and Montana. They have constructed not less than 4,000 miles of railroad, of which about 1,000 miles was on the Northern Pacific line. At present they are engaged in a job on the Duluth & Iron Range road in North¬ ern Minnesota. The amount of energy and capital necessary to carry on suc¬ cessfully such gigantic enterprises can be more easily imagined than expressed. The firm has achieved a high position as contractors, and its members have ac¬ cumulated very considerable fortunes.

Mr. Winston's first mai'riage was ter¬ minated by the death of his estimable wife in 1881, leaving two young daugh¬ ters and a son. He was married a sec¬ ond time in 1884 to Miss Lillian Jones, of Richmond, Va. By this marriage he has also two daughters and a son.

Mr. Winston is a director in the Secur¬ ity Bank, and in the Minnesota Loan & Trust Company. He is also a director in the Minnenpolis Business Men's Union. He is one of the governing board of the Minneaj'olis Club. The parents of Mr. Winston werePresby terian, and thesons are members of thecongregation of West¬ minister Presbyterian Church. Mr. Win¬ ston's life in Minneapolis has been a busy one, full of Pd-Dor and enterprise. While he has been assiduously engaged in his pri¬ vate business he has found time to do his part in forwarding public interests, and by contributions of personal labor

Frank Griggs McMillan. Repre¬ sentative of a generation born while the pioneers of Minneapolis were la3dng the foundations of her institutions; himself prominent among those who are build¬ ing upon the foundations a more elabor¬ ate and stately structure than was thought possible by the first generation, is Senator F. G. McMillan. His career so conspiciously begun, gives promise of a broadening and influential future, and furnishes a conspicuous examjile, of one who has risen to a high position of influ¬ ence, against adverse circumstances, by woi'th of character, tenacity of purpose, and aptness in pui'suing callings which are sometimes thought servile if not de¬ grading.

He was born at Danville, Caledonia county, Vermont, October 4, 1856. His father, Andrew McMillan, was a profes¬ sional civil engineer, who had received his education at the National Military Academy at West Point, but who, re¬ signing fi'om the service, was engaged in commercial business. The American an¬ cestor of the family was Col. Andrew McMillan, a native of the Province of Ulster, Ireland, a Protestant who emi¬ grated to America about the year 1755. One of his sons, Gen. John McMillan, born February 8, 1774, was the father of Andrew and grandfather of F. G. Mc¬ Millan.

Both Col. Andrew and Gen. John Mc¬ Millan were allied in marriage with the Osgoods of New Hampshire, while An¬ drew, the father, of Frank, married Susan Griggs, whose name the latter bears.

where he worked was the publication office of the North Star, founded and conducted by the Eatons, which, amid a strongly whig and Republican commun¬ ity, advocated the principles and meas¬ ures of the Democratic party. During the two years of his service the young apprentice, whose father was a life-long Democrat, imbibed so strong a love for the democracy that upon gaining man's estate he attached himself to that party and has become its representative and one of its most zealous supporters. After attending a year at the Dummer Acad¬ emy he went to Boston and found em¬ ployment as a journe^nnan printer for two or three years. With symptoms of pulmonar3^ disease manifesting them¬ selves, he was advised to a change -of climate, and coming West in 1878 took up his abode in Alinneapolis, where an older brother had already settled. Here he found emplojmient as a printer in the job office of the Tribune, where he worked for a j'ear. The confinement and monotonous work at the case brought back his old com¬ plaint, and he decided to quit the busi¬ ness. For several months nothing offered. His brother being agent for a company that was engaged in putting up buildings; told him he could go to work demolishing some old buildings to make way for new ones. Commenc¬ ing at this job he soon became handy with of tools, which indeed, had be¬ come familiar to him as a recreation during his earl^" apprentieeship, and he was able to do rough carpenter work and received the wages of a common carpenter. Abut this time an agent of the government was engaging men to go out to northern Montana to erect a military post. Joining the expedition he went up the Alissouri river and spent a season working as a carpenter on Fort Assinnaboine. The pure air of the moun¬ tains, with stimulating and out-door labor, restored his health, and he re¬ turned at the close of the season strong and vigorous. He now engaged in mill¬ wright work in the fitting up of the Washburn ''A" flour mill, and after its completion found similar employment in the Pillsbury "A" mill. He was next employed as foreman in the erection of several residences, and then engaged in a small way in contracting for the erec, tion of buildings. In the latter business he has found congenial and compensa¬ ting work, vmtil the present time. A better class of building has been en¬ trusted to him, so that he has been emplo^'ed with some of the finest residences of the city. His own residence at the corner of Seventh street and Tenth ave¬ nue southeast, is a fine example of his taste in designing and skill in executing, in the line of domestic architecture.

In the summer of 1890 Mr. McMillan was nominated as the Democraticcandidate for State Senator, in the district com¬ prising the Second and Ninth wards of the city, the former the Republican ward of the old city of St. Anthon3^ His competi¬ tor was a popular young Republican, long resident in the same ward, and for 3Tars its representative in the City Council. In the animated canvas between these two 3"Oung men, representatives of opposing parties, Mr. McMillan was successfid by a majority of over 550. The ses¬ sion of the legislature which followed, winter of 1891, was an active one. The Republican part3q for the first time since the organization of the state, lost control of the legislature, which was divided between Republicans, Democrats, and Fai'mer's Alliance, neither having a majority. Senator McMillan was ap¬ pointed chairman of the standing com¬ mittees of Elections and Universit3' and University Lands, and was also a mem¬ ber of the committees of Geological and

Natural History" Survey, Gi'ain and W arehouse, Manufacturers, Military Affairs, and State Prison. He was also appointed upon a special committee for investigat¬ ing the management of the state prison.

A measure which especially engaged his attention, was the establishing of a commission to take into consideration the location and erection of a new state capitol; a bill having been prepared and introduced by him, which became a law, and the commission is now considering the subject. His senatorial term of four years has not yet expired, having a ses¬ sion in the winter of 1893.

Mr. McMillan married May 25, 1881, Miss Lillian A. Connor, daughter of Elias Connor, a native of the city of Minneapolis. They have four children, the eldest of whom, a daughter, is now ten years old.

Aside from politics Mr. McMillan has few social attachments. He is vice-presi¬ dent of the Hennepin County Democratic League, and a member of the executive committee of the State Democratic Asso¬ ciation.

Of medium stature, and spare frame, he is erect in carriage, with quick move¬ ment, and animated expression. His naturally brown hair is just assuming a silvery tinge, prophetic of an approach¬ ing time when, a snowy head will cover a yet warm and impulsive heart.

Rufus Judd Baldwin. The widely diffused and numerous Baldwins of this country are mostly descendants of Rich¬ ard Baldwin, of Bucks county, England, who died in 1485. Sir John Baldwin, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England 1536 to 1546, was of this con¬ nection.

Matilda, wife of William, the Conquror, was the daughter of Baldwin, the Fifth Count of Flanders, and the name being inscribed on the roll of Battle Abbey as one of the leaders in the con¬ quest of England, and found in the en¬ umerations of Domesday Book, gives great probability to the conclusion that the family is of Flemish origin, allied to the sovereigns of the name in the East, and founded by Bras de Fer, Forester of France, and First Count of Flanders in the ninth century.

The American ancestors arrived at Milford, Conn., in the ship Martin, in 1638. They were Nathaniel, Joseph and Timothy, brothers, with the widow and children of their uncle, Sylvester, who died on the passage. From Nathaniel in the sixth generation is descended the. subject of this sketch. Among the mem¬ bers of this line were- Ruth, wife of Joel Barlow, author of " Columbiad " ; Abra¬ ham, member of the Continental Con¬ gress, and one of the framers of the con¬ stitution ; Henry, judge of the United States Supreme Court; Henry P , Gover¬ nor of and member of the United States Senate, from Michigan; Theron, a pioneer missionary of the West, and Joseph G., Judge of the Supreme Court of California.

Rufus Baldwin removed from Goshen, Conn., to Guilford, Chenango county, N. Y., about 1812, with his young wife, Elizabeth Stevens, who was of the sixth generation from Thomas Stevens, a col¬ onist of Connecticut of about 1650. He was a merchant and farmer. His third and youngest son, Rufus J., was born Jan. 22, 1826. The name Rufus was that of the second Norman king of Eng¬ land, whose mother was a Baldwin. The family removed to Oxford, in the same county, ten years later. He attended the Oxford Academy, where he prepared for college, and took the studies of the first two collegiate years. While pursu- ing study he was assisting in the store, and was sent to New York to purchase stock. He entered the junior class of Ihiion College, then under the presidenc3' of Dr. Eliphalet Nott, and graduated in 1846, receiving the Phi B.K. election and the degree of Master of Arts in due course. Among his college accpiaintances was Chester A. Arthur, president of the United States, and classmates, were John T. Hoffman, governor of New York; Abraham N. Littlejohn, bishop of Long Island; Henr\' R. Pierson, vice-president of the New York Central Railroad Cornpan}' ; Howard Potter, of the banking house of Brown Bros. & Co., and John M. Gregory, of the United States Civil Service Commission.

Immediately after graduation he went to Kentucky, and engaged in teaching at Winchester, Clark county. During the legislative session of 1846-7 he was em¬ ployed by the Commonwealth News¬ paper, of Frankfort, as its stenographic reporter in the senate. Returning to Oxford the following spring he made the journey over the Allegheny mountains, by the National road, in a stage coach, and before reaching home was arrested by an attack of pleurisy, from which he was rescued by the careful nursing of relativesin New Jersey. Enteringthelaw office of Henry R. Mygatt, Esq., at Ox¬ ford, he earned tuition and use of books by copying the prolix chancery plead¬ ings of his preceptor. Two years later he presented himself for admission to the bar, at a term of the Supreme Court in Washington county, and on examination was admitted. He opened a law office at Oxford, serving a short term as justice of the peace, and for several years con¬ ducting the editoral columns of the Ox¬ ford Times, a village newspajjer of Whig ])olitics. Sei)tember 18, 1850, he mar¬ ried Caroline L. Mygatt, daughter of Wil¬ liam Mygatt, of Oxford, and descenden^

In 1853 he was a member of the As¬ sembly of the New York Legislature, elected by the Whig party, and was with one exception, the youngest member. The legislature made an official examin¬ ation of the lands which afterwmrds be¬ came Central Park in New York City, at that time a rocky and barren waste. In the spring of 1857, impelled in part by considerations of health, and largely by the hope of bettering his condition, he made a journey in the West. At Chicago he found a population of 90,000, and thought the city large enough. Pushing northwestw'ard he reached Minnesota, and visited his old friend Judge Cornell, and his brother-in-law, Judge C. E. Van¬ derburgh, wdio were then partners in the ]jractice of law' at Minneapolis. During the early summer employment was taken in carrying a surveyor's chain in plat¬ ting the town site of Manomin; and later in the Democratic wdng of the Con¬ stitutional conventional, as reporter for the Pioneer.

Charmed w'ith Minneapolis and inter¬ ested in the public life of the state, he re¬ turned to New York, and in the follow'- ing September brought his family and took lip residence at Minneapolis. His impressions of the town w'ill be found in the chapter on "Early History" of this vohime.

A private banking house was opened in the Cataract house and prosecuted in a small w'ay for several years. On pre¬ sentation of his credentials as a lawver to the District Court of Hennepin county, he was admitted to the bar, but never entered general ])ractice.

Under the general l)anking lawq adopted at the organization of the state government, the State Bank of Minne¬ sota was incorporated and located at the village of Austin. It had deposited with the State Auditoi' $25,000 of the six per cent, bonds of the State of Ohio, and had issued circulating notes of a like amount. This bank was bought by Mr. Baldwin, and under authority of an act of the legislature was removed to Minne¬ apolis and its capital increased. Onehalf the capital stock was purchased by R. J. Mendenhall, and on the 1st of January, 1863, the bank was opened for business in Minneapolis, and soon after built and occupied the stone building at the corner of First and Bridge streets, R. J. Mendenhall, president, and R. J. Baldwin, cashier. Thus commenced a business connection which lasted more than ten years, bringing amid the vicis¬ situdes of the times, the fluctuation in values caused by the war, the hazardous nature of business in a new country, without imputing aught but honest motives and integrity of character, more of loss and disaster than of success. The national banking law, imposing a pro¬ hibitory tax on the circulation of state banks, compelled the calling in of the circulating notes of the State bank, which were all redeemed at par. But three other banks in the state redeemed their circulation; most being secured by Southern or Minnesota state railroad bonds failed and were wound up. The State National Bank was incorporated and commenced business June 1, 1868, the business and good will of the State Bank being turned over to it, and the same officers continued. In 1877 the bank went into voluntary liquidation, its business and good will merging in the Security Bank.

At the election in November, 1860, Mr. Baldwin was a Republican candi¬ date for State Senator, and was elected over Dr. A. E. Ames, his Democratic competitor. He was re-elected at the expiration of the term and was a mem¬ ber of the senate through the sessions of 1861-2-3. This being the period of the commencement of the civil and Indian wars, legislation was largely occupied with war measures. At the news of the firing upon Fort Sumpter, upon his mo¬ tion a joint resolution was adopted with enthusiasm directing the national flag to be hoisted over the capitol, a custom which has been observed ever since.

The rehabilitation of the railroad companies, after the disastrous compli¬ cations of the five million loan of state bonds, was a prominent subject of legis¬ lation, and acts were passed under which the first rail was laid in the state; and after a most exciting controversy Minne¬ apolis was accorded the position which she held in the land grant act of Con¬ gress as a converging point of the rail¬ road system. In the latter measures Mr. Baldwin, co-operating with his colleague, Judge Cornell in the House, bore a leading and decisive part. Through his determination a scheme to plunder the school lands was thwarted and a minimum price of five dollars per acre was put upon them .

He was again the nominee of the Re¬ publican party for the State Senate in 1866. About the time of the convention he had presided over a meeting of citi¬ zens convend to hear an address from United States Senator D. H. Norton, who had fallen into disfavor with the radical members of his party through opposition to the re-construction scheme of conferring unlimited suffrage upon the freedmen. Dr. Thomas Foster, then editing the Republican newspaper, mis¬ construed this act of courtesy into treacherj'- to the party, and charging the candidate with a purpose to j)rocure an adjustmentof therepudiated statebonds which could not be truthfully denied, so excited a temporary prejudice that he, with his collegue, nominated for the

House, Dr. Keith, was beaten. It was a consolation for personal defeat that so worthy a Republican as Captain Whitne}', nominated upon a soldier's ticket, the Democrats making no nomin¬ ation, was the successful candidate.

Upon the removal of W. D. Washburn to St. Paul, in 1863, Mr. Baldwin was appointed his successor as agent of the Minneapolis Mill Compan3',and for four 3"ears, managed the aft'airs of the Water Power Company". During this time, sev¬ eral saw mills, a paper mill, a woolen factorx' and several of the earh' flour mills were built at the falls.

The accelerated recession of the falls, became a subject of general alarm, threat¬ ening in a short time to remove the rock barrier. The water power companies raised a fund, which was supplemented by an appropriation of bonds ot each of the adjoining cities, and b_v an act of the legislature a board of construction was created, composed of Dr. S. H. Chute, R. J. Baldwin and H. B. Hancock. Under the direction of this board, the apron, a solid structure of logs, bol ted to the ledge, and filled with rock, was erected, which stopped the recession, and remains to this da\'.

Without pretense to oratorj'-, Mr. Baldwin often discussed public cpiestions Iw voice and pen. He was deeplv inter¬ ested in educational and scientific sub¬ jects, serving at one time as president of the Minnesota Academ3' of Natural Sciences. One or two papers read 1)3' him were published by the academ3'. For man3' years he was leader of the adult Bible elass in Ph'mouth Church.

Twent3^ 3'ears of constant devotion to the details of a bank, the routine of which is renewed from da3' to day with¬ out cessation, with little opportunit3' for recreation or vacation, had so im- ])aircd his vitalit3' and undermined his naturalh' robust health, that upon his retirement in 1877he spentseveral 3'ears on the Pacific coast, and in the elevated valleys of the great central basin of the continent. Charged with some mining interests, he built a silver mill in Nevada, and a gold and silver mill in Arizona, driving a team over hundreds of miles of uninhabited desert, and threading the stupendous canons of thegreat Colorado river, amid the grandest seenerv of the eontinent. These wanderings brought their eompensation in renewed vigor, and restored health.

For some 3'ears he was engaged 'in a quite extensive lumber operation on the Chippewa river in Wiseonsin ; and was also interested in pine lands and lumber¬ ing in the upper waters of the Mississip])i. He was one of the proprietors of the old brick yard, where the cream eolored brick so largeU' used in those da3's were made. He was one of the original incorporators and owners of the Minneapolis Gas Light Compan3', and a stoekholder in the first Street Railwa3' Companv, that laid the fii'st track in this cit3'.

In 1871, with his wife and son, a hur¬ ried trip was made to Ibirope. A-few weeks in London, Edinburgh and Paris, with a rapid exeursion through rural England, consumed the brief vacation of three months.

The proposition to issue five millions of dollars in state bonds, as a loan to railroad eompanies, met with his active opposition. But so great was the popu¬ lar desire to hasten the railroad develop¬ ment, and so strong was the public faith in the wisdom and integritv of the rail¬ road managers, that the efforts of the few who ventured to raise a voice in opposition, were futile to sta3' the tide of ])0])ular enthusiasm. But when the scheme had failed, dragging down in its downfall the public credit, he joined with those, also few in number, who advo¬ cated the [)a3'ment of the obligations.

But they were repudiated, and a struggle of more than twenty years' duration, ensued before the public faith was even partially restored. During these years Mr. Baldwin labored with unflagging zeal to bring about some adjustment. He drew most of the acts which were passed by successive legislatures on the subject, and attended at the Capitol to urge their adoption. Pie met in frequent consultation with such citizens as the late Horace Thompson, Gov. Sibley and Geo. H. Keith. No means of affecting public sentiment were left untried. At last Gov. Pillsbury brought the influence of the executive office, in a heroic effort to cast off the incubus of repudiation, and through a concurrence of influences, so unexpected as to seem providential, the act of adjustment was passed and accomplished. While these struggles were passing, Mr. Baldwin was reputed to be attorney for the bondholders. The fact is, that while he enjoyed their con¬ fidence, and had the benefit of their aid and financial support, his own service was voluntary and gratuitous.

During his legislative service he had become deeply interested in the rehabili¬ tation of the railroad companies, and believed that the land grant scheme should be carried out in its integrity. He therefore resisted all suggestions to deviate from the lines marked outinthat scheme; and advocated placing each line in the hands of its friends. Acting upon this policy, he was instrumental in thwarting a well planned scheme, to supplant the late lidmund Rice from the management of the St. Paul & Pacific Company. A specious plan to form a trunk line of road out of the various land grant lines, in connection with pro¬ vision for recognition of the state rail¬ road bonds, was defeated ; and the vari¬ ous lines were placed by the legislature in friendly hands, really in trust to make the best terms for construction. He was named as one of the grantees of the origi¬ nal Minneapolis, Faribault & Cedar Val¬ ley railroad, with its name changed to Minnesota Central. A winter journey was made by team to Northfield, where the incorporators organized. Mr. Bald¬ win secured an interview with promi¬ nent members of the Alilwaukee and La Crosse Company, Alexander Mitchell, Russel Sage, Selah Chamberlain and S. S. Merrill, and succeeded in a negotiation whereby the franchise, with its partly graded road bed, and land gi'ant, was turned over tothem, under guaranteesto build the road, and to build it from Min¬ neapolis. These undertakings were all fulfilled and Air. Baldwin was retained as director of the corporation, and its seci-etaiw, until the road was running from Minneapolis to AIcGregor, and Alinneapolis had its first rail connection with Chicago, and the East. When the river division, then called the Chicago & St. Paul railroad, was built by the same interest, the agreement was respected, and the first train which ran over the road was made tqo at, and started from Alinneapolis.

When the Alinneapolis & Duluth, and the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad Companies were organized, Mr. Baldwin was on the boards of directors, and was treasurer of the latter company. He negotiated the first issue of bonds made by the former company with a banking house in Holland.

In the latter part of the year 1882, at the recpiest of a committee of the Board of Trade of Minneapolis, Air. Baldwin drew up a bill entitled "An act provid¬ ing for the designation, acquisition, lay¬ ing out, and improvement of lands in the city of Alinneapolis for a system of pub¬ lic parks and parkways, and for the care and government thereof,'' which, having been approved by the Board of

Trade, was introduced in the State Leg¬ islature and became a law on the 27th of February, 1883. The act was unlike any park act which had, up to that time, been adopted. It incorporated the best features of park acts in other states, and introduced somefeatures which were new. The most important of these was a provision for assessing the cost of park lands upon property specially benefited, thus creating a perpetually renewed fund for the accpiisition of parks. The legality of the act was fiercely assailed when its provisions for condemnation and assessment were put in force, blit it was sustained in every particular by the Supreme Court. The act having been submitted to a vote of the people at the regular spring election in 1883, was ap¬ proved, though not without an active opposition and spirited canvas. At the organization of the Park Board Mr. Baldwin was chosen its secretary' and continued in that position for the next four years and until the main features of the park S3-stem were adopted and the principal jiarks acquired. He also was the first to suggest the State Park at Minnehaha, and dre\^ up the act under which the lands were selected and con¬ demned and through which the city of Minneapolis secured that magnificent gem of her unrivaled park S3'stem.

Since retiring from the service of the Park Board he has not been engaged in active business. He has, however, as always, been a keen observer of public affairs and taken a deep interest in the leading subjects of public concern, and especially in those which affect the growth and prosperity of Minneapolis. He has contributed maii}^ articles to the daily and periodic press, one of which, outlining the scheme of a railroad from Lake Superior through Alaska to Beh¬ ring straits, was copied by the London press. Several chapters of this history and man^' of the biographies are from his pen. He is a member of the Ameri¬ can Historical Association and of the Alinnesota Historical Society.

Since 1858 he has been a member of Plymouth Congregational Church, serv¬ ing many \'ears on its board of trustees and on its building committee when the present church building was erected. The fine lot at the corner of Nicollet avenue and Eighth street, the site of the ])resent church, was sold to the societ3' by him for $5,000, and the greater part of the amount contributed to the build¬ ing.

With no pretense to scholarship or erudition, he is nevertheless a wide reader in scientific, historical and literaiw fields. He did notclose the books of classical stud\^ at graduation, but through all the t'ears of active business and public life has returned to them with interest and delight, having a passable facility in reading at sight the Greek, Latin and French languages, with a less familiar acquaintance with German and Spanish.

In 1858 he purchased an acre of land outside of the platted pai't of Minneapo¬ lis, on which he built a home and has oc¬ cupied it ever since. It is at the corner of Fifth avenue and Seventh street, now in the centre of a populous cit3q but when first occupied it was a pleasant rural grove, and what are now jmved streets were hazel thickets.

His domestic life has been a quiet and happy one. The bride of 1850, fulfilling all home and social duties with I'are fidelit}', has ripened into the matron "full of grace" andstill adds a charm to the circle of her acquaintance. Two daughters, have for a few j-ears, been given to the parents and taken away in earh' life. An onH son. Dr. F'rederick R. Baldwin, is still a member of the house¬ hold.

Population

The first authentic official census of the popula¬ tion of the territor3' now comprising the CiU' of Minneapolis w^as taken in June, 1860, and has been repeated everj'- five years since that year. Those of the 3'ears 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890 were taken bythe United States, and thoseof 1865, 1875 and 1885 by the State of Minnesota and are reliable. Pidor to 1860 the population has been estimated from sources believed to be nearly accur¬ ate. The results appear in the following tables: fTliis is according to the returns of a census taken by order of Congress, Oct. 1, 1857, prepar¬ atory to admission to the Union. It included the inhabitants on the military reservation.

Property Valuations

It is difficult to ascertain the assessors' valua¬ tions in the earlier 3'ears. The assessment for the Count3' of Hennepin, which was chiefly of the property in the present cit3', in 1852 was $43,605, and the rate of tax thirteen mills on the dollar.

It appears from the foregoing tables that phenominal as has been the increase in population during the last thirty years the increase of wealth has been still greater. Thus while the population of 1890 was twenty-eight times that of 1860 the valuation of property was fifti'-nine times.

Chapter Xxxi

The pen of the historian delights to reveal the names of discoverers, and to sketch their characters, and narrate the voyages, or expeditions, which they have undertaken; throw¬ ing over the details the glamor which romance and poetry lend to objects shrouded in the mists of remote antiq uity.

The pioneers of settlement and civ¬ ilization, in a new country, as they re¬ cede from the view of after coming generations, come to be regarded with respect and veneration. We delight to trace their historj^ and deeds; to dis¬ cover the motives which led them to abandon homes of ease and rehnement, and impelled them to settle in the wilderness, and endure all the perils of isolation, and incur the hard¬ ships of poverty and toil.

Our partiality for heroism and no¬ bility of character impels us to invest them with the halo of high motive, and throw about their forms the drap¬ ery of self denial and sacrifice for human weal.

The fame of the Argonauts, and of the Golden Fleece, rests upon the tra¬ ditions and fables of an unknown past. The beginnings of Rome, traced by her historians to refugees from Troy, who founded a new empire upon the coasts of Latium, scarcely rise from the region of poetic fancy into the realm of history. The colonists of James¬ town and Plymouth, whose history and motives have been exhaustivel3" traced, are regarded with reverence whenever the foundations of Ameri¬ can institutions are examined; while the modern Argonauts of the I'acific Coast, albeit inspired onl^' with the passion for golden dust, are lauded, as their lives recede from present view, as the pioneers of civilization in a new and remote region.

For nearly" two centuries after the first American settlements were made, the}' did not spread beyond the coasts and nav'igable rivers of the Atlantic slope. With the present centuiy, ad¬ venturous emigrants began to pene¬ trate the western wilderness, follow-